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What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will
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What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Transforming
Investment
Findings
Conclusion
References
About
Contacts
Introduction
Would you allow a medical robot with artificial
intelligence (AI) to examine, diagnose and
prescribe a treatment plan for you or a member
of your family with cancer? Would you accept a
robot as your primary surgeon? And if you were to
do so, what would the human clinician do?
AI and robots have long been a theme in fiction. From
Isaac Asimov’s ‘I, Robot’ in 1950 to Baymax, the care
robot in ‘Big Hero 6’, we’ve long been fascinated with
the possibilities for machines that can understand,
reason and learn – and help us to make better use
of information.
Just imagine that you had a hand-held scanner the
size of your smartphone that could ‘sense, compute
and record’ your daily health status just like the
Star Trek medical ‘tricorder’. What if it could make
recommendations so that you could achieve and
maintain your ‘optimal’ physical or mental condition
or detect anomalies early?
Robots like Baymax and tricorder scanners are not
science fiction. AI and robots that support, diagnose
and treat people are already in homes, workplaces
and clinical environments all over the world. And
how we embrace AI and robotics to complement and
enhance current healthcare services over the next
ten years will define our ability to deliver a more
responsive health service with improved health
outcomes, while at the same time enabling people to
take more control over their day-to-day health needs.
New Health
We are entering a new era of
health – New Health
Health matters. It matters to each of us as individuals and
to society as a whole. It lies at the heart of our economic,
political, social and environmental prosperity and is one
of the largest industries in the world.
The answers to these two questions fundamentally
impact clinicians and caregivers throughout healthcare.
The answers will ultimately decide how we implement
the use of AI and robots in developing our healthcare
systems across the globe. We will specifically address
these two questions in the next phase of our research
initiative, but it is important to keep them in mind as we
explore existing perceptions and attitudes towards AI and
robotics in this report.
Modern health systems can treat and cure more diseases
than ever before. New technology is bringing innovation
to old treatments. Yet significant quality, access and
cost issues remain and our health systems are becoming
increasingly unsustainable.
What doctor?
At the heart of this report is the emergence and increasing
use of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics within
and throughout this New Health ecosystem. We chose
‘What doctor’ as our title for the report because during
our research – and the response to that research – it has
become increasingly clear that policy makers, payers,
providers, educators and the public need to consider:
• What is the role of the AI/ robot doctor?
• What is the role of the human doctor?
Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Transforming
Investment
Findings
Conclusion
References
About
Contacts
Introduction
Five distinct trends are converging, which mean AI and
robotics will come to define New Health:
1. First and foremost is the value challenge that
all countries across the globe are facing – there is
escalating demand from long-term, chronic disease,
rising costs, often with an ageing population and
limited resources (money, workforce specialists,
etc). Yet we are continuing to invest in facilities and
equipment that were built to solve a completely
different set of healthcare needs and are not designed
to cope with this demand. A hospital-centric system
deals very well with serious health episodes that
require days or weeks of acute care for very ill people.
But it was never intended to deal with large numbers
of people whose conditions are chronic, complex and
require treatment for the longer term.
2. The past decade has seen an explosion in the
amount of health data that is now available to us.
For example, for a skin specialist there are 11,000 new
dermatology articles published every year. In 2013, it
was estimated that the volume of health-related data
had reached over four zettabytes – that’s four trillion
gigabytes (1021) – and there are those who project this
exponential growth rate to reach ten times that by 2020,
and, even beyond, to yottabyte (1024) proportions1.
Furthermore, fully 80% of this extraordinary amount of
data is unstructured2, meaning that it’s not contained in
a database or some other type of data structure. Staying
current with and being able to access this data is simply
beyond the scope of any human individual, no matter
how capable or intelligent.
3. Information technology development in healthcare has been
rapidly moving from products to services to solutions (Frost &
Sullivan, 2016). Past decades have focused on the innovation
provided by medical products delivering historic and evidencebased care. The present decade is one of medical platforms
focused on real-time, outcome-based care. The next decade is
moving towards medical solutions – using AI, robotics, and virtual
and augmented reality – to deliver intelligent solutions for both
evidence- and outcome-based health and focusing on collaborative,
preventative care. This confluence of technology-based products,
platforms and solutions is leading to a previously unimagined
precision medicine, down to the familial and individual level, which
one day may even be able to predict and thereby prevent disease.
Last
decade
Medical Products
Current
decade
Medical Platforms
Next
decade
Medical Solutions
Equipment, Hardware, Wearable, Big Data,
Consumables
Health Analytics
Robotics, AI,
Augmented Reality
Differentiation is solely
through product
innovation. Focused on
historic and evidence
based-care.
Differentiation via
intelligent solutions for
evidence/outcome based
health. Focused on
preventive care.
Differentiation by
providing services to key
stakeholders. Focused
on real time outcome
based-care.
4. Technology has, of course, had an impact far
beyond the developments in healthcare. The
explosion of technology – digitally enabled, wireless
connectivity across increasingly mobile devices – has
created an increasing democratisation of access for
healthcare. Some of the most powerful AI tools are
already embedded in Android or iOS. Harnessing this
technology is providing consumers with the data and
information they need to proactively manage their own
health and wellness, and to make better, more informed
decisions in partnership with their healthcare providers.
5. Finally, the willingness of the general public to
be more active participants in their own health and
wellness has now reached critical mass. As we reported
in our 2016 survey Care Anywhere, the explosion of
technology and the increasing ubiquity of the Internet
of Things (IoT) is bringing about breakthroughs that
are erasing healthcare boundaries and enabling care
anywhere and everywhere3. And this willingness is
extending into the areas of AI and robotics, which we
explore in this report.
The Medical Futurist (2016). http://medicalfuturist.com/
artificial-intelligence-will-redesign-healthcare/
1
Healthcare Data Institute (2015). http://healthcaredatainstitute.
com/2015/02/18/big-unstructured-datas-contribution-to-healthcare/
2
PwC (2016). Care Anywhere: Moving health and wellness out of the hospital
and into the hands of the consumer. https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/publications/
documents/care-anywhere.pdf
3
Source: Frost & Sullivan, ‘Transforming healthcare through artificial intelligence systems’, 2016
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Keeping well
Transforming
Early detection
No longer science fiction, AI and robotics
are transforming healthcare
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
voice alone5.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
Keeping
Well
Training
Early
Detection
AI and
Robotics
Research
End of
Life Care
Diagnosis
Treatment
Decision
Making
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
of products and existing or emerging technology in sidebars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
Investment
Diagnosis
Findings
Conclusion
Decision-making
References
Treatment
End of life care
About
Contacts
Research
Training
Keeping well
One of AI’s biggest potential benefits is to help people
stay healthy so they don’t need a doctor, or at least
not as often. The use of AI and the Internet of Medical
Things (IoMT) in consumer health applications
is already helping people to manage their own
healthcare and to keep themselves well through
healthier living. For example, the Smart belt – welt
has a built-in mechanism that alerts the person
when they overeat. It relies on a magnetic sensor to
track waste size and tension to determine when the
users may have over eaten and alerts the wearer.
Further, IBM has announced three new consumerfocused partnerships, one of which is with Under
Armour who will use Watson to power a ‘cognitive
coaching system’.
Artificial Intelligence and Consumer
Apps for keeping well
These applications and others (see Box-Out) all
encourage healthier behaviour in individuals and
help with the proactive management of a healthy
lifestyle. It puts consumers in control of health and
well-being. Additionally, AI increases the ability for
healthcare professionals to better understand the
day-to-day patterns and needs of the people they
care for, and with that understanding they are able
to provide better feedback, guidance and support
for staying healthy – although, as we have noted,
the sheer volume of data is increasingly difficult for
humans to deal with, or make sense of.
