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Ch. 13: Expansion, War and Sectional Crisis, 1844-1860 12.3 Expanding the South A. The Settlement of Texas 13.1 Manifest Destiny: South and North A. The Independence of Texas B. The Plains Indians C. The Fateful Election of 1844 13.2 War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846-1850 A. B. C. D. The War with Mexico, 1846-1848 A Divisive War California Gold and Racial Warfare 1850: Crisis and Compromise 13.3 End of the Second Party System, 1850-1858 A. Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act B. The Whigs Disintegrate and New Parties Rise C. Buchanan’s Failed Presidency 13.4 Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858-1860 A. Lincoln’s Political Career B. The Union Under Siege Chapter 13: Expansion, War and Sectional Crisis, 1844-1860 The Big Questions: What were the causes of westward expansion, the Mexican War and the 1850s sectional crisis? How did those events lead the country toward a civil war? 12.3: Expanding the South 3A: The Settlement of Texas • • • • In 1820/30s, 30k Americans settled in Texas vs. 3k Mexicans Americans rebelled after Santa Ana nullified concessions Despite Alamo defeat, Texans won unofficial independence Democrats refused to annex TX to avoid reopening slavery debate Battle of the Alamo Republic of Texas Flag Part 1: Manifest Destiny: South and North 1A: The Push to the Pacific • Many Americans believed they had a manifest destiny to move west • Oregon fever led 250K to trek the 6 month Oregon Trail by 1860 • Vast cattle-growing ranches tied CA economy to New England Part 1: Manifest Destiny: South and North 1B: The Plains Indians • Nomadic buffalo-hunting Indians roamed the western plains while more sedentary Indians lived in the eastern plains • Plains Indians faced epidemics and greater inequality as a result of increased buffalo trading and adopting horses and guns Sioux Buffalo Hunt, 1850s Wichita Village, probably in OK, 1850-1875 Part 1: Manifest Destiny: South and North 1C: The Fateful Election of 1844 • Fear of British influence, Oregon fever and manifest destiny allowed Texas annexation without threatening the Union over slavery • Polk campaigned in 1844 on a platform of annexing Texas, taking all of Oregon (54ʹ 40° or fight), gaining CA and lowering tariffs American Progress A painting representing John Sullivan’s 1845 idea of manifest destiny Part 2: War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846-1850 2A: The War with Mexico • Polk negotiated a treaty with England for ½ of Oregon, 49th parallel • After failing to buy CA, Polk provoked Mexico into attacking US troops near the Rio Grande • Mexico refused to give up until US captured Mexico City • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gave Mexico $15 million for CA, NM, and recognition of TX annexation Part 2: War, Expansion, and Slavery 2B: A Divisive War • War quickly divided public (conscience Whigs, Lincoln’s “spot resolutions”) even though the US won every major battle • Wilmot Proviso split Democrats • Free Soil movement opposed the “slave power conspiracy and created a new party aimed at stopping spread of slavery • Whigs and Taylor won 1848 election because Democrats were split and Free Soil party cost them a win in NY Part 2: War, Expansion, and Slavery 2C: California Gold and Racial Warfare • Discovery of gold created the first global gold rush with 80K 49ers • Racism and land pressure led to attacks on Indians, new smaller reservations and the voiding of most Californio land claims • CA eventually became a major wheat and fruit exporter by 1870s Part 2: War, Expansion, and Slavery 2C: 1850: Crisis and Compromise • Population boom led CA to apply for statehood in November 1849 • 4 major views on slavery in the territories split the country • Clay’s Compromise of 1850 prevailed: – CA admitted as a free state – popular sovereignty for the New Mexico, Utah territories – End of slave trade, not slavery in DC – disputed land given to NM, TX paid for it – new Fugitive Slave Act Part 3: The End of the Second Party System, 1850-58 3A: Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act • FSA Provisions: – accused runaways denied a jury trial and the right to testify in their defense – judges paid more for guilty verdicts – fines, prison, or work as a slave catcher • Uncle Tom’s Cabin undermined FSA • Several northern states passed personal-liberty laws Runaway Slave Notice Part 3: The End of the Second Party System, 1850-58 3B: The Whigs Disintegrate and New Parties Rise 1 • Pierce (Democrat) beat Scott (Whig) in 1852 election because Whigs split over slavery • Gadsden Purchase made for southern transcontinental RR • Ostend Manifesto and other attempts to expand slavery failed further dividing North and South Part 3: The End of the Second Party System, 1850-58 3B: The Whigs Disintegrate and New Parties Rise 2 • Stephen Douglas’ Kansas-Nebraska Act: – – – – divide Nebraska territory into Kansas and Nebraska popular sovereignty to decide slavery issue repeal Missouri Compromise hoped to facilitate a northern transcontinental RR • Republican and Know-Nothing Parties competed to replace Whigs • Popular Sovereignty led to civil war in Kansas (bleeding Kansas) – – – – fraudulent election LeCompton govt. Sack of Lawrence Pottawatomie massacre Know-Nothing Flag Part 3: The End of the Second Party System, 1850-58 3C: Buchanan’s Failed Presidency • Buchanan won election in 1856 in 3-way race • Dred Scott decision ruled that blacks weren’t citizens, Missouri Compromise and NW Ordinance had been unconstitutional • Buchanan’s pro-slavery agenda (support for Dred Scot ruling and LeCompton constitution) split the Democrats and the nation Dred Scott Part 4: Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858-60 4A: Lincoln’s Political Career • Lincoln was born into a poor yeoman farm family and rose to prominence as a Whig politician • Debates with Senator Douglas made Lincoln a top Republican figure Part 4: Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858-60 4B: The Union Under Siege • Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry scared Southerners into believing slavery was under attack • Democrats split in 1860 and nominated two candidates: Douglas (North) and Breckinridge (South) • Lincoln won with only 40% of vote • Election showed sectional split over slavery