Download WWI Presentation Part 1

 Complete the map of Europe in
1914. Use the map on page 700 as a
guide
 When you finish the map, read
Chapter 27 beginning on page 698
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
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Nations define strength as military power
Nations increase size of militaries
Development of new military technologies
Nations develop plans for rapid mobilization of
armed forces
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Definition: When nations form agreements
with other nations for support
Two main alliances form:
 Triple Alliance
 Triple Entante
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Triple Alliance
Germany
Austro-Hungary
Italy
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Triple Entente
France
Russia
Great Britain
The Alliances of 1914
NOTE: Central Powers = Triple Alliance
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Definition: expanding power by controlling
foreign territories and establishing colonies
European nations control large territories in
Africa and Asia
Colonies provide raw materials and markets
for goods/services
European nations competing against each
other to gain more colonies
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Definition: An extreme sense of pride or
loyalty to one’s nation
Leads to growing competition between
countries
Leads to sense of paranoia between countries
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Balkan Peninsula
 has a history of violence & political instability,
 Nicknamed “Powder keg” due to frequent
uprisings
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Balkan Peninsula gains independence from
Ottoman Empire
Race of nations to extend borders or take over
Balkan region
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Austro-Hungary takes over Bosnia &
Herzegovina
 Serbia had planned on joining with Bosnia,
angered by Austria’s actions
 Russia supports Serbian claim to Bosnia
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June 28, 1914, Austro-Hungarian heir,
Archduke Franz-Ferdinand & his wife, Sofia,
traveling in Sarajevo, Bosnia
Gavrilo Princip assassinates Franz & Wife
 Princip was 19 year old Serbian
 Member of The Black Hand, a society developed
to remove Austrian rule in Bosnia
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Austria’s demands to prevent war:
 Serbia will outlaw groups that oppose Austrian
control of Bosnia
 Serbia will dismiss teachers & ban books that are not
pro-Austrian
 Serbia government officials who speak against
Austrian rule
 Austrian officials are to participate in the trial and
execution of those who took part in the
assassination
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All attempts to negotiate peace fail
What is an emphasis on armed/military strength?
What event triggered the violence of WWI?
What nation declared war on Serbia?
Who was Serbia’s ally?
What country did Germany invade to get to France?
What was Germany’s plan to avoid a two front war?
What are three new military technologies used in
WWI?
8. Alliance between France, Russia, and Great Britain?
9. Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and
Italy?
10. Which of the Triple Alliance nations switched sides
during the war?
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2.
3.
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5.
6.
7.
The War to End All Wars
From Section 1
(p 698)
 Ultimatum
 Mobilize
 Belligerents
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From Section 2
(p 704)
Propaganda
Total War
War of Attrition
Atrocities
U-Boats
Militarism
Rivalries
World War I
Alliances
Nationalism
Austro-Hungary declares war on Serbia
2. Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary
3. Germany declares war on Russia
4. France declares war on Germany
5. Germany invades Belgium to get to France
6. Great Britain declares war on Germany
 As countries enter the war, so do their foreign
colonies pulling Africa, Asia, Australia, & Canada
into the war
1.
THE CENTRAL POWERS
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Germany
Austro-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
THE ALLIES
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France
Russia
Great Britain (+ Canada,
Australia, & India)
Italy (formally sided
w/Germany)
Japan
Greece
Portugal
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Purpose:
to avoid a two-front War (Germany lies between
France & Russia)
Plan:
 Germany goes west to quickly strike at France & GB
to take Paris
 THEN - rapidly move East and strike Russia before
Russia is prepared
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Based on two key assumptions
 easy victory in west
 Russian military would be slow to mobilize (prepare)
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The Western Front
 The battle line that stretched from the North Sea
to Switzerland
 Crossed Belgium & Northern France (an area
known as Flanders)
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Map shows the major positions of the armies along the Western Front Lines. Blue
denotes the Allies and Red denotes the Central Powers.