4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-letspeople-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
5
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Keeping well
Transforming
Early detection
No longer science fiction, AI and robotics
are transforming healthcare
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
voice alone5.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
Keeping
Well
Training
Early
Detection
AI and
Robotics
Research
End of
Life Care
Diagnosis
Treatment
Decision
Making
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
of products and existing or emerging technology in sidebars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
Investment
Diagnosis
Findings
Conclusion
Decision-making
References
Treatment
End of life care
About
Research
Contacts
Training
Keeping well
One of AI’s biggest potential benefits is to help people
Artificial Intelligence and Consumer
stay healthy so they don’t need a doctor, or at least
Apps for keeping well
not as often. The use of AI and the Internet of Medical
Things (IoMT) in consumer health applications
is already helping people to manage their own
Smart Performance Apparel offers real-time biometrics, personalised programming, and customised
healthcare and to keep themselves well through
reporting to help athletes reach their goals faster.
healthier living. For example, the Smart belt – welt
has aSamsung
built-in mechanism
thatoffers
alertsconsumers
the person devices such as smartwatches and activity trackers, as well
Electronics
whenasthey
It relies on a magnetic
to which gives users quick access to their mobile devices
theirovereat.
Tizen open-source
operatingsensor
system,
trackand
waste
size
andtrack
tension
to determine
help
them
their
fitness. when the
users may have over eaten and alerts the wearer.
Further,
IBM
has
three new consumerLumo
Lift
is announced
a posture monitoring
device that alerts the person when their posture changes, thus
focused
partnerships,
one
of
which
is
with
providing the feedback necessary to Under
ensure correct posture whether sitting or standing.
Armour who will use Watson to power a ‘cognitive
Under Armour will use IBM’s Watson to power a ‘cognitive coaching system’ in an application that
coaching system’.
provides customised advice for sleep, fitness, activity and nutrition. The insights originate from three
These
applications
and others
(see Box-Out)
all
sources:
crunching
data from
Under Armour’s
200 million-member Connected Fitness community,
encourage
healthier
behaviour
in
individuals
and
external academic research studies and institutions, and IBM Watson similarity analytics. Under
helpArmour
with thewill
proactive
management
of a healthy
be adding
new capabilities
including behavioural and performance management, food
lifestyle.
It puts
consumers
in control
of health
and
intake
tracking
and overall
nutrition
management
as well as the effects of weather and environment
well-being.
Additionally,
AI
increases
the
ability
for
on training.
healthcare professionals to better understand the
Pathway
Genomics
is developing
an application
that will provide customised health advice based on
day-to-day
patterns
and needs
of the people
they
a
user’s
specific
genetic
makeup.
care for, and with that understanding they are able
to provide better feedback, guidance and support
for staying healthy – although, as we have noted,
the sheer volume of data is increasingly difficult for
humans to deal with, or make sense of.
4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-letspeople-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
5
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Keeping well
Transforming
Investment
Early Detection
Diagnosis
No longer science fiction, AI and robotics
are transforming healthcare
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
voice alone5.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
Keeping
Well
Training
Early
Detection
AI and
Robotics
Research
End of
Life Care
Diagnosis
Treatment
Decision
Making
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
of products and existing or emerging technology in sidebars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
Findings
Decision-making
Conclusion
References
Treatment
About
End of life care
Research
Contacts
Training
Early detection
AI is already being used to detect diseases, such as
cancer, more accurately and in their early stages. For
example, according to the American Cancer Society,
12.1 million mammograms are performed annually in
the US, but a high proportion of these mammograms
yield false results, leading to 1 in 2 healthy women
being told they have cancer. The use of AI is enabling
review and translation of mammograms 30 times
faster with 99% accuracy, reducing the need
for unnecessary biopsies as well as reducing the
uncertainty and stress of a misdiagnosis6.
AI and Wearables for
early detection
The proliferation of consumer wearables and other
medical devices combined with AI is also being
applied to oversee early-stage heart disease, enabling
doctors and other caregivers to better monitor and
detect potentially life-threatening episodes at earlier,
more treatable stages.
On the horizon, Microsoft is developing computers
programmed for use at a molecular level to start
fighting cancerous cells as soon as they are detected.
They are also doing research for using AI to interpret
online search engine behaviour, for example, at the
point where someone might research symptoms
online long before they approach their physician.
4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-letspeople-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
5
6
Wired (2016). http://www.wired.co.uk/article/cancer-risk-ai-mammograms
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Keeping well
Transforming
Investment
Early Detection
Diagnosis
No longer science fiction, AI and robotics
are transforming healthcare
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
voice alone5.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
Keeping
Well
Training
Early
Detection
AI and
Robotics
Research
End of
Life Care
Diagnosis
Treatment
Decision
Making
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
of products and existing or emerging technology in sidebars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
Findings
Decision-making
Conclusion
References
Treatment
End of life care
About
Contacts
Research
Training
Early detection
AI is already being used to detect diseases, such as
AI and Wearables for
cancer, more accurately and in their early stages. For
early detection
example, according to the American Cancer Society,
12.1 million mammograms are performed annually in
the US, but a high proportion
of these mammograms
Cyrcadia’s iTBraTM is a wearable vest being used to screen for the detection of breast cancer at
yield false results, leading to 1 in 2 healthy women
earlier stages.
being told they have cancer. The use of AI is enabling
review
and translation of mammograms
times that is able to remotely monitor its wearer for heart
CardioDiagnostics
has developed30
a device
faster
with 99% accuracy,
reducing
the need
irregularities
and is used
to improve
cardiac monitoring and rhythm management.
for unnecessary biopsies as well as reducing the
uncertainty and stress of a misdiagnosis6.
The proliferation of consumer wearables and other
medical devices combined with AI is also being
applied to oversee early-stage heart disease, enabling
doctors and other caregivers to better monitor and
detect potentially life-threatening episodes at earlier,
more treatable stages.
On the horizon, Microsoft is developing computers
programmed for use at a molecular level to start
fighting cancerous cells as soon as they are detected.
They are also doing research for using AI to interpret
online search engine behaviour, for example, at the
point where someone might research symptoms
online long before they approach their physician.
4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-letspeople-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
5
6
Wired (2016). http://www.wired.co.uk/article/cancer-risk-ai-mammograms
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Keeping well
Transforming
Investment
Early Detection
Diagnosis
No longer science fiction, AI and robotics
are transforming healthcare
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
voice alone5.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
Keeping
Well
Training
Early
Detection
AI and
Robotics
Research
End of
Life Care
Findings
Decision-making
Conclusion
References
Treatment
About
End of life care
Research
Contacts
Training
Diagnosis
It’s estimated that 80% of health data is invisible to
current systems because it’s unstructured7. IBM’s
Watson for Health uses cognitive technology to
help healthcare organisations unlock vast amounts
of health data and power diagnosis. Watson can
review and store far more medical information –
every medical journal, symptom, and case study
of treatment and response around the world –
exponentially faster than any human. And it doesn’t
just store data, it’s capable of finding meaning in
it. Unlike humans, its decisions are all evidencebased and free of cognitive biases or overconfidence,
enabling rapid analysis and vastly reducing – even
eliminating – misdiagnosis.
Google’s DeepMind
Google’s DeepMind Health is working in
partnership with clinicians, researchers and patients
to solve real-world healthcare problems. The
technology combines machine learning and systems
neuroscience to build powerful general-purpose
learning algorithms into neural networks that mimic
the human brain.
