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Complete the map of Europe in 1914. Use the map on page 700 as a guide When you finish the map, read Chapter 27 beginning on page 698 Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Nations define strength as military power Nations increase size of militaries Development of new military technologies Nations develop plans for rapid mobilization of armed forces Definition: When nations form agreements with other nations for support Two main alliances form: Triple Alliance Triple Entante Triple Alliance Germany Austro-Hungary Italy Triple Entente France Russia Great Britain The Alliances of 1914 NOTE: Central Powers = Triple Alliance Definition: expanding power by controlling foreign territories and establishing colonies European nations control large territories in Africa and Asia Colonies provide raw materials and markets for goods/services European nations competing against each other to gain more colonies Definition: An extreme sense of pride or loyalty to one’s nation Leads to growing competition between countries Leads to sense of paranoia between countries Balkan Peninsula has a history of violence & political instability, Nicknamed “Powder keg” due to frequent uprisings Balkan Peninsula gains independence from Ottoman Empire Race of nations to extend borders or take over Balkan region Austro-Hungary takes over Bosnia & Herzegovina Serbia had planned on joining with Bosnia, angered by Austria’s actions Russia supports Serbian claim to Bosnia June 28, 1914, Austro-Hungarian heir, Archduke Franz-Ferdinand & his wife, Sofia, traveling in Sarajevo, Bosnia Gavrilo Princip assassinates Franz & Wife Princip was 19 year old Serbian Member of The Black Hand, a society developed to remove Austrian rule in Bosnia Austria’s demands to prevent war: Serbia will outlaw groups that oppose Austrian control of Bosnia Serbia will dismiss teachers & ban books that are not pro-Austrian Serbia government officials who speak against Austrian rule Austrian officials are to participate in the trial and execution of those who took part in the assassination All attempts to negotiate peace fail What is an emphasis on armed/military strength? What event triggered the violence of WWI? What nation declared war on Serbia? Who was Serbia’s ally? What country did Germany invade to get to France? What was Germany’s plan to avoid a two front war? What are three new military technologies used in WWI? 8. Alliance between France, Russia, and Great Britain? 9. Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy? 10. Which of the Triple Alliance nations switched sides during the war? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The War to End All Wars From Section 1 (p 698) Ultimatum Mobilize Belligerents From Section 2 (p 704) Propaganda Total War War of Attrition Atrocities U-Boats Militarism Rivalries World War I Alliances Nationalism Austro-Hungary declares war on Serbia 2. Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary 3. Germany declares war on Russia 4. France declares war on Germany 5. Germany invades Belgium to get to France 6. Great Britain declares war on Germany As countries enter the war, so do their foreign colonies pulling Africa, Asia, Australia, & Canada into the war 1. THE CENTRAL POWERS Germany Austro-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria THE ALLIES France Russia Great Britain (+ Canada, Australia, & India) Italy (formally sided w/Germany) Japan Greece Portugal Purpose: to avoid a two-front War (Germany lies between France & Russia) Plan: Germany goes west to quickly strike at France & GB to take Paris THEN - rapidly move East and strike Russia before Russia is prepared Based on two key assumptions easy victory in west Russian military would be slow to mobilize (prepare) The Western Front The battle line that stretched from the North Sea to Switzerland Crossed Belgium & Northern France (an area known as Flanders) Map shows the major positions of the armies along the Western Front Lines. Blue denotes the Allies and Red denotes the Central Powers. Along Western Front, armies dug deep trenches to provide protection from bullets Soldiers lived in trenches, conditions were difficult Constant assault from the other side Extremely muddy & wet Limited food, malnutrition common Poor sanitation, disease prevalent Fighting consisted of coming out of trenches into a “no man’s land” to rush opposing sides trenches Faced heavy machine gun & artillery fire once out of trenches Poison gasses developed to fill trenches - becomes a “silent killer” Huge loss of life, little territorial gain Life on the Western Front British soldiers in the trenches Life on the Western Front Soldiers trying to catch a little sleep in the trenches Life on the Western Front British soldiers crossing the noman’s land during a lull in the fighting to search for casualties Life on the Western Front British-Indian Soldiers fighting along the Western Front in Flanders (Belgium) Life on the Western Front Soldiers preparing to launch an attack across the no-man’s CLICK ME New military technologies made killing large numbers of people easier Poison Gases ▪ Introduced by Germans ▪ Most common: Mustard Gas (blister agent) & Chlorine Gas ▪ Gas masks quickly developed, but not always available Machine Guns Flame-throwers Tanks ▪ Developed by Great Britain ▪ Could rush opposing trenches & cross all terrain types Submarines ▪ Developed by Germany ▪ Undetectable (sonar not developed yet) ▪ Used against both military & non-military ships Airplanes ▪ Developed on both sides to spy on other side’s battle lines ▪ Eventually guns added to planes First Battle of the Marne Prevents Germany from invading Paris Battle of Verdun, Feb. 1916 Massive loss of life, 300,000 per side Germans gain only 4 miles Battle of the Somme Attack Germany in Somme Valley GB loses 20,000 in first hour GB gains five miles, taking back territory claimed in Verdun Stretched along German/Russian border Did not use trenches armies more mobile/front lines move often Russian Army Poorly Equipped Russia had little industrialization Lacked military technology Supplies unable to reach Russian Front Russia’s greatest asset was its large numbers of people The World in Flames The Central Powers Germany Austro-Hungry Ottoman Empire Bulgaria The