Download Ch. 13: Expansion, War and Sectional Crisis, 1844-1860

Ch. 13: Expansion, War and Sectional Crisis, 1844-1860
12.3 Expanding the South
A. The Settlement of Texas
13.1 Manifest Destiny: South and North
A. The Independence of Texas
B. The Plains Indians
C. The Fateful Election of 1844
13.2 War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846-1850
A.
B.
C.
D.
The War with Mexico, 1846-1848
A Divisive War
California Gold and Racial Warfare
1850: Crisis and Compromise
13.3 End of the Second Party System, 1850-1858
A. Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act
B. The Whigs Disintegrate and New Parties Rise
C. Buchanan’s Failed Presidency
13.4 Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858-1860
A. Lincoln’s Political Career
B. The Union Under Siege
Chapter 13: Expansion, War
and Sectional Crisis, 1844-1860
The Big Questions: What were the causes of westward
expansion, the Mexican War and the 1850s sectional crisis?
How did those events lead the country toward a civil war?
12.3: Expanding the South
3A: The Settlement of Texas
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In 1820/30s, 30k Americans settled in Texas vs. 3k Mexicans
Americans rebelled after Santa Ana nullified concessions
Despite Alamo defeat, Texans won unofficial independence
Democrats refused to annex TX to avoid reopening slavery debate
 Battle of the Alamo
Republic of Texas Flag
Part 1: Manifest Destiny: South and North
1A: The Push to the Pacific
• Many Americans believed they had a manifest destiny to move west
• Oregon fever led 250K to trek the 6 month Oregon Trail by 1860
• Vast cattle-growing ranches tied CA economy to New England
Part 1: Manifest Destiny: South and North
1B: The Plains Indians
• Nomadic buffalo-hunting Indians roamed the western plains while
more sedentary Indians lived in the eastern plains
• Plains Indians faced epidemics and greater inequality as a result of
increased buffalo trading and adopting horses and guns
Sioux Buffalo Hunt, 1850s
Wichita Village, probably in OK, 1850-1875
Part 1: Manifest Destiny: South and North
1C: The Fateful Election of 1844
• Fear of British influence, Oregon fever and manifest destiny allowed
Texas annexation without threatening the Union over slavery
• Polk campaigned in 1844 on a platform of annexing Texas, taking all
of Oregon (54ʹ 40° or fight), gaining CA and lowering tariffs
American
Progress
A painting
representing
John Sullivan’s
1845 idea of
manifest
destiny
Part 2: War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846-1850
2A: The War with Mexico
• Polk negotiated a treaty with England for ½ of Oregon, 49th parallel
• After failing to buy CA, Polk
provoked Mexico into
attacking US troops near the
Rio Grande
• Mexico refused to give up
until US captured Mexico City
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
gave Mexico $15 million for
CA, NM, and recognition of
TX annexation
Part 2: War, Expansion, and Slavery
2B: A Divisive War
• War quickly divided public
(conscience Whigs, Lincoln’s
“spot resolutions”) even though
the US won every major battle
• Wilmot Proviso split Democrats
• Free Soil movement opposed
the “slave power conspiracy
and created a new party aimed
at stopping spread of slavery
• Whigs and Taylor won 1848
election because Democrats
were split and Free Soil party
cost them a win in NY
Part 2: War, Expansion, and Slavery
2C: California Gold and Racial Warfare
• Discovery of gold created the first global gold rush with 80K 49ers
• Racism and land pressure led to attacks on Indians, new smaller
reservations and the voiding of most Californio land claims
• CA eventually became a major wheat and fruit exporter by 1870s
Part 2: War, Expansion, and Slavery
2C: 1850: Crisis and Compromise
• Population boom led CA to apply for statehood in November 1849
• 4 major views on slavery in the territories split the country
• Clay’s Compromise of 1850 prevailed:
– CA admitted as a free
state
– popular sovereignty for
the New Mexico, Utah
territories
– End of slave trade, not
slavery in DC
– disputed land given to
NM, TX paid for it
– new Fugitive Slave Act
Part 3: The End of the Second Party System, 1850-58
3A: Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act
• FSA Provisions:
– accused runaways denied a jury trial and the right to testify in their
defense
– judges paid more for
guilty verdicts
– fines, prison, or work
as a slave catcher
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin
undermined FSA
• Several northern
states passed
personal-liberty laws
Runaway Slave Notice 
Part 3: The End of the Second Party System, 1850-58
3B: The Whigs Disintegrate and New Parties Rise 1
• Pierce (Democrat) beat Scott (Whig) in 1852 election because Whigs
split over slavery
• Gadsden Purchase
made for southern
transcontinental RR
• Ostend Manifesto
and other attempts
to expand slavery
failed further dividing
North and South
Part 3: The End of the Second Party System, 1850-58
3B: The Whigs Disintegrate and New Parties Rise 2
• Stephen Douglas’ Kansas-Nebraska Act:
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–
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divide Nebraska territory into Kansas and Nebraska
popular sovereignty to decide slavery issue
repeal Missouri Compromise
hoped to facilitate a northern transcontinental RR
• Republican and Know-Nothing Parties competed to replace Whigs
• Popular Sovereignty led to civil war in Kansas (bleeding Kansas)
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fraudulent election
LeCompton govt.
Sack of Lawrence
Pottawatomie massacre
Know-Nothing Flag 
Part 3: The End of the Second Party System, 1850-58
3C: Buchanan’s Failed Presidency
• Buchanan won election in 1856 in 3-way race
• Dred Scott decision ruled that blacks weren’t citizens, Missouri
Compromise and NW Ordinance had been unconstitutional
• Buchanan’s pro-slavery agenda (support for Dred Scot ruling and
LeCompton constitution) split the Democrats and the nation
Dred Scott
Part 4: Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858-60
4A: Lincoln’s Political Career
• Lincoln was born into a poor yeoman farm family and rose to
prominence as a Whig politician
• Debates with Senator Douglas made
Lincoln a top Republican figure
Part 4: Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858-60
4B: The Union Under Siege
• Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry scared Southerners into believing
slavery was under attack
• Democrats split in 1860
and nominated two
candidates: Douglas
(North) and
Breckinridge (South)
• Lincoln won with only
40% of vote
• Election showed
sectional split over
slavery