Diagnosis
Treatment
Decision
Making
4
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
of products and existing or emerging technology in sidebars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-letspeople-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
5
Healthcare Data Institute (2015). http://healthcaredatainstitute.
com/2015/02/18/big-unstructured-datas-contribution-to-healthcare/
7
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Keeping well
Transforming
Investment
Early Detection
Diagnosis
No longer science fiction, AI and robotics
are transforming healthcare
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
voice alone5.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
Keeping
Well
Training
Early
Detection
AI and
Robotics
Research
End of
Life Care
Findings
Decision-making
Conclusion
References
Treatment
End of life care
About
Research
Contacts
Training
Diagnosis
It’s estimated that 80% of health data is invisible to
Google’s Deepmind
DeepMind
current systems because it’s unstructured7. IBM’s
Watson for Health uses cognitive technology to
help healthcare organisations unlock vast amounts
of health data and power diagnosis. Watson can
In 2016, Google’s DeepMind stunned the Go-playing world by beating 18-time world champion Lee
review and store far more medical information –
Se-dol, one of the highest ranked players in the world. It was the first time a computer programme
every medical journal, symptom, and case study
took on a professional player of this ancient Chinese board game, which has long been considered
of treatment and response around the world –
impossible for computers to play at the international professional level. It’s much more difficult than
exponentially faster than any human. And it doesn’t
other games like chess, even though the rules are relatively simple, because of the almost infinite
just store data, it’s capable of finding meaning in
number of possibilities and the high levels of intuition required of a world-class player. Deepmind’s
it. Unlike humans, its decisions are all evidenceprogramme displayed game-winning creativity, in some cases finding moves that challenged millennia
based and free of cognitive biases or overconfidence,
of Go wisdom.
enabling rapid analysis and vastly reducing – even
eliminating
– misdiagnosis.
DeepMind
Health began working with hospitals in the UK in 2016, searching for early signs of disease
that lead to blindness and cancer, as well as developing new clinical mobile apps linked to electronic
Google’s DeepMind Health is working in
patient records.
partnership with clinicians, researchers and patients
to solve real-world healthcare problems. The
technology combines machine learning and systems
neuroscience to build powerful general-purpose
learning algorithms into neural networks that mimic
the human brain.
Diagnosis
Treatment
Decision
Making
4
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
of products and existing or emerging technology in sidebars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-letspeople-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
5
Healthcare Data Institute (2015). http://healthcaredatainstitute.
com/2015/02/18/big-unstructured-datas-contribution-to-healthcare/
7
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Keeping well
Transforming
Investment
Early Detection
Diagnosis
No longer science fiction, AI and robotics
are transforming healthcare
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
voice alone5.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
Keeping
Well
Training
Early
Detection
AI and
Robotics
Research
End of
Life Care
Findings
Decision-making
Conclusion
References
Treatment
End of life care
About
Research
Contacts
Training
Decision-making
Improving care requires the alignment of broad base
data analysis with appropriate and timely decisions,
and predictive analytics can support clinical decisionmaking and actions as well as prioritise tasks.
AI and analytics platforms
for decision-making
Using the system dynamics driven pattern
recognition to identify patients at risk of developing
a condition – or seeing it deteriorate due to lifestyle,
environmental, genomic, or other factors – is another
area where AI is beginning to take hold in healthcare.
For example, in an extension and application of
AI, PwC’s Bodylogical™ captures learnings in
mechanistic modeling to digitally represent the
physiology of the human body. This enables truelife simulations to predict the likely progression
of chronic diseases in the future based on today’s
actions and interventions. These simulations help
pharmaceutical companies, providers, payers,
employers, researchers and consumers better
understand how daily life choices and therapeutics
impact individual patients or population health
outcomes and associated costs.
Diagnosis
Treatment
Decision
Making
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
of products and existing or emerging technology in sidebars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-letspeople-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
5
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Keeping well
Transforming
Investment
Early Detection
Diagnosis
No longer science fiction, AI and robotics
are transforming healthcare
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
voice alone5.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
Keeping
Well
Training
Early
Detection
AI and
Robotics
Research
End of
Life Care
Findings
Decision-making
Conclusion
References
Treatment
End of life care
About
Research
Contacts
Training
Decision-making
Improving care requires the alignment of broad base
data analysis with appropriate and timely decisions,
and predictive analytics can support clinical decisionmaking and actions as well as prioritise tasks.
AI and analytics platforms
for decision-making
Quest
Diagnostics’
platform is an integrated suite of healthcare information technology
Using
the system
dynamicsQuanum
driven pattern
and predictive
analytics
tools
that
patient test data together with their medical data to help
recognition
to identify
patients
at risk
ofanalyses
developing
primary–care
physicians
identifydue
patients
with early onset memory loss and dementia.
a condition
or seeing
it deteriorate
to lifestyle,
environmental, genomic, or other factors – is another
VitreosHealth has developed a predictive analytics platform that identifies people whose health is
area where AI is beginning to take hold in healthcare.
most likely to deteriorate and implements change protocols to prevent catastrophic health events.
For example, in an extension and application of
AI, PwC’s Bodylogical™ captures learnings in
mechanistic modeling to digitally represent the
physiology of the human body. This enables truelife simulations to predict the likely progression
of chronic diseases in the future based on today’s
actions and interventions. These simulations help
pharmaceutical companies, providers, payers,
employers, researchers and consumers better
understand how daily life choices and therapeutics
impact individual patients or population health
outcomes and associated costs.
Diagnosis
Treatment
Decision
Making
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
of products and existing or emerging technology in sidebars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-letspeople-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
5
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Keeping well
Transforming
Investment
Early Detection
Diagnosis
No longer science fiction, AI and robotics
are transforming healthcare
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
voice alone5.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
Keeping
Well
Training
Early
Detection
AI and
Robotics
Research
End of
Life Care
Diagnosis
Treatment
Decision
Making
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
of products and existing or emerging technology in sidebars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
Findings
Decision-making
Conclusion
References
Treatment
End of life care
About
Research
Contacts
Training
Treatment
Beyond scanning health records to help providers
identify chronically ill individuals who may be at
risk of an adverse episode, AI can help clinicians
take a more comprehensive approach for disease
management, better coordinate care plans and
help patients to better manage and comply with
their long-term treatment programmes. AiCure
has built an application to monitor patients with
long-term conditions and help them adhere to
medication intake. The application uses a visual
recognition system to identify the patient’s face, the
medication they’re taking, and confirm ingestion.
The data is then sent back to the care provider or to a
pharmaceutical company conducting a clinical trial.
Robots have been used in medicine for more than
30 years. From the first programmable universal
machine for assembly (PUMA), used in urology
surgery in the 1980s, to the da Vinci robot, the most
widely used robotic system in clinical use today,
robots have developed to perform a wide range
of tasks and functions. They range from simple
laboratory robots to highly complex surgical robots
that can either aid a human surgeon or execute
operations by themselves. In addition to surgery,
they’re used in hospitals and labs for repetitive
tasks, in rehabilitation, physical therapy and in
support of those with long-term conditions. RoBear
is a nursing-care robot that is able to lift and move
patients in and out of bed into a wheelchair, help
those who need assistance to stand, and even turn
patients in bed to prevent bedsores.
Treatment
4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-letspeople-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
5
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Keeping well
Transforming
Investment
Early Detection
Diagnosis
No longer science fiction, AI and robotics
are transforming healthcare
Findings
Decision-making
Conclusion
References
Treatment
End of life care
About
Research
Contacts
Training
Treatment
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
Beyond scanning health records to help providers
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the
Treatment
identify chronically ill individuals who may be at
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in
risk of an adverse episode, AI can help clinicians
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from
take a more comprehensive approach for disease
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot
management, better coordinate care plans and
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
AI
Robotics
help patients to better manage
and comply with
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
4
theirpersistent
long-term treatment
programmes.
AiCure humanoid robot designed to help teachers and parents
processes
two billion
requests a week
,
Innovaccer’s
AI natural-language
Assisted Care Coordination
Platform
addresses
KASPAR
is a child-sized
has
built
an
application
to
monitor
patients
with
and 20%
of
requests
on
Android
phones
are
made
by
issues in care and connectivity, and assures adherence to care plans by tracking
support children with
autism.