Along Western Front, armies dug deep trenches to
provide protection from bullets
 Soldiers lived in trenches, conditions were difficult
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Constant assault from the other side
Extremely muddy & wet
Limited food, malnutrition common
Poor sanitation, disease prevalent
Fighting consisted of coming out of trenches into a
“no man’s land” to rush opposing sides trenches
 Faced heavy machine gun & artillery fire once out of
trenches
 Poison gasses developed to fill trenches - becomes a
“silent killer”
 Huge loss of life, little territorial gain
Life on the Western Front
British soldiers in the trenches
Life on the Western
Front
Soldiers trying to catch a little
sleep in the trenches
Life on the Western
Front
British soldiers crossing the noman’s land during a lull in the
fighting to search for casualties
Life on the Western
Front
British-Indian Soldiers fighting
along the Western Front in
Flanders (Belgium)
Life on the Western
Front
Soldiers preparing to launch an
attack across the no-man’s
CLICK
ME
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New military technologies made killing large numbers of people easier
 Poison Gases
▪ Introduced by Germans
▪ Most common: Mustard Gas (blister agent) & Chlorine Gas
▪ Gas masks quickly developed, but not always available
 Machine Guns
 Flame-throwers
 Tanks
▪ Developed by Great Britain
▪ Could rush opposing trenches & cross all terrain types
 Submarines
▪ Developed by Germany
▪ Undetectable (sonar not developed yet)
▪ Used against both military & non-military ships
 Airplanes
▪ Developed on both sides to spy on other side’s battle lines
▪ Eventually guns added to planes
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First Battle of the Marne
 Prevents Germany from invading Paris
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Battle of Verdun, Feb. 1916
 Massive loss of life, 300,000 per side
 Germans gain only 4 miles
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Battle of the Somme
 Attack Germany in Somme Valley
 GB loses 20,000 in first hour
 GB gains five miles, taking back territory claimed in
Verdun
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Stretched along German/Russian border
Did not use trenches
 armies more mobile/front lines move often
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Russian Army Poorly Equipped
 Russia had little industrialization
 Lacked military technology
 Supplies unable to reach Russian Front
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Russia’s greatest asset was its large numbers
of people
The World in Flames
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The Central Powers
Germany
Austro-Hungry
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
The Allies
 France
 North Africa
 West Africa
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Russia
Great Britain
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Australia
Canada
India
Egypt
South Africa
Japan
United States
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Reasons for wanting to take the Dardanelles:
 Would take the Ottoman Turks out of the war
 Would give Allies access to Black Sea
 Would allow supplies to get from Allies in the west
to Russia
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The Campaign FAILED
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German’s use of unrestricted submarine warfare
Sinking of the Lusitania by a German u-boat,
killing 128 Americans
Zimmerman Telegram:
 message intercepted between Germany & Mexico
 promised to Mexico territory (Texas, Arizona, &
New Mexico) lost to US if Mexico would help
Germany win the war
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April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson asks Congress to
declare war on Germany
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WWI was a total war
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All involved nations gave all their resources to the war effort
Governments took control of national economies
Forced factories into military production
All able citizens put to work
Instituted rationing programs to ensure military receive
necessary supplies first
Opposition to war was restricted
 Anti-war protesters imprisoned
 Media reports from the fronts were censored
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Governments created a “propaganda machine” to sell the
war to the people & keep up morale for the soldiers
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The role of women:
 Replaced men on the worksite and on
factory/assembly lines
 Volunteered to work as nurses on the front lines & in
military hospitals back home
 Kept the family together & the economy going w/o
their husbands
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African Americans:
 Volunteered to serve in the military/were not drafted
 Allowed to become officers for the first time
 The legendary 369th Infantry Regiment (Harlem
Hellfighters) saw more front line combat than any
other US regiment
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Reasons Russia pulls out of WWI:
 Russia experienced largest loss of life/more than the other
Allies
 Due to German U-Boat blockade & failure of the Gallipoli
Campaign, food in short supply
 Russian army refuses to fight
 Civil War in Russia
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Czar Nicholas abdicate (steps down)
 Democratic government established under the Menshevik
Party (Whites)
 New government fails after 8 months
 Lenin’s Bolshevik party takes control (Red Army)
 Lenin & Germany end eastern fighting w/the Brest-Litovsk
Treaty
Winning the War
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When all a nation’s resources go to support the war
effort
Type of warfare used mainly on the Western Front
German’s used these to sink ships carrying supplies
for the Allies
Member of the Triple Alliance who joined with Great
Britain and France during the war.
