Download Review for 1800s Test

Review for Test 3:
Highlights of the 1800’s
Year-long Class Themes:
• Euro-American beliefs on claiming land involved two main concepts. Name them and
describe them. (Though this was part of our initial look at European land claims, we
recently used it to explain our dealings with Native Americans.)
• Write-out the Social Contract. Be able to write this out in two or three sentences.
• Name the two houses of our national legislature and explain how many representatives
each state gets in each house. (Though it is expected that you know the difference
between representation in the House as compared to the Senate, this figures into the
representation headaches leading up the Civil War.)
• Define “Capitalism,” and explain a couple of instances in which it did a better job propelling
our society forward where other societies failed (since they did not rely on capitalism).
Examples: The railroads, England funding effective occupation of the New World, the U.S.
propelling people and corporations West.
EXPANSIONISM
Northern U.S. Border:
What event began to bring settlement to this border between England’s Canada
and the U.S.?
The Louisiana Purchase:
From what leader of what country did we buy the land?
Why did the U.S. want to buy land at the Mississippi in the first place?
For the amount of land we ended up getting, was the price
we paid for it considered cheap (a bargain) or expensive?
What motivated the leader of said country to sell for such a price?
What were the borders of the New Louisiana Territory?
Who did the President send to explore through this new acquisition
and through to the west coast?
Florida:
What was the “deal” that Spain struck with the U.S. that allowed us to buy it?
(Hint: this had to do with “effective occupation of other region of land...)
Texas:
Texas’ entry into the Union was different from any other state.
Who did Texas belong to before it was part of the U.S.?
What had the settlers of the Texas area done in order to set itself up for
U.S. assistance?
In what war was The Alamo and other famed places lost? (careful...)
When Texas was clear of its mother country, why wouldn’t the U.S. let it
join the Union right away? (Hint: It has nothing to do with moral reasons
Sam Houston:
concerning Texas and its old mother country. It has to
do with a delicate political problem within the U.S.)
(held three great positions in Texas’ history…)
Today’s Southwestern U.S. (The Mexican Cession)
What general area is this?
How did the U.S. obtain it?
What incidents caused the United States to launch a war on Mexico?
(...what Texas/U.S. was insisting on, why Mexico thought Texas’ demands were
ridiculous, what Mexico did when negotiations weren’t working out...)
Pre-Civil War Era
1820 - 1850’s
1820’s:
The normal consideration for states’ entry in the Union ended. Yes, a territory
still had to make a constitution, apply for statehood, and have Congress approve
of both. However, what unofficial consideration went into effect by this time
period?
Why did this unofficial concern enter the picture?
That is, what’s the big deal if one side has more than the other? (Balance in…?)
The Socioeconomic make-up of the North:
What was the North’s economy based on?
What was it about some of the North’s pre-U.S. history that caused Slavery
to be illegal even before there were states?
What was it about the make-up of the North’s population that caused a large
amount of Northern citizens to hate Southerners for their use of slavery.
(caution: we’re not talking religion or morals, here. It has to do with the
work force and economic opportunities)
Don’t just name a group. Explain how this group or groups is effected by slavery.
The Socioeconomic make-up of the South:
What was the South’s economy based on? (exactly which crops?)
Whereas the North used cheap immigrant labor, the South relied on....
Explain the North’s economic concern over slavery in the 1830’s-40’s
Explain the South’s economic concern over slavery.
Explain why either side had a political concern about the number of
slave states vs. non-slave states. (Hopefully, you already answered this correctly, above.)
1840’s - 1850’s: The splits in concerns cause tensions...
NORTH (1840’s-50’s)
What is an Abolitionist?
What is important and interesting about Frederick Douglas?
What was the Underground Railroad?
What was the “best seller” by Harriet Beacher Stowe? What was it about?
Just as Virgilia’s speech sets-off Oary, why do Southerners dislike the
book and the fact that Northerners listen to this stuff?
As can be noted in these last questions, the North’s concern over slavery moved
from economics to…what?
SOUTH (1840’s-50’s):
Southerners took the theme of slavery out of their arguments, and instead
approached the problems it was having with the North by using the issue of.....???
Explain the “States Rights Doctrine”:
Before the States Rights doctrine was ever connected with slavery issues, what other
subject or Federal policy prompted the South (South Carolina) to claim State power
over Federal, and to thus ignore Federal policies in this area? South Carolina and
Georgia even threatened to secede over federal enforcement of this.