5
long-term
conditions
and
help
them
adhere
to
voice alone
.
deviations and staying updated on post-acute patient needs.
medication intake. TheGiraff
application
uses a communication
visual
is a mobile
robot that facilitates a chronically ill patients’
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
recognition
system to identify
patient’s
face, the
Sentrian is a remote patient intelligence service provider that delivers
integrated
contactthe
with
the outside
world. It is remote-controlled, on wheels, and has a
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
medication
they’re
taking,
and
confirm
ingestion.
remote patient monitoring and analytics to health plan members with complex
camera and monitor.
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
The data is then sent back to the care provider or to a
pulmonary diseases.
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
Bestic
is a robotic-assisted
pharmaceutical company
conducting
a clinical trial. dining appliance for people who are unable to move
increasingly
a
part
of
our
healthcare
ecosystem.
Royal Philips delivers remote care options to proactively help patients at home.
their arms or hands.
Robots
have been used in medicine for more than
The services are powered by data analytics and connected sensors
enabling
has created
four robots that enable immobilized patients to walk or balance.
30
years.
the firstToyota
programmable
universal
24/7 monitoring and delivery of an ongoing stream of monitoring data to From
a remote
Keeping
machine for assembly (PUMA), used in urology
home-careTraining
team.
Well
disinfect
hospital facilities using UV light, destroying microorganisms
surgery in the 1980s, toXenex
the da robots
Vinci robot,
the most
that
can
be
the
cause
of
Google DeepMind is partnering with the University
College London
Hospitals’
widely
used robotic system in clinical use today, hospital acquired infections (HAIs).
Early
Research
radiotherapy
department.
DeepMind willDetection
test the use of AI and machine
learning
to to perform a wide range
robots have
developed
AI and
Aethon’s TUG robots automate the delivery and transportation of the immense
reduce the time it takes to plan radiotherapy treatment for hard-to-treat
cancers
of They
of tasks and
functions.
range from simple
Robotics
amount of materials – including food, laundry and prescriptions – that move
the head and neck.
laboratory robots to highly complex surgical robots
through a hospital every day, freeing staff to focus on patient care.
End of
that can either aid a human surgeon or execute
Diagnosis
Life
Care
IBM’s Watson for Oncology gives treatment recommendationsoperations
based on by
patients’
themselves.
In addition
to surgery,
Veebot
is a robot
that can draw blood faster and more safely than a human.
medical records and is now being
used
around
the
world,
including
21
hospitals
they’re
used
in
hospitals
and
labs
for
repetitive
Decision
Treatment
Making
across China
and in Thailand and
India.
tasks, in rehabilitation, physical therapy and in
support of those with long-term conditions. RoBear
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
is a nursing-care robot that is able to lift and move
https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
of products and existing or emerging technology in sidepatients in and out of bed into a wheelchair, help
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
bars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
those who need assistance to stand, and even turn
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-letspeople-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
patients in bed to prevent bedsores.
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
4
5
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Keeping well
Transforming
Investment
Early Detection
Diagnosis
No longer science fiction, AI and robotics
are transforming healthcare
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
voice alone5.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
Keeping
Well
Training
Early
Detection
AI and
Robotics
Research
End of
Life Care
Findings
Decision-making
Conclusion
References
Treatment
End of life care
About
Research
Contacts
Training
End of life care
We are living much longer than previous generations,
and as we approach the end of life, we are dying
in a different and slower way, from conditions like
dementia, heart failure and osteoporosis. It is also a
phase of life that is often plagued by loneliness.
End of life care
Robots have the potential to revolutionise end of
life care, helping people to remain independent
for longer, reducing the need for hospitalisation,
caregivers and care homes by performing routine
tasks such as taking vital signs and prompting for
medication. AI combined with the advancements
in humanoid design are enabling robots to go even
further and have ‘conversations’ and other social
interactions with the people that keep ageing minds
sharp and solves problems of loneliness and isolation.
Kompai robots talk, understand speech, remind
people of meetings, keep track of shopping lists and
play music. Developed to assist the elderly in their
own homes, they are able to monitor for falls and
other health parameters, provide alerts, and connect
via video-conference with healthcare providers as
well as with friends and family.
Diagnosis
Treatment
Decision
Making
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
of products and existing or emerging technology in sidebars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-letspeople-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
5
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Keeping well
Transforming
Investment
Early Detection
Diagnosis
No longer science fiction, AI and robotics
are transforming healthcare
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
voice alone5.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
Keeping
Well
Training
Early
Detection
AI and
Robotics
Research
End of
Life Care
Findings
Decision-making
Conclusion
References
Treatment
End of life care
About
Research
Contacts
Training
End of life care
We are living much longer than previous generations,
End of life care
and as we approach the end of life, we are dying
in a different and slower way, from conditions like
dementia, heart failure and osteoporosis. It is also a
phase of life that is often plagued by loneliness.
Paro Therapeutic Robots are advanced interactive robots that enable the documented benefits of
animal
to be to
administered
patients
in environments such as hospitals and extended care
Robots
havetherapy
the potential
revolutionisetoend
of
facilities
where
live to
animals
treatment or logistical difficulties. They’ve been found to reduce
life care,
helping
people
remainpresent
independent
stress,
stimulate
interaction
and
improve
socialisation.
for longer, reducing the need for hospitalisation,
caregivers and care homes by performing routine
Robot Era is developing robots that move around on wheels but have a friendly humanoid face. The
tasks such as taking vital signs and prompting for
robot’s sensors and cameras are used to gather and analyse real-time data which is then sent to
medication. AI combined with the advancements
the cloud wirelessly where algorithms extrapolate such advanced information as whether someone
in humanoid design are enabling robots to go even
is showing signs of dementia. They can also remind the elderly about daily tasks and important
further and have ‘conversations’ and other social
information, and track conditions over time.
interactions with the people that keep ageing minds
sharp
and Robotics
solves problems
of loneliness
and into
isolation.
Zora
is building
AI software
Zora Bots that have patient-facing roles in hospitals and
Kompai
robots
talk,
understand
speech,
remind
are training humanoid robots to hold conversations with the elderly.
people of meetings, keep track of shopping lists and
play music. Developed to assist the elderly in their
own homes, they are able to monitor for falls and
other health parameters, provide alerts, and connect
via video-conference with healthcare providers as
well as with friends and family.
Diagnosis
Treatment
Decision
Making
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
of products and existing or emerging technology in sidebars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-letspeople-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
5
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Keeping well
Transforming
Investment
Early Detection
Diagnosis
No longer science fiction, AI and robotics
are transforming healthcare
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
voice alone5.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
Keeping
Well
Training
Early
Detection
AI and
Robotics
Research
End of
Life Care
Diagnosis
Treatment
Decision
Making
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
of products and existing or emerging technology in sidebars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
Findings
Decision-making
Conclusion
References
Treatment
End of life care
About
Research
Contacts
Training
Research
Each and every one of us has most likely taken a
medication prescribed by our doctors for a symptom or
illness at some point in our lives. Those with chronic
diseases often depend upon medication to manage what
might otherwise be debilitating diseases. But the path
from research lab to patient is a long and costly one.
According to the California Biomedical Research
Association, it takes an average of 12 years for a drug
to travel from the research lab to the patient. Only
five in 5,000, or .1%, of the drugs that begin
pre-clinical testing ever make it to human testing
and just one of these five is ever approved for
human usage. Furthermore, on average, it will cost
a company US $359 million to develop a new drug
from the research lab to the patient8.
Drug research and discovery is one of the more
recent applications for AI in healthcare. By directing
the latest advances in AI to streamline the drug
discovery and drug repurposing processes there is
the potential to significantly cut both the time to
market for new drugs and their costs, not only for
the labs who develop the drugs, but for those people
whose health depends upon them. Pharma.AI is
the Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence division of
Insilico Medicine, a bioinformatics company located
at the Emerging Technology Centers at the Johns
Hopkins University, launched in March 2016. They
focus on drug discovery programmes for cancer,
Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and other ageing and
age‑related health issues.