The legendary all black 369th Infantry
Message intercepted between Germany & Mexico
asking for an alliance in exchange for land
Used first by Germany, included Chlorine and
Mustard
Serbian nationalist group who were responsible for
killing Franz-Ferdinand
British passenger ship sank by a German U-Boat on
which 128 Americans were killed
Germany’s policy of sinking any ship, military or
civilian, that may carry supplies to the Allies.
WORD BANK
Black Hand
Italy
Harlem Hellfighters
Lusitania
Poison Gasses
Total War
Trench Warfare
U-Boat (Submarine)
Unrestricted Submarine
Warfare
Zimmerman Telegram
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US involvement brought over 3 million fresh troops
to support war effort
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US rapidly deploys brings new supplies and
weapons
July 1918 – Second Battle of the Marne
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 350 Allied tanks & 2 million American troops
smash thru German lines
 German troops undersupplied & tired after
months of non-stop fighting
 Germany begins a steady retreat
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October 1918 – Central Powers fall apart
 Ottoman Turks & Bulgaria pull out
 Austro-Hungary experiences
revolution/government collapses
 German public overthrows Kaiser Wilhelm II
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Armistice (cease fire) treaty signed on
November 11, 1918 officially ending WWI
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Eliminated nearly a generation of young men
 8.5 million died in battle/another 15-20 million would die of
disease, starvation, or other war related cause
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Completely drained the economic reserves of Europe
 Financial cost estimated at $338 billion
 Factories & businesses destroyed
 High post war unemployment
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Property damage also in the billions
 Farmland, homes, villages, etc were destroyed
 Extreme starvation resulted from lack of usable farmland & that
all cattle/animals killed for military support
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Deeps feelings of resentment & hatred between faction
 European Allies wanted someone to pay for war
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Literature & art following war extremely dark &
disillusioned
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January 18, 1918 delegation of involved
nations meets at the Palace of Versailles
outside Paris
GOAL – How to create a lasting peace.
The Big Four delegates from the major Allied
powers were”
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Woodrow Wilson (USA)
Georges Clemenceau (France)
David Lloyd George (Britain)
Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
Fourteen Points Plan
Goal was to create a
lasting peace & end
resentment
 Plan’s key provisions:
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 End secret alliances
 Protect freedom on the
The Versailles Treaty of 1919
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France & Britain wanted
Germany to pay for war &
wanted Germany to be
punished
 Place sole responsibility for WWI on
Germany/ The War Guilt Policy
 Disbanded German military
 German lost territories in Europe,
Asia & Africa
 Germany to pay reparations ($$$)
to Allies to cover cost of war &
rebuilding
seas
 Reduction of military
power
 Create a League of Nations
whose sole goal was to
promote peace.
 Create a League of Nations
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Increased tensions & anger among involved nations, particularly Germany
Many new nations created out of old Austro-Hungarian & Ottoman empires
Much of the Middle East given to Britain & France
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US rejects treaty
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Reparations left Germany unable to rebuild economically
Starvation & economic failure persisted long after other nation’s recovered
Africa & Asia destabilized
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Did not feel Germany should bare sole debt of war
Did not like League of Nations/ wanted to stay out of European affairs
The War Guilt clause led to hatred between Germany & other European nations
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Palestine, Iraq & Jordan go to England
Syria & Lebanon go to France
Due to Russian pull-out, the Baltic republics & Poland confiscated from Russia
By joining in war effort, many colonial nations hoped to gain independence
Request for independence denied
French & English colonial holdings expanded!
Began open rebellion against colonial governments
League of Nations had no power to ensure peace or administer the treaty/ widely
ignored by member & non-member nations