Download The CELL

CELL HISTORY, STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
The cell is the smallest unit of life that can
carry out life processes.
Chapter 4
Robert Hooke – 1665 -observed cork through a
light microscope.
Anton Van Leewenhoek – 1675 -observed
LIVING cells.
Matthias Schleiden – 1838 –plants are made of
cells.
Theodor Schwann – 1839 –animals are made of
cells
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Used an early
compound microscope
to look at a thin slice of
cork.
Named these little
chambers he saw in the
plant material “cells”
because they reminded
him of monks’ cells.
1 square inch of cork
contained
1,259,712,000
chambers!!
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Sent reports to London’s
Royal Society with
drawings and facts on
anything he examined:
bread mold, bee’s stinger,
blood cells, teeth, hair,
his own saliva, excrement
and semen!
He reported finding
“animalcules”- in actuality
these were protozoa.
1683- discovered bacteria
Claimed there were
8,280,000 in a single drop
of semen!!
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Concluded all plants
are made up of cells
Part of the duo that
proposed the Cell
Theory
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Concluded that ALL living
matter in cellular, but it
was not until the 1860s,
with the help of the work
of Louis Pasteur, was it
widely excepted that life
cannot spontaneously
arise, but must come
from pre-existing cells.
Second part of the duo
that founded the Cell
Theory.
All living organisms are made of one or more
cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and
function
Cells come only from pre-existing cells
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Robert Hooke
Matthias Schleiden
Rudolf Virchow
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All plants are made of cells.
All animals are made of cells.
Plants and animals have specialized cells.
All plants and animals are made of cells.
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Cells are the basic units of life.
All living things are made of cells.
Very few cells reproduce.
All cells are produced by existing cells.
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Bacteria
Plants and animals.
Multicellular organisms.
All of the above.
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PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
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Prokaryoticcells that do not
have a nucleus
and internal
membranebound
structures
Most unicellular
organisms are
prokaryotes.
Bacteria
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Eukaryotic-Cells
that do have a
nucleus and internal
membrane-bound
structures.
Most multicellular
organisms are
eukaryotes.
Yeast and algae
(unicellular,
eukaryotes)
Plant and animal
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B.
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D.
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Cytoplasm
A cell membrane
Nucleus
Genetic material
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Prokaryotes
Bacteria
Eukaryotes
Organelles
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A nucleus
Specialized organelles
Genetic material
All of the above
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Plants
Animals
Bacteria
All of the above
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Cytoplasm – Gel
like material that
protects, supports and
suspends organelles.
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Cell membrane – Semi-permeable allows some
materials in and keeps others out. This helps to
maintain cellular homeostasis.
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Phospholipid Bilayer -2
layers of phospholipids.
Phospholipid- phosphate
head attached to two lipids
(fatty acid tails).
Polar phosphate group allows
membrane to interact with its
environment.
Fatty acid tails create a waterinsoluble layer in the middle
which is non-polar.
Fluid mosaic model membrane is flexible
Cholesterol -keeps fatty acid
tails from sticking together
Transport proteins -allow
needed substances to move
through the membrane
Chapter 4
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“Command center”
Surrounded by a
nuclear envelope
Contains genetic
material:
chromatin
chromosomes
Nucleolus-makes
ribosomes
Ribosomes-site where
proteins are made
Can be found floating in
the cytoplasm or attached
to endoplasmic reticulum
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Series of folded
membranes allow a
large amount of work to
be done in a small
amount of space
Transportation unit for
the cell
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (RER)
Ribosomes attached
Protein synthesis
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum (SER)
Produce and store
lipids
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Flattened tubular
membranes
Packaging plant
Modify, sort,
package, and
transport
proteins
throughout the
cell
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Storage sacs
Temporary storage
of materials
Store food, enzymes,
waste
Plant cells have one
large vacuole.
Animal cells have
many small vesicles.
8' ' &4'
Contain digestive
enzymes
Digest excess or worn
organelles, food particles,
viruses, and bacteria
Surrounded by
membrane that prevents
it from destroying the cell
Can burst causing cell
death
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Chapter 4
Cellular respiration -converts food
into energy
Cell “Powerhouse”
Number of mitochondria depends upon the function
of the cell
Ex: muscles cells have more mitochondria than fat cells
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Examples:
Chloroplast – Located in plant cells, some bacteria, and
protists.
Capture light energy to produce and store food
Contain chlorophyll-green pigment that traps light energy
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Plants Only!!
Stores food and pigment
Provide the green color of leaves
Important with photosynthesis
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Other Plastids: All store food and pigment
Leucoplasts: stores starch
Appear white under the microscope
Example: potato, turnip
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Chromoplasts: stores pigments
Ex. Red and orange colors in tomatoes
Cytoskeleton –
tiny fibers that give
structure and support to
the cell.
Microfilament- thin and
tubular…support the cell
membrane.
Microtubule- thick and
tubular also branched.
Act as “rails” on which
materials move through
the cell.
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Microtubules: Hollow tubes made of proteins
Assist with movement for one-celled
organisms
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Microfilaments: Also assist with movement
Ex. Responsible for muscle cells contractions
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Aid in movement
and feeding
Composed of
microtubules
Cilia-short, numerous
hair-like projections
that move in a
wavelike motion
Flagella-long,
whip-like
projections
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Rigid outer covering
PLANT CELLS
Located outside the
cell membrane
Provides support
and protection
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
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Animal Cell vs. Plant cell
Animal Cell
DO NOT contain a cell wall or plastids.
Plant Cell
DO contain a cell wall, plastids, and a large central
vacuole.