Supreme Court Decisions on the actions on the North and South:
What did the Federal Government’s Fugitive Slave Law say about
run-away slaves?
This law was challenged in the Supreme Court. And, in another sense
it was indirectly challenged in the Dred Scott Case. The same ruling
was handed down in both challenges. What did the Court decide?
Rise of the Republican Party:
What was their Platform? (careful on this one…)
In which section of the country would Republicans do well? Where would they
not even exist?
Congress
As has been hinted at in past questions (having to do with the balance of states in and
entering the Union), where in the Legislative Branch is the less-populated South
equal to the North (from 1821 – 1850)? Your answer must include how both
houses are made up.
Because of this, how can the South stop any proposed measure they don’t like?
We’ve looked at many causes for tensions between the North and the South.
Most have already been mentioned in this review. Though tensions were
high, and talk was big, the election of Lincoln was the final straw that caused the South
to jump ship. Aside from Lincoln being a Republican, what was so galling about how
Lincoln won? (Hint: How did he do in the South? Stats?) Put another way:
With the results of the presidential election of 1860, it can be said the South
felt it would had no say in the election of the President, then and in the near
future. Explain. (Has to do with how the vote went, and the electoral system...)
THE CIVIL WAR
• Upon declaring independence, what did the Southern states name their new
“country”?
• The formation of their government is similar to the U.S.’s in most ways. However,
there is one important difference as to where ultimate power lay. Explain.
• Actually, this form of Southern Government harkens back to another government
structure in U.S. History. Explain:
• Which side fired the first shot?
• Where did this occur?
What military advantage(s) did the Union have?
What military advantage(s) did the Confederacy have?
Which side prevailed during the first year or more of war?
Exactly what did the Emancipation Proclamation do toward freeing slaves?
Really, why was the Emancipation Proclamation enacted?
Why was it constitutionally legal for the President to make such a “proclamation”?
What was it that legally freed the slaves throughout all of the United States?
Though arguable, what battle do many historians see as the crucial
make-it-or-break-it battle for both sides?
• What were the terms given to the Confederate Armies upon their surrender?
• How do the deaths and destruction of this war compare to American deaths in other
wars?
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Civil War IDENTIFICATIONS:
Be able to explain the significance of the following people.
In a few cases, such as Jefferson Davis, you may only need to know what position
they held during these periods. In others, like John Brown, knowing his occupation
will not do. Saying that John Brown was simply a “radical abolitionist” will not allow
you to gain any points. For a guy like Brown, you should know about Harper’s Ferry
and what his actions meant to the South.
Sam Houston:
He held three big leadership positions.
Frederick Douglas: A bit more than a simple occupation.... His philosophy and approach...?
John Brown:
Much more than just his occupation or views.
Abraham Lincoln: You’ve got most of his significance in the previous pages.
So, maybe just give his occupation..?
Ulysses S. Grant: Just his position....
Robert E. Lee:
His position during most of the war, as well as his prominence
when the two sides were first forming armies...
William T. Sherman: More than just his position. He did something very significant.
Jefferson Davis:
Just his position...
Reconstruction Era
1. Describe the physical and economic conditions of “the South” upon surrender.
2. What was their “political” condition?
- condition of local and state governments?
- amount of power or position in the U.S. Government?
- What was Congress and the Executive Branch debating about the
status of Southern States?
3. Who were the “Radical Republicans,” and what were their views on the status of Southern states
and Southern leaders?
4. What was Lincoln’s desires concerning the status of Southern States and former confederate leaders?
5. What was President Johnson’s views on these
6. What are “Black Codes”?
?
Give examples...
7. How did the Republican-controlled Congress use their unprecedented power to counter the Black Codes?
8. What was so unprecedented about the Republicans’ power during this time period?
9. Impeachment:
* What does it mean to “impeach” an elected official?
* Who is the only U.S. President to have been impeached prior to Clinton? What was the result?
10. Freedman’s Bureau
- What was this organization supposed to do?
- who/what manned the bureau?
- Why did many in the South hate it?
11. How did bigoted Southerners resist the changes being brought by the Freedman’s Bureau?
(HINT: organization of sometimes deathly intimidation...)
