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Scientific Process and Reasoning Volume in ml Bar Graph COMPARES 8th Grade Science STAAR Review Guide Mass in grams Line Graph Change Pie Chart Percentages Read the entire question Underline the question they are asking Models Representation that cannot always show size and distance Look for and circle key words Explain all the answer choices Select the answer All matter is made of atoms. Notes Live in the Nucleus Protons (+) Positive Neutrons (no charge) Make up Atomic Mass • • • • • • • • • • Live in Energy Shells Mass Electrons (-) Negative - Atomic Number Atomic Number = Neutrons Protons Electrons Are the same number Protons identify the element This element is CARBON Carbon = Organic Balance This Equation Carbon has 6 protons N2 + H2 NH3 Carbon has 6 electrons Carbon’s atomic # is 6 Carbon has 6 neutrons Carbons mass (12) minus atomic # (6) = 6 neutrons Carbon has 2 shells (2nd row of Periodic Table) Carbon has 4 valence electrons (Group 14 Column) _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ Notes _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ Elements make up all things Up and Down- Act Alike Valence Electrons Metals Transition Metals Non-Metals Most Reactive ------------------------------Least Reactive • • • • • • • • • 1 element = ATOM (H) 2 of an element (H2) = Molecule 2 different elements = Molecule/Compound (H2O) Physical Change- Can be undone Chemical Change- Cannot be undone (Color, Gas, Light, Odor, Temperature, Precipitate) Chemical Formula- Tells how many atoms (H2O = 3 atoms). Is like a recipe. Subscript- tells how many atoms and cannot be changed Coefficient tells how many molecules When balancing an equation- never change the subscript. • • • • • • Force, Motion and Energy Motion- change in position Force = Mass X Acceleration Potential Energy- Stored Energy Kinetic Energy- Energy in motion Balanced force = NO motion Unbalanced force = MOTION Types of Energy Transfer Work = Force X Distance The force and the distance must go in the same direction. No movement = No work Ramps make work easier. Ramps do not change the amount of work • • Newton’s 1st Law- A object at rest/motion will stay that way unless acted on by an unbalanced force. F Newton’s 2nd Law- F = M*A M • A Newton’s 3rd Law- For every action, there is an Equal and OPPOSITE reaction. ******************************************* Cells and Organisms • • • Force, Motion and Energy Speed = Distance / Time Velocity= Requires SPEED and DIRECTION Acceleration= ANY change in S speed or direction D T The car travels 50 kilometers in 1 hour- SPEED The car travels EAST at 50 km/hour- VELOCITY The car slows down and or turns- Acceleration Biotic factors are alive Abiotic factors are not alive All plants are PRODUCERS All animals are consumers The hunter is the predator The hunted in the prey Parasites live off of hosts Biodiversity means many types of organisms in an environment. Biodiversity is required for an ecosystem to survive. Only 10% of an organisms energy is transferred up the food chain (pyramid) Sexual reproduction = Greater biodiversity Asexual reproduction = NO diversity Selective breeding = Breeding for best traits FORCE A push or pull on an object Forces act in pairs. Types of Force: Gravity Electric Magnetic Friction Air Resistance SPEED and Velocity Tell how fast Acceleration Shows change Earth and Space Rotation - Day and night Revolution- Seasons/ year Cells and Organisms Moon has a 28 day cycle Moon reflects suns light Gravitaional pull of moon and sun cause tides. NEAP = WEAK SPRING = STRONG Light on right = bright (Waxing) Light on left= waning Tides occur between the tidal bulges Cells are made of organelles Organisms form populations Populations form communities Communities form ecosystems Ecosystems form biomes Chromosomes are found in the nucleus GENotype = GENes passed from each parent PHenotype = PHysical appearance of traits HOMOzygous = 2 of the same alleles for a trait HETEROzygous = 2 different alleles for a trait Human Body Functions Universe, Stars and Galaxies We live in a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way Our solar system is on the edge of the Orion arm Stars are balls of hot gas and dust The sun is our closest star & is a medium size star on the Main Sequence Stars begin and end as nebulae Star Cycle- Main Sequence, Red Giant, Planetary Nebulae, White Dwarf, Black Dwarf Light year is a measure of DISTANCE Colors and elements are defined by the electromagnetic spectrum. Gravity is the controlling factor in the universe Earth Oceans, Water and Weather Convergent- Come together (Trench, Mountain Range) Divergent- Separate (Volcanic Islands) Transform- Slide (Earthquake) Chemical Weathering- Changes chemical composition Mechanical Weathering- Changes size and shape Continental Drift says plates are always in motion Pangaea- 1 supercontinent Uneven heating by the sun causes Connected line = Contour line and shows elevation Distance between 2 lines = Interval Lines close together = Steep slope Lines far apart = Gentle slope Convection currents in air Convection currents in water ************************************************** Convection currents cause weather patterns Heat moves from high to low concentration areas Low pressure = Stormy weather High pressure = Nice weather Run- off water carries pollution across the water shed into water supplies. That evaporation can cause acid rain. Human activities and natural disasters can affect all Earth systems