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C11 Review Answers, page 386-387
11. Most cities were built on harbors near the
coast to take advantage of trade.
12. They needed to mast the art of sailing &
shipbuilding.
13. Homer wrote epics that described heroes
such as Achilles and Odysseus and showed how
Greek gods influenced humans.
14. Both epic poems and fables have been
passed down through generations and still
influence our culture. Epics are long poems
about heroes and gods; fables are short animal
stories that teach a lesson.
15. Solon outlawed citizen slavery and gave
non-noble but wealthy citizens some power.
Cleisthenes gave all citizens power to vote on
laws.
16. Athens had a direct democracy in which all
the citizens met to make laws. Most
democracy today is indirect democracy.
Citizens elect representatives to make laws for
them.
17. In Sparta, they were unpaid laborers. In
Athens, they sometimes earned wages and
were able to buy their freedom.
18. Sparta was part monarchy, oligarchy, and
democracy, while Athens was a democracy.
Sparta focused on military strength, while
Athens focused on democracy and cultural
pursuits. Spartan women had more freedom
than Athenian women.
19. The mountainous land made it difficult to
travel among regions. It was likely hard for a
central government to communicate laws and
policies to outer regions, to collect taxes, and
to send troops to put down rebellions or to
defend borders. In addition, the central
government would not always know what was
going on in the outlying regions.
20. Athens valued individual excellence in
learning and the arts. Its citizens were taught
public speaking. Democracy, in which
individuals must contribute to the government,
was suited to Athens’ culture. Sparta had a
strict military society; the valued discipline and
obedience, not individual freedom and selfexpression.
21. He abolished debt slavery and made the
laws less harsh. He divided society into four
classes based on income, not birth. More
people had a voice in the government.