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C11 Review Answers, page 386-387 11. Most cities were built on harbors near the coast to take advantage of trade. 12. They needed to mast the art of sailing & shipbuilding. 13. Homer wrote epics that described heroes such as Achilles and Odysseus and showed how Greek gods influenced humans. 14. Both epic poems and fables have been passed down through generations and still influence our culture. Epics are long poems about heroes and gods; fables are short animal stories that teach a lesson. 15. Solon outlawed citizen slavery and gave non-noble but wealthy citizens some power. Cleisthenes gave all citizens power to vote on laws. 16. Athens had a direct democracy in which all the citizens met to make laws. Most democracy today is indirect democracy. Citizens elect representatives to make laws for them. 17. In Sparta, they were unpaid laborers. In Athens, they sometimes earned wages and were able to buy their freedom. 18. Sparta was part monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy, while Athens was a democracy. Sparta focused on military strength, while Athens focused on democracy and cultural pursuits. Spartan women had more freedom than Athenian women. 19. The mountainous land made it difficult to travel among regions. It was likely hard for a central government to communicate laws and policies to outer regions, to collect taxes, and to send troops to put down rebellions or to defend borders. In addition, the central government would not always know what was going on in the outlying regions. 20. Athens valued individual excellence in learning and the arts. Its citizens were taught public speaking. Democracy, in which individuals must contribute to the government, was suited to Athens’ culture. Sparta had a strict military society; the valued discipline and obedience, not individual freedom and selfexpression. 21. He abolished debt slavery and made the laws less harsh. He divided society into four classes based on income, not birth. More people had a voice in the government.