However, medical research is not just about finding
new drugs to combat disease. It also includes research
into disease itself, with the ultimate goal being to
inoculate against or completely eliminate disease. Meta
is a Canadian start-up that uses AI to quickly read and
comprehend scientific papers and then provide insights
to researchers; it was bought by the Chan Zuckerberg
Initiative in January 2017 as part of the charitable
foundation’s mission to eradicate disease.
Research
4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-letspeople-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
5
California Biomedical Research Association. New Drug Development Process.
http://www.ca-biomed.org/pdf/media-kit/fact-sheets/CBRADrugDevelop.pdf
8
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Keeping well
Transforming
Investment
Early Detection
Diagnosis
No longer science fiction, AI and robotics
are transforming healthcare
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
voice alone5.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
Keeping
Well
Training
Early
Detection
AI and
Robotics
Research
End of
Life Care
Diagnosis
Treatment
Decision
Making
Findings
Decision-making
Conclusion
References
Treatment
End of life care
Research
Contacts
Training
Research
Each and every one of us has most likely taken a
medication prescribed by our doctors for a symptom or
illness at some point in our lives. Those with chronic
diseases often depend upon medication to manage what
might otherwise be debilitating diseases. But the path
from research lab to patient is a long and costly one.
However, medical research is not just about finding
new drugs to combat disease. It also includes research
into disease itself, with the ultimate goal being to
inoculate against or completely eliminate disease. Meta
is a Canadian start-up that uses AI to quickly read and
comprehend scientific papers and then provide insights
to researchers; it was bought by the Chan Zuckerberg
Initiative in January 2017 as part of the charitable
foundation’s mission to eradicate disease.
According to the California Biomedical Research
Association, it takes an average of 12 years for a drug
to travel from the research lab to the patient. Only
five in 5,000, or .1%, of the drugs that begin
Research
pre-clinical testing ever make it to human testing
and just one of these five is ever approved for
human usage. Furthermore, on average, it will cost
a company US $359 million to develop a new drug
The Japanese Government has entered into a public-private alliance to develop a self-learning AI
from the research lab to the patient8.
at the government-affiliated National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition. The
will
support isresearchers
in streamlining the development of new drugs in order to boost
Drugpartnership
research and
discovery
one of the more
theapplications
nation’s competitive
advantage.
recent
for AI in healthcare.
By directing
the latest advances in AI to streamline the drug
BERG Health, a startup that uses an AI platform for drug discovery, initiated a phase II clinical trial in
discovery and drug repurposing processes there is
2016 for a drug compound that could potentially treat pancreatic cancer.
the potential to significantly cut both the time to
market
for new drugs
costs,
not only
for
Atomwise
foundand
twotheir
existing
drugs
– reportedly
in one day using its AI technology – that may also
the labs
who
develop
the
drugs,
but
for
those
people
work against the Ebola virus.
whose health depends upon them. Pharma.AI is
the Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence division of
Insilico Medicine, a bioinformatics company located
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
at the Emerging Technology Centers at the Johns
https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
Hopkins University, launched in March 2016. They
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-letsfocus on drug discovery programmes for cancer,
people-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and other ageing and
California Biomedical Research Association. New Drug Development Process.
http://www.ca-biomed.org/pdf/media-kit/fact-sheets/CBRADrugDevelop.pdf
age‑related health issues.
4
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
of products and existing or emerging technology in sidebars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
About
5
8
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Keeping well
Transforming
Investment
Early Detection
Diagnosis
No longer science fiction, AI and robotics
are transforming healthcare
Findings
Decision-making
Conclusion
Treatment
AI allows those in training to go through naturalistic
simulations in a way that simple computer-driven
algorithms cannot. The advent use of natural speech in
technology and the ability of an AI computer to draw
instantly on a large database of scenarios means AI can
respond to questions, decisions or advice from a trainee
and can challenge more effectively than a human can.
And the training programme can learn from previous
responses from the trainee, meaning that the challenges
can be continually adjusted to meet their learning needs.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
And training can be done anywhere with the power
of AI embedded on a smartphone, for example, as
quick catch up sessions, after a tricky case in a clinic or
while travelling.
Early
Detection
AI and
Robotics
Research
To date, the main way new technologies have been used
to augment training is through virtual reality (VR).
Combining VR with AI will offer boundless opportunities
for extending the skills of trainees in a targeted fashion.
Keeping
Well
End of
Life Care
Diagnosis
Treatment
Decision
Making
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
of products and existing or emerging technology in sidebars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
End of life care
About
Research
Contacts
Training
Training
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
voice alone5.
Training
References
AI and robotics are redrawing the healthcare
landscape. The wave of innovation being driven by
these technologies is not only transforming clinical
decision-making, patient monitoring and care, and
surgical support, but fundamentally changing how
we approach healthcare for our populations. We are
already experiencing this shift as we focus on integrating
prevention and wellness into our health systems and
we are heading towards a time when people work more
proactively with their healthcare professionals across
illness and wellness.
This shift will inevitably alter many of the roles of
healthcare professionals. As these new technologies and
perspectives become more integrated within and across
our healthcare systems and more ubiquitous among
the population, the skills that are required by our new
health landscape may well be markedly different than
those that are needed today. We currently train our
doctors and nurses in the context of health systems that
may no longer exist once they graduate medical school.
An understanding of technology will be imperative.
Programming, data analytics and human behaviour
may well be as much a part of the medical curricula as
anatomy and neurology.
AI and robotics technology will free up clinicians for other
types of work that enable them to spend more meaningful
time with their patients. Rather than a profession
of ‘healthcare providers’, AI and robotics will open
opportunities for more holistic patient care, with a focus
on keeping patients healthier longer, instead of primarily
treating illness.
AI will likely challenge the traditional role of the doctor.
But, rather than worrying if these technologies are going
to replace doctors and other healthcare professionals, we
should be considering more deeply their wider role in
the entire healthcare continuum with a clear eye towards
training our healthcare workforce for the future.
4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind. https://theringer.com/
amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-letspeople-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
5
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Transforming
AI investment heats up
Investment
Findings
Conclusion
References
About
Contacts
Rise of the robots
AI investment heats up
From predictive insights to robotic
surgery, investment is booming
Investing in health is always a long-term prospect,
whether it is a matter of training a doctor, developing
a new drug, building a new facility or developing AI
and robotics. The question is, given that long-term
view, and the potential of AI and robotics, where
should that investment go? Already AI is coming
of age, and the AI healthcare market is poised for
dramatic growth. Frost & Sullivan predicts that the AI
market for healthcare will increase by 40% between
2014 and 2021. And they estimate growth from
US$633.8m to US$6.662bn9.
In 2011 there were fewer than ten deals related to healthcare
AI; this leapt to almost 70 deals in 2016. Some of the 2016 deals
included a US$25m Series A round raised by London-based
health services startup, Babylon Health, and a US$154m Series
A round raised by China-based iCarbonX11.
AI investment highlights13
According to CB Insights, healthcare is the hottest area of
investment within AI. They identified over 100 companies that
have raised an equity funding round since January 201312. From
insights and analytics, imaging and diagnostics, drug discovery to
remote patient monitoring and virtual assistants, AI is poised to
impact every aspect of healthcare.
Figure 1: Artificial Intelligence Market for Healthcare Applications,
World, 2014, 2021 (in Millions)
663.8
2014
6,662
2021
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Source: Frost & Sullivan 2016 Transforming healthcare through artificial intelligence systems
9
Frost & Sullivan (2016). Transforming healthcare through artificial intelligence
systems. AI Health and Life Sciences.
As quoted in Huffpost Tech UK, “Artificial Intelligence For Healthcare Is
Booming”, by Reuven Cohen (31 Jan 2017). http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/
reuven-cohen/artificial-intelligence-f_b_14437718.html
10 According to Frost & Sullivan analyst Harpreet
Singh Buttar, ‘By 2025, AI systems could be involved
in everything from population health management,
to digital avatars capable of answering specific
patient queries.’10
CB Insights (Feb. 3, 2017). https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/
artificial-intelligence-startups-healthcare/
11 12
Ibid.
