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The Deaf or Hard of Hearing EXPLANATION PROJECT BY NICOLE SWANSON SPED 400 Definition Deaf: Having a hearing loss of such severity that communication and learning is primarily by visual methods (i.e., manual communication, writing, speech reading, and gestures) Hard of Hearing: Having some degree of hearing loss ranging from mild to profound. People who are hard of hearing may benefit from the use of hearing aids or other assistive listening devices. They depend primarily upon spoken English in communicating with others. Causes Congenital: Hearing loss at birth Two types Genetic and Nongenetic Genetic Factors: more than 50% of congenital hearing loss Autosomal recessive hearing loss (both parents with recessive gene) and Autosomal dominant hearing loss (abnormal gene from one parent) Nongenetic Factors: about 25% of congenital hearing loss prematurity, low birth weight, birth injuries, toxins consumed by mother, maternal diabetes, lack of oxygen Causes Conductive: Sound not conducted efficiently through outer ear Fluid in middle ear, ear infection, allergies, impacted earwax, malformation of the outer or middle ear Sensorineural: damage to the inner ear or the nerve Most common Cause by aging, head trauma, noise exposure, toxin exposure Mixed Hearing loss Many times people will have a Combination of hearing loss Symptoms of Hearing Loss asking to slow down or speak louder Avoidance of some social situations Muffling speech and other sounds Frequently Difficulty understanding especially with the presence of background noise Experience ringing, roaring or hissing in the ear Newborn Hearing Screen Tests Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Newborn infant test on the physiological measurement of the brainstems response to sound Otoacoustic Emission (OAE) Newborn infant test that measure an acoustic response that is produced by the inner ear which bounces back out of the ear in response to a sound stimulus. Tests Audiogram A graph which plots the type and degree of a person's hearing loss. It reflects the frequency (pitch) and intensity (loudness), marked in decibel units Tympanometry Assesses how well the eardrum and middle ear are working Reflex Testing Assesses how well the auditory nerve is able to transmit hearing signals to the brain Speech Testing Evaluate the ability to understand speech Technology Hearing Aids For the mild to moderate hearing loss to amplify the sound around them Cochlear Implants For the severe and profound hearing loss sound travels into ear from a receiver on the outside of the head into a transmitter which was implanted with surgery and sends the impulses directly to the brain. Video Phone For those that are completely deaf and rely on American Sign Language, Video phone allows for a phone conversation that has a hands free video feature Cochlear Implants For severe to profound hearing loss Generally cannot understand speech even with the assistance of hearing aids Cannot restore normal hearing but with proper training can replace normal hearing Works best with children younger than 12 months because they learn to talk and hear with their cochlear implants; becomes normal for them Cochlear Implants Use of external microphone and speech processor Transmitter sends radiofrequency signals to the surgically implanted electronic chip Stimulates the auditory nerve with electrodes that have been threaded through cochlea Hearing Aids Used to amplify the surrounding sound Different types of hearing aids Completely in the canal: fits completely in the canal of the ear, least noticeable more features involved In the canal: Fits in the ear canal improves mild to moderate hearing loss in adults Half-shell: fills only half of outer ear for the mild to moderately severe hearing loss In the ear (full-shell): fills the whole area of outer ear for mild to severe hearing loss Hearing Aids Behind the ear: Largest, but capable of most amplification Open fit: very small behind the ear New technology exists that allows hearing aids to connect to the television or a microphone or even their cell phone via bluetooth This helps in the classrooms and at home to reduce excess noise that the listener does not want to listen to instead they can listen directly to what they want Deaf Schools Law requires that all have the right to a free appropriate public education Schools must provide the tools for deaf or hard of hearing individuals to be successful, such as a translator Gallaudet University Located in Washington DC is the only liberal arts university in the world designed for deaf and hard of hearing students for undergraduate programs and deaf related graduate programs There are more than 100 schools for the deaf across the US but over time due to funding many have closed American Sign Language Used among the Deaf community Complete, complex language that employs signs made by the hands combined with facial expression and posture Different countries have their own version of sign language Those with cochlear implants encouraged to still learn sign language How to communicate If you are deaf or Hard of hearing… Pay attention Plan ahead Ask questions to confirm details Provide feedback If you are talking to someone to who is… Slow down Speak loud but don’t shout Confirm details State the topic Use gestures Prevention Reduce loud noise exposure Use ear plug Avoid long term exposure to loud sounds Get immunization for diseases Prevents illness that can cause loss of hearing Sound Levels of Common Noises Safe Range Risk Range Injury Range Decibels Noise Source 30 Whisper 60 Normal Conversation 70 Washing Machine 85-90 Heavy City Traffic 95 Motorcycle 100 Snowmobile, hand Drill 110 Chain Saw, Rock Concert 120 Ambulance Siren 140 (pain threshold) Jet engine at take off 165 12-guage shotgun blast 180 Rocket Launch Maximum Job-noise exposure allowed by law Sound Level, decibels Duration, daily 90 8 hours 92 6 hours 95 4 hours 97 3 hours 100 2 hours 102 1.5 hours 105 1 hours 110 30 minutes 115 15 minutes or less Media and Awareness Switched at Birth An ABC Family television show that has many deaf characters and discusses many everyday deaf challenges. TV shows like this raises public awareness about deafness and with more knowledge people will be more accepting Deaf Celebrities Christy Smith: Deaf contestant on Survivor Halle Berry: 80% hearing loss in one ear Sean Berdy: deaf actor in Sandlot 2, Switched at Birth plus many more Juliette Low: founder of Girl Scouts was deaf Work Cited Department of Human Services, ed. Minnesota Department of Human Services. Minnesota Department of Human Services, 2013. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. Hearing Health Foundation, ed. Hearing Health Foundation. Hearing Health Foundation, 2013. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. Mayo Clinic Staff. "Hearing Loss." Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2013. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. National Association of the Deaf, ed. National Association of the Deaf. National Association of the Deaf, 2013. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, ed. National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. NIDCD, 2013. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. Ray, Stacie, Dr. "Introduction to Audiology." SLPA 150: Communication Disorder. Barkley Memorial Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska. Mar. 2013. Lecture.