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6/4/2012 Classifying Organisms • Understanding Diversity: Systematics Chapter 26 Scientific Names • Why Scientific Names? - Elk vs. Deer Classifications help biologists organize their knowledge 1. Classification: assigning organisms into groups based on similarities or relationships 2. Systematics: – scientific study of diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships 3. Taxonomy: – branch of systematics – naming, describing, classifying organisms Binomial System of Nomenclature • Used by biologists to name organisms • Developed by Carolus Linnaeus, mid-18th century • Basic unit of classification: species Binomial System of Nomenclature • Each species name has two parts: – genus name – specific epithet Turdus migratorius Procyon lotor Homo sapiens Myotis evotis Taxa • Hierarchical system of taxonomic classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 1 6/4/2012 Classification Categories: arranged in a hierarchy from most inclusive (domain) – contains all within a wide group to least inclusive (species) – most closley related DOMAIN Eukarya Archaraea/bacteria KINGDOM Animalia Protista Fungi Plant PHYLUM Chordata Porifera Cnidarians Echinodermata CLASS Mammalia Reptilia Aves Chondrichthyes ORDER Carnivora Chiroptera Rodentia Lagomorpha FAMILY Felidae Canidae Ursidae Panthera GENUS Felis SPECIES Felis catus Three-Domain Classification Three-Domain Classification • Archaea (Prokaryotes) (Eukaryotes) – prokaryotes – Peptidoglycan (protein w carb) absent in cell walls • Bacteria – Prokaryotes • Eukarya – all eukaryotes: protists, fungi, plants, animals Six-Kingdom Classification 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Archaea - prokaryotes Bacteria - prokaryotes Protista - unicellular, aquatic eukaryotes Fungi - molds, yeasts, and mushrooms Plantae - multicellular eukaryotes that photosynthesize Animalia - multicellular eukaryotes Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Protista Animalia Fungi Common ancestor of all eukaryotes Common ancestor of all living organisms Fig. 23-2, p. 488 2