CB Insights (Feb. 3, 2017). https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/
artificial-intelligence-startups-healthcare/
13
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Transforming
AI investment heats up
Investment
Findings
Conclusion
References
About
Contacts
Rise of the robots
AI investment heats up
From predictive insights to robotic
surgery, investment is booming
In 2011 there were fewer than ten deals related to healthcare
AI; this leapt to almost 70 deals in 2016. Some of the 2016 deals
included a US$25m Series A round raised by London-based
Investing in health is always a long-term prospect,
Figure 1: Artificial Intelligence Market for
Healthcare
Applications,
health
services
startup, Babylon Health, and a US$154m Series
whether it is a matter of training
a doctor,
developing
World, 2014,
2021 (in
Millions)
A round raised by China-based iCarbonX11.
a new drug, building a new facility or developing AI
and robotics. The question is, given that long-term
According to CB Insights, healthcare is the hottest area of
view, and the potential of 2014
AI and robotics, where
663.8
investment within AI. They identified over 100 companies that
should that investment go? Already AI is coming
have raised an equity funding round since January 201312. From
of age, and the AI healthcare market is poised for
insights and analytics, imaging and diagnostics, drug discovery to
dramatic growth. Frost & Sullivan
predicts that the AI
2021
6,662
remote patient
monitoring and virtual assistants, AI is poised to
market for healthcare will increase by 40% between
impact every aspect of healthcare.
2014 and 2021. And they estimate growth from
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
US$633.8m to US$6.662bn9. 0
AI investment highlights13
Source: Frost & Sullivan 2016 Transforming healthcare through artificial intelligence systems
Figure 1: Artificial Intelligence Market for Healthcare Applications,
World, 2014, 2021 (in Millions)
663.8
2014
6,662
2021
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Source: Frost & Sullivan 2016 Transforming healthcare through artificial intelligence systems
9
Frost & Sullivan (2016). Transforming healthcare through artificial intelligence
systems. AI Health and Life Sciences.
As quoted in Huffpost Tech UK, “Artificial Intelligence For Healthcare Is
Booming”, by Reuven Cohen (31 Jan 2017). http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/
reuven-cohen/artificial-intelligence-f_b_14437718.html
10 According to Frost & Sullivan analyst Harpreet
Singh Buttar, ‘By 2025, AI systems could be involved
in everything from population health management,
to digital avatars capable of answering specific
patient queries.’10
CB Insights (Feb. 3, 2017). https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/
artificial-intelligence-startups-healthcare/
11 12
Ibid.
CB Insights (Feb. 3, 2017). https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/
artificial-intelligence-startups-healthcare/
13
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Transforming
AI investment heats up
Investment
Findings
Conclusion
References
About
Contacts
Rise of the robots
AI investment heats up
From predictive insights to robotic
surgery, investment is booming
In 2011 there were fewer than ten deals related to healthcare
1313
AIAIinvestment
investmenthighlights
highlights
AI; this leapt to almost 70 deals in 2016. Some of the 2016 deals
included a US$25m Series A round raised by London-based
Investing in health is always a long-term prospect,
health services startup, Babylon Health, and a US$154m Series
whether it is a matter of training a doctor, developing
11
The company
will collect blood samples from high-risk individuals who have never
A round
raised
bythe
China-based
.
Insights
& risk analytics:
Health
insights and
has
been
hottest iCarbonX
a new
drug, building
a new facility
or developing
AI risk analytics
been diagnosed with the disease to determine if early detection is possible.
Companies in this category provide predictive
andcategory
robotics. for
Theinvestment
question is,since
given2015.
that long-term
According
to
CB
Insights,
healthcare
is the hottest area of
insights
a patient’s
health
usingwhere
machine learning and natural language
view,
and theabout
potential
of AI and
robotics,
Emergency
& hospital
investment
withinmedical
AI. They identified over 100 room
companies
that management: Start-ups here provide insights and
processing
algorithms.
The analytics
are based on factors
that include
should
that investment
go? Already
AI is coming
12
real-time
analytics,
specifically
have raised an equity funding round
since January
2013
. From in a hospital environment. Gauss Surgical, for
history
demography.
of age,
and and
the AI
healthcare market is poised for
instance,
usesdrug
image
recognition
insights and analytics, imaging and
diagnostics,
discovery
to to monitor blood loss during surgery in real time
dramatic growth. Frost & Sullivan predicts that the AI
usingassistants,
an iPad. AI is poised to
remote
patient with
monitoring and virtual
Imaging
& diagnostics:
This category
has become more
saturated
market
for healthcare
will increase
by 40% between
everyAI,
aspect
healthcare.
companies
recent
compared
to other areas ofimpact
healthcare
withof
more
2014
and 2021. in
And
they years
estimate
growth from
Virtual Assistants: This category has a relatively low deal count, less than ten
than
80%
of
deals
raised
after
January
2015.
US$633.8m to US$6.662bn9.
since 2012, but has the potential for increased investment activity. One of the startups, Babylon Health in the United Kingdom, was backed last year by investors
Remote patient monitoring: Deals to the category have picked up since 2015,
including Kinnevik and Google DeepMind in a US$25m Series A round.
though there are fewer companies here than in diagnostics or risk analytics.
London-based Babylon Health, backed by investors including Kinnevik and
Mental Health: This is another category with relatively low deal count, as
Google-owned
DeepMind
Technologies,
Figure 1: Artificial Intelligence
Market for Healthcare
Applications,raised a US$25m Series A round in 2016
World, 2014, 2021 (in Millions)
well as fewer companies. Seed-stage start-up Avalon uses AI to predict brain
to develop an AI-based chat platform.
degeneration, and focuses on neuro-degenerative disease like Alzheimer’s and
2014
Parkinson’s.
Core AI 663.8
companies bring their algorithms to healthcare: Core AI start-up
Ayasdi, which has developed a machine intelligence platform based on topological
Research: This category includes China-based iCarbonX, which joined the unicorn
2021 analysis, is bringing its solutions
data
to healthcare providers for applications
6,662
club in Q2 2016. Another start-up, Desktop Genetics, helps scientist with genome
including patient risk scoring and readmission reduction.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
editing and CRISPR research. It received funding last year from genetic research
Frost & Sullivan (2016). Transforming healthcare through artificial intelligence
company Illumina.
Drug discovery: This category is gaining attention, and venture capitalists have
systems. AI Health and Life Sciences.
As quoted in Huffpost Tech UK, “Artificial Intelligence For Healthcare Is
backed six out of the nine start-ups on the map, who are using machine learning
Booming”,
by Reuven
Cohen (31to
Janmine
2017). http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/
Nutrition:
Ireland-based
Nuritas
uses
artificial
intelligence
data and identify
algorithms
to reduce
druganalyst
discovery
times.
According
to Frost
& Sullivan
Harpreet
reuven-cohen/artificial-intelligence-f_b_14437718.html
compounds in food that are beneficial
to health. Marc Benioff invested over US$2m
Singh Buttar, ‘By 2025, AI systems could be involved
CB Insights (Feb. 3, 2017). https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/
artificial-intelligence-startups-healthcare/
in the company in Q2 2016.
Oncology:from
IBMpopulation
Watson Group-backed
Pathway Genomics has recently started a
in everything
health management,
Ibid.
research
study
for its of
new
blood test
kit, CancerIntercept Detect.
to digital
avatars
capable
answering
specific
CB Insights (Feb. 3, 2017). https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/
patient queries.’10
artificial-intelligence-startups-healthcare/
Source: Frost & Sullivan 2016 Transforming healthcare through artificial intelligence systems
9
10 11 12
13
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Transforming
AI investments heats up
Investment
Findings
Conclusion
References
About
Contacts
Rise of the robots
Rise of the robots
Alongside AI, robotics is becoming one of the hottest
new markets in tech. According to IDC, the overall
market has been growing at a compound rate of
17% a year and will be worth US$135bn by 2019,
with a boom taking place in Asia, Japan and China.