12. Death of Reconstruction:
Explain the story behind the South’s ability to make a deal to get the troops out.
The West
13. The Essay Question:
Compare the reasons why citizens stopped at nothing to explore, travel to, and settle the
western half of this continent in the 1800’s with the reasons Europeans risked all to travel to
lands in the “New World” 100-200 years earlier.
When you name a reason (such as $), you must give one or two examples as to how that reason
applies to the U.S.’ westward expansion. That is, no credit if you simply name three reasons.
14. Part of the conflict between Native Americans and the U.S. lies in their cultural differences.
Why did U.S. citizens believe they “deserved” a title of ownership more than tribes of the
plains? To answer this, you should know the lifestyle of the Plains Indians
as compared with how U.S.ers used the land.
15. Why were most Native American nations angry at the U.S when its citizens
expanded and settled westward? (Really easy question and answer.)
16. What happened to Native American livelihood (roaming the land, buffalo hunting, etc.) as
U.S. citizens expanded westward?
17. What are some of the things that Native Americans did to counter the things you
mentioned in the previous question?
18. Usually, how would a squad of U.S. Army Cavalrymen fair against a Native
American war party of at least half as many? Why?
19. Know who George Armstrong Custer was.
Know who Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse were.
Know what happened at the Battle of Little Bighorn.
20. The answers to the last few questions might indicate that the Native Americans should
have won the battle for the West. So why didn't they? Connect your answer to the old saying,
“You May Have Won The Battle, But You Will Lose The War.”
21. What 19th Century transportation effort and event do Historians consider so important an
achievement, that it is compared to America’s moon landing?
Immigrants
22. Name at least three reasons why Established Americans shunned
and discriminated against large groups of new immigrants.
23. Which “Old Immigrant” group supplied the labor for building the
transcontinental railway starting from the east?
24. Which “New Immigrant” group supplied the labor for building the
transcontinental railway starting from the west?
25. Bowing to internal pressure and racism, what did the U.S.
Government do to attempt to stop Chinese and other Asians from
immigrating to the U.S. just as Irish, Italians, or other Europeans?
First, in the case of the Chinese, the US government....
Later, for Asians in general...
26. Why does the inscription on the Statue of Liberty somewhat ring true?
The (2nd) Industrial Revolution
27. The perfection and easy production of what man-made material began to
transform our country--our cities--into the style we have today.
28. At the same time, the introduction of modern FACTORIES also helped to usher in this age.
Factories utilized widespread mechanization and...what…to mass produce cheap goods.
29. What were some key skills needed to maintain livelihood and lifestyle that
at least 50% of Americans had prior to the industrial revolution:
30. In much of the labor performed after the Industrial Revolution, what
thought-provoking, problem-solving, handy-craft skills were needed?
31. In the 1700’s most shirts were made by tailors. Generally, how much of the designing,
cutting, sewing, styling was one tailor responsible for from beginning to end prior to the
2nd Industrial Revolution?
32. In the 1900’s, how were (are) items such as shirts made?
And, how much is one person in this production process responsible for?
33. If the tailor of the 1700’s was in the middle of making a shirt and for some reason
it had seriously ripped, how would such a person feel compared to a sewer of the 1900’s
whose “piece of responsibility” got ripped?
Why?
The Rise of Unions
34. What were some overall strategy mistakes made by the early
national union attempts (Knights of Labor and IWW)?
35. If employees of a private business go on strike today, can
management simply fire those employees that refuse to work?
36. Exactly how is Management/Owner affected by a strike?
37. What’s today’s law say about sit-in strikes?
38. What are union dues used for?
Big Business
39. What is a Monopoly?
40. What is the effect of a Monopoly on the ideals of “Competition”?
- If someone has a near-Monopoly, what’s the effect on the remaining competing businesses?
- If someone has a Monopoly on computer operating systems, and some young
businessperson has developed a newer, more efficient, and cheaper operating system,
what are her chances of making and selling it for a significant profit?
Why?
41. On what vital U.S. industry did Andrew Carnegie achieve a Monopoly?
How did he do it?
(Hint: What was the “narrows in the river” that he found and controlled?)
42. What is a “Trust”?
43. How does one get others to agree to join a trust?
44. Who got a monopoly-like hold on this country’s oil industry using the “Trust” scenario?
How’d he do it?