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Chapter 4 Foundations and Principles of Pharmacology Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1 Learning Objectives Define the key words used in pharmacology and medication administration Explain differences between the chemical, generic, official, and brand names of medicines List the basic types of drug actions Describe the four basic physiologic processes that affect medications in the body Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Overview Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Pharmacotherapeutics Box 4-1: Key Words Used in Pharmacology and Drug Administration Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Drug Names Generic name Trade name; ® symbol Chemical name Official name Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Types of Drug Actions Drug attachment Receptor sites Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Drug Receptor Sites Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Drug Attachment Agonist Antagonist Partial Agonist Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Basic Drug Processes Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Four Processes of Drug Utilization Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Absorption How a drug enters the body and passes into body fluids and tissues Absorption processes: Diffusion—high concentration to lower concentration Filtration—a filter prevents passage of certain molecules Osmosis—diffusion through a semipermeable membrane from a less dense solution to a more dense solution Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Diffusion Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Filtration Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Osmosis Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 Distribution Blood system Lymph system Barriers: Blood-brain Placental Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 Metabolism Biotransformation First-pass effect Affected by genetic and developmental factors Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 Excretion GI tract Kidneys Lungs Skin Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16 Question 1 A nephrotoxic drug is harmful to the: 1. 2. 3. 4. Skin. Kidneys. Lungs. Liver. Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17 Learning Objectives Discuss the differences between side effects and adverse affects List the basic types of drug actions Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 Basics of Drug Action Desired action Adverse reactions Idiosyncratic reactions Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19 Bioequivalence Define Brand name versus generic Generic equivalent Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 Drug Interactions Drug action may depend on ability to dissolve quickly or slowly Controlled by medication form Oil-based drugs Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21 Food, Alcohol, and Drug Interactions Food interactions Alcohol interactions Drugs and laboratory tests Chronotherapy Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Question 2 An idiosyncratic response is a drug reaction that is: 1. 2. 3. 4. Expected. Predicted. Unique. Anticipated. Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23 Question 3 Which medicine is more likely to cause an allergic reaction? 1. 2. 3. 4. Acetaminophen Aspirin Cough suppressant Antidepressant Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24