Markets and Markets estimates that the market for
healthcare robotics will grow to US$11.4bn by 202014.
Surgical robots comprise the largest component of the
medical robotics market, according to IndustryArc,
specifically the use of robots to facilitate minimally
invasive surgery (see box-out).
Changes soon could cause something of a shift in power
around the operating table. Surgical robots may cease
to be dumb, programmable machines and transform
into smart assistants.
Yet there is also growing opportunity in the home
health and end of life care space for robots. The global
personal robot market, including ‘care-bots’, could reach
US$17.4bn by 2020, according to Frost & Sullivan,
driven by rapidly ageing populations, a looming
shortfall of care workers, and the need to enhance
performance and assist rehabilitation of the elderly and
physically handicapped.
Japan is leading the way with one-third of the
government budget on robots devoted to the elderly.
The Japanese ‘care-bot’ market alone is estimated
to grow from US$155m in 2015 to US$3.728
billion by 2035 (source: Ministry of Economy,
Trade & Industry)15.
Bionics, exoskeletons and the next generation
wearable robot are also becoming a reality and could
revolutionise how we treat and care for those with
diminished or lost functions due to ageing or physical
challenges and injuries. The rehabilitation robot market
was estimated at US$203m in 2014 and is expected
grow to US$1.1bn by 202116.
New entrants, minimally invasive
surgical robots17
The sheer scope of opportunity raises many questions
for investors. There are risks – competitive, regulatory
and market risk, among others. But with healthcare
undergoing such massive change, and the rapid
progress of AI and robotics, how safe are current,
traditional healthcare investment strategies? We
believe that healthcare is fundamentally about the
most effective application of knowledge in order
to keep people healthy. As knowledge progresses,
it is the investor who has the power to bring that
knowledge to life.
Markets and Markets (Feb 2017). http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/
PressReleases/medical-robotic-systems.asp
14
Bank of America (2016). http://about.bankofamerica.com/assets/
davos-2016/PDFs/robotic-revolution.pdf
15
Bank of America (2016). http://about.bankofamerica.com/assets/
davos-2016/PDFs/robotic-revolution.pdf
16 MedDeviceOnline (February 12, 2016). New Entrants to Open Up
Surgical Robotics Market. https://www.meddeviceonline.com/doc/
new-entrants-to-open-up-surgical-robotics-market-0001
17 What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Transforming
AI investments heats up
Investment
Findings
Conclusion
References
About
Contacts
Rise of the robots
Rise of the robots
Alongside AI, robotics is becoming one of the hottest
Verb Surgical
working with
Johnson
& Johnson’s Ethicon and Alphabet Inc’s Verily to develop the generation of
new markets
in tech.isAccording
to IDC,
the overall
surgical
robots,
incorporating
advanced
machine learning, data analytics and connectivity.
market
has been
growing
at a compound
ratevisualisation,
of
17% a year and will be worth US$135bn by 2019,
Renaissance
surgical
guidance system transforms spine surgery from freehand procedures to
with Mazor
a boomRobotics
taking place
in Asia, Japan
and China.
guided procedures. Mazor’s ADSs trade on the NASDAQ under the symbol MZOR. The company reported a 54%
year-over-year
Q4 2015 that
revenue
increase
Markets
and Markets estimates
the market
for to US$8.8m.
healthcare robotics will grow to US$11.4bn by 202014.
TransEnterix
is a medical
device
company
that is pioneering the use of robotics to improve minimally invasive
Surgical
robots comprise
the largest
component
of the
surgery.
They
are developing
commercialising its ALF-X System, a multi-port robotic surgery system that enables
medical
robotics
market,
according toand
IndustryArc,
up
to
four
arms
to
control
robotic
instruments
and a camera, and its SurgiBot System, a single-incision, patient-side
specifically the use of robots to facilitate minimally
robotic-assisted
surgery system.
invasive
surgery (see box-out).
Titan
Medical
is a development
company
Changes
soon
could cause
something of astage
shift in
power that is developing its SPORT (Single Port Orifice Robotic Technology)
Surgical
Systemtable.
composed
a surgeon-controlled
robotic platform with 3D vision and interactive instrument control
around
the operating
Surgicalofrobots
may cease
for
performing
minimally
invasive
surgery.
The
company
believes SPORT will enable surgeons to perform procedures
to be dumb, programmable machines and transform
withinassistants.
small- to medium-size surgical spaces for general abdominal, gynecologic, and urologic indications. The
into smart
company is pre-revenue. The company recently raised CAD$15.1m through a public offering.
Yet there is also growing opportunity in the home
Hansen
develops,
and sells medical robotics designed for the positioning, manipulation, and
health and
endMedical
of life care
space formanufactures,
robots. The global
control
of
catheters.
The
company’s
Magellan
personal robot market, including ‘care-bots’, could reachRobotic System controls the proprietary Magellan Robotic Catheter, a
telescoping
and
robotically
steerable
catheter. In 2016 the FDA approved Hansen’s Magellan Robotic Catheter eKit
US$17.4bn
by 2020,
according
to Frost
& Sullivan,
and
a few days
later,
the company
announced its first clinical procedure with the Magellan in the US.
driven
by rapidly
ageing
populations,
a looming
shortfall of care workers, and the need to enhance
Stereotaxis designs, manufactures, and markets robotic systems and instruments for the treatment of abnormal heart
performance and assist rehabilitation of the elderly and
rhythms. Its products include the Niobe ES robotic system and Vdrive system. Stereotaxis has strategic alliances
physically handicapped.
with Siemens and Philips Medical Systems. The company recently reported its first quarter of positive free cash flow
US$1.6m
– which
Japan–isofleading
the way
with management
one-third of theindicated helped drive a 71% reduction in 2015 annual cash burn, For FY 2015,
Stereotaxis
registered
revenue
US$37.7m, which represented an 8% year-over-year improvement.
government
budget
on robotstotal
devoted
to theof
elderly.
The Japanese ‘care-bot’ market alone is estimated
to grow from US$155m in 2015 to US$3.728
billion by 2035 (source: Ministry of Economy,
Trade & Industry)15.
Bionics, exoskeletons and the next generation
wearable robot are also becoming a reality and could
revolutionise how we treat and care for those with
diminished or lost functions due to ageing or physical
challenges and injuries. The rehabilitation robot market
was estimated at US$203m in 2014 and is expected
grow to US$1.1bn by 202116.
New entrants, minimally invasive
17
surgical robots17
The sheer scope of opportunity raises many questions
for investors. There are risks – competitive, regulatory
and market risk, among others. But with healthcare
undergoing such massive change, and the rapid
progress of AI and robotics, how safe are current,
traditional healthcare investment strategies? We
believe that healthcare is fundamentally about the
most effective application of knowledge in order
to keep people healthy. As knowledge progresses,
it is the investor who has the power to bring that
knowledge to life.
Markets and Markets (Feb 2017). http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/
PressReleases/medical-robotic-systems.asp
14
Bank of America (2016). http://about.bankofamerica.com/assets/
davos-2016/PDFs/robotic-revolution.pdf
15
Bank of America (2016). http://about.bankofamerica.com/assets/
davos-2016/PDFs/robotic-revolution.pdf
16 MedDeviceOnline (February 12, 2016). New Entrants to Open Up
Surgical Robotics Market. https://www.meddeviceonline.com/doc/
new-entrants-to-open-up-surgical-robotics-market-0001
17 What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Will AI replace the consultation?
Investment
Service preferences
Findings
Conclusion
Will robots replace surgeons?
