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Chapter 4
Foundations and Principles of
Pharmacology
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Learning Objectives
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Define the key words used in pharmacology
and medication administration
Explain differences between the chemical,
generic, official, and brand names of
medicines
List the basic types of drug actions
Describe the four basic physiologic
processes that affect medications in the body
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Overview
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Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Box 4-1: Key Words Used in Pharmacology
and Drug Administration
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Drug Names
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Generic name
Trade name; ® symbol
Chemical name
Official name
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Types of Drug Actions
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Drug attachment
Receptor sites
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Drug Receptor Sites
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Drug Attachment
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Agonist
Antagonist
Partial Agonist
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Basic Drug Processes
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Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Four Processes of Drug
Utilization
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Absorption
How a drug enters the body and passes into
body fluids and tissues
 Absorption processes:
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Diffusion—high concentration to lower concentration
Filtration—a filter prevents passage of certain
molecules
Osmosis—diffusion through a semipermeable
membrane from a less dense solution to a more dense
solution
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Diffusion
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
11
Filtration
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Osmosis
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Distribution
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Blood system
Lymph system
Barriers:
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Blood-brain
Placental
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Metabolism
Biotransformation
 First-pass effect
 Affected by genetic and developmental
factors
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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Excretion
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GI tract
Kidneys
Lungs
Skin
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Question 1
A nephrotoxic drug is harmful to the:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Skin.
Kidneys.
Lungs.
Liver.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Learning Objectives


Discuss the differences between side effects
and adverse affects
List the basic types of drug actions
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Basics of Drug Action
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Desired action
Adverse reactions
Idiosyncratic reactions
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Bioequivalence
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Define
Brand name versus generic
Generic equivalent
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Drug Interactions
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Drug action may depend on ability to dissolve
quickly or slowly
Controlled by medication form
Oil-based drugs
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Food, Alcohol, and Drug
Interactions
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Food interactions
Alcohol interactions
Drugs and laboratory tests
Chronotherapy
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Question 2
An idiosyncratic response is a drug reaction
that is:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Expected.
Predicted.
Unique.
Anticipated.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Question 3
Which medicine is more likely to cause an
allergic reaction?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Acetaminophen
Aspirin
Cough suppressant
Antidepressant
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