Allies France North Africa West Africa Russia Great Britain Australia Canada India Egypt South Africa Japan United States Reasons for wanting to take the Dardanelles: Would take the Ottoman Turks out of the war Would give Allies access to Black Sea Would allow supplies to get from Allies in the west to Russia The Campaign FAILED German’s use of unrestricted submarine warfare Sinking of the Lusitania by a German u-boat, killing 128 Americans Zimmerman Telegram: message intercepted between Germany & Mexico promised to Mexico territory (Texas, Arizona, & New Mexico) lost to US if Mexico would help Germany win the war April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Germany WWI was a total war All involved nations gave all their resources to the war effort Governments took control of national economies Forced factories into military production All able citizens put to work Instituted rationing programs to ensure military receive necessary supplies first Opposition to war was restricted Anti-war protesters imprisoned Media reports from the fronts were censored Governments created a “propaganda machine” to sell the war to the people & keep up morale for the soldiers The role of women: Replaced men on the worksite and on factory/assembly lines Volunteered to work as nurses on the front lines & in military hospitals back home Kept the family together & the economy going w/o their husbands African Americans: Volunteered to serve in the military/were not drafted Allowed to become officers for the first time The legendary 369th Infantry Regiment (Harlem Hellfighters) saw more front line combat than any other US regiment Reasons Russia pulls out of WWI: Russia experienced largest loss of life/more than the other Allies Due to German U-Boat blockade & failure of the Gallipoli Campaign, food in short supply Russian army refuses to fight Civil War in Russia Czar Nicholas abdicate (steps down) Democratic government established under the Menshevik Party (Whites) New government fails after 8 months Lenin’s Bolshevik party takes control (Red Army) Lenin & Germany end eastern fighting w/the Brest-Litovsk Treaty Winning the War 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. When all a nation’s resources go to support the war effort Type of warfare used mainly on the Western Front German’s used these to sink ships carrying supplies for the Allies Member of the Triple Alliance who joined with Great Britain and France during the war. The legendary all black 369th Infantry Message intercepted between Germany & Mexico asking for an alliance in exchange for land Used first by Germany, included Chlorine and Mustard Serbian nationalist group who were responsible for killing Franz-Ferdinand British passenger ship sank by a German U-Boat on which 128 Americans were killed Germany’s policy of sinking any ship, military or civilian, that may carry supplies to the Allies. WORD BANK Black Hand Italy Harlem Hellfighters Lusitania Poison Gasses Total War Trench Warfare U-Boat (Submarine) Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Zimmerman Telegram US involvement brought over 3 million fresh troops to support war effort US rapidly deploys brings new supplies and weapons July 1918 – Second Battle of the Marne 350 Allied tanks & 2 million American troops smash thru German lines German troops undersupplied & tired after months of non-stop fighting Germany begins a steady retreat October 1918 – Central Powers fall apart Ottoman Turks & Bulgaria pull out Austro-Hungary experiences revolution/government collapses German public overthrows Kaiser Wilhelm II Armistice (cease fire) treaty signed on November 11, 1918 officially ending WWI Eliminated nearly a generation of young men 8.5 million died in battle/another 15-20 million would die of disease, starvation, or other war related cause Completely drained the economic reserves of Europe Financial cost estimated at $338 billion Factories & businesses destroyed High post war unemployment Property damage also in the billions Farmland, homes, villages, etc were destroyed Extreme starvation resulted from lack of usable farmland & that all cattle/animals killed for military support Deeps feelings of resentment & hatred between faction European Allies wanted someone to pay for war Literature & art following war extremely dark & disillusioned January 18, 1918 delegation of involved nations meets at the Palace of Versailles outside Paris GOAL – How to create a lasting peace. The Big Four delegates from the major Allied powers were” ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Woodrow Wilson (USA) Georges Clemenceau (France) David Lloyd George (Britain) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) Fourteen Points Plan Goal was to create a lasting peace & end resentment Plan’s key provisions: End secret alliances Protect freedom on the The Versailles Treaty of 1919 France & Britain wanted Germany to pay for war & wanted Germany to be punished Place sole responsibility for WWI on Germany/ The War Guilt Policy Disbanded German military German lost territories in Europe, Asia & Africa Germany to pay reparations ($$$) to Allies to cover cost of war & rebuilding seas Reduction of military power Create a League of Nations whose sole goal was to promote peace. Create a League of Nations Increased tensions & anger among involved nations, particularly Germany Many new nations created out of old Austro-Hungarian & Ottoman empires Much of the Middle East given to Britain & France US rejects treaty Reparations left Germany unable to rebuild economically Starvation & economic failure persisted long after other nation’s recovered Africa & Asia destabilized Did not feel Germany should bare sole debt of war Did not like League of Nations/ wanted to stay out of European affairs The War Guilt clause led to hatred between Germany & other European nations Palestine, Iraq & Jordan go to England Syria & Lebanon go to France Due to Russian pull-out, the Baltic republics & Poland confiscated from Russia By joining in war effort, many colonial nations hoped to gain independence Request for independence denied French & English colonial holdings expanded! Began open rebellion against colonial governments League of Nations had no power to ensure peace or administer the treaty/ widely ignored by member & non-member nations