References
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
The public is ready
In November 2016, we asked YouGov Research
to conduct a survey of the general public across
Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) to
understand 3 things:
• if there was the appetite to engage with AI and
robots for healthcare;
• the circumstances under which there would be
greater or lesser willingness to do so; and,
• the perceived advantages and disadvantages of
using AI and robots in healthcare.
We surveyed over 11,000 people across 12 countries
and the evidence strongly indicates that there is a
growing enthusiasm among consumers to engage in
new ways with new technology for their health and
wellness needs.
The message is clear; the public is ready and willing
to substitute AI and robotics for humans.
But behind that message is a lot of important information that
has implications for how these new technologies will shape New
Health. The findings of the survey suggest three key themes
that are impacting how consumers are willing to engage with AI
and robotics:
• People are increasingly willing to engage with AI and robots if
it means better access to healthcare;
• Speed and accuracy of diagnosis and treatment is a critical
factor for this willingness; and
• Trust in the technology is vital for wider use and adoption;
the ‘human touch’ remains a key component of the
healthcare experience.
Trends did emerge across regions – people in those countries with
well-established, and therefore more rigid, healthcare systems
were willing to engage with a non-human healthcare provider,
but less so than those in countries where healthcare still has the
ability to shape and form.
In fact, for all questions throughout the survey a pattern can be
seen between developed and emerging economies:
Total health expenditure (THE) in the developed economies in our survey
(e.g. UK, Northern and Central Europe) ranges between $3,377 and $6,347
per capita. Middle East countries range between $2,400-3,000 per capita.
South Africa and Turkey’s THE per capita is around $1,000, while Nigeria
has the lowest in the sample at $217 per capita. All amounts are Int$ (PPP)
for 2014. Source: WHO Global Health Expenditure Database
18 • Developed economies with entrenched healthcare systems
– characterised by a high per capita health spend and a long
legacy of universal healthcare coverage delivering good
overall value – occupy the bottom half of the scale where
respondents were less willing to rely on AI.
• Emerging economies are significantly more
willing to engage with the new technologies.
These countries have mixed degrees of healthcare
coverage (Turkey enacted universal healthcare in
2003, for example) but lower per capita health
spend compared to developed economies. Some
still have access constraints and quality disparities
between public and private care.
• Countries in the Middle East sit in the middle
of our survey results. These countries have a
longer history with universal coverage and spend
two to three times more per capita on healthcare
than other emerging markets, but are affected by
workforce issues and capacity constraints18.
However, there is generally a surprisingly high
willingness among all respondents to engage with
AI and robots, regardless of country, gender or age.
From fitness advice, monitoring and counsel on
diabetes and heart conditions, to both minor and
major surgery, we found that consumers across
demographics are willing to consider non-traditional
options for managing and treating their health.
Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Will AI replace the consultation?
Investment
Findings
Service preferences
Conclusion
Will robots replace surgeons?
References
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
Will AI replace the consultation?
The human ‘face-to-face’ element of healthcare
is traditionally cited as vital to healthcare. And
yet most doctors probably spend more time
going over medical records and interpreting data
from tests and other medical interventions than
actually spending time with their patients.
As we’ve noted, there is already existing technology
that can perform these functions. This may well
evolve into a human-like interface for patients and
consumers of healthcare services – either remotely or
in a clinical environment – where the experience will
feel like an interaction with a ‘real’ doctor.
How willing are patients to interact
with such technology?
We asked our survey participants to consider advanced
computer technology or robots with AI that had the
ability to answer health questions, perform tests, make
a diagnosis based on those test and symptoms, and
recommend and administer treatment. We wanted to
understand how willing they would be to engage with
this technology if it was more accessible and could
process health information faster and more efficiently
than their doctor or other health professional.
As a whole, across EMEA there is more willingness than
unwillingness to engage with AI and robots, with more
than half willing (55%), one-third unwilling (38%) and
7% neither willing nor unwilling.
Figure 2: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage
with AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (total sample)
55%
38%
Willing
7%
Unwilling
Neither willing
nor unwilling
While there was generally high willingness to engage
with AI and robots across all countries, a clear
pattern emerged:
• Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa are
significantly the most willing (94%, 85% and
82% respectively).
• Two-thirds of the Middle East are willing,
with percentages statistically the same across
the region.
Source: PwC survey
Yet when we looked at the individual country data, there were
interesting findings. From almost four out of ten respondents
in the UK (39%) to more than nine out of ten in Nigeria (95%),
willingness to talk to and interact with a device, platform or robot
with artificial intelligence varied widely.
Figure 3: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage with
AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by country)
Nigeria
94%
6%
Turkey
85%
11%
South Africa
82%
16%
Saudi Arabia
24%
Qatar
24%
UAE
65%
62%
26%
Netherlands
39%
Belgium
55%
51%
43%
50%
39%
48%
44%
41%
51%
39%
50%
Norway
Sweden
Germany
UK
0
Source: PwC survey
66%
10 Willing
20 30
Net:
40Net:50
60 70
Unwilling
80
90
100
• The Netherlands (55%), Belgium (51%), Norway
(50%) and Sweden (48%) are less willing yet still
represent a significant percentage of the sample.
• Germany and the UK are the only countries
where unwillingness (51% and 50% respectively)
is greater than willingness (41% and
39% respectively).
But the variation across countries should not be taken
to mean there are not opportunities in every country
for AI and robotics to be adopted. In every country,
a highly significant proportion of the population
is willing to engage with AI and robotics for
healthcare services. Yet the findings clearly suggest
that implementation is key – the introduction of AI
and robotics for these services will need a different
approach in the different countries.
Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Will AI replace the consultation?
Investment
Findings
Service preferences
Conclusion
Will robots replace surgeons?
References
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
Will AI replace the consultation?
The human ‘face-to-face’ element of healthcare
is traditionally cited as vital to healthcare. And
yet most doctors probably spend more time
going over medical records and interpreting data
from tests and other medical interventions than
actually spending time with their patients.
As we’ve noted, there is already existing technology
that can perform these functions. This may well
evolve into a human-like interface for patients and
consumers of healthcare services – either remotely or
in a clinical environment – where the experience will
feel like an interaction with a ‘real’ doctor.
How willing are patients to interact
with such technology?
We asked our survey participants to consider advanced
computer technology or robots with AI that had the
ability to answer health questions, perform tests, make
a diagnosis based on those test and symptoms, and
recommend and administer treatment. We wanted to
understand how willing they would be to engage with
this technology if it was more accessible and could
process health information faster and more efficiently
than their doctor or other health professional.
As a whole, across EMEA there is more willingness than
unwillingness to engage with AI and robots, with more
than half willing (55%), one-third unwilling (38%) and
7% neither willing nor unwilling.
Figure 2: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage
with AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (total sample)
Figure 2: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage
with AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (total sample)
55%
38%
55%
7%
38%
Willing
Unwilling
7%
Neither willing
nor unwilling
While there was generally high willingness to engage
with AI and robots across all countries, a clear
pattern emerged:
• Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa are
significantly the most willing (94%, 85% and
82% respectively).
• Two-thirds of the Middle East are willing,
with percentages statistically the same across
the region.
Source: PwC survey
Willing
Unwilling
Neither willing
nor unwilling
Yet
when we looked at the individual country data, there were
Source: PwC survey
interesting findings. From almost four out of ten respondents
in the UK (39%) to more than nine out of ten in Nigeria (95%),
willingness to talk to and interact with a device, platform or robot
with artificial intelligence varied widely.
Figure 3: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage with
AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by country)
Nigeria
94%
6%
Turkey
85%
11%
South Africa
82%
16%
Saudi Arabia
24%
Qatar
24%
UAE
65%
62%
26%
Netherlands
39%
Belgium
55%
51%
43%
50%
39%
48%
44%
41%
51%
39%
50%
Norway
Sweden
Germany
UK
0
Source: PwC survey
66%
10 Willing
20 30
Net:
40Net:50
60 70
Unwilling
80
90
100
• The Netherlands (55%), Belgium (51%), Norway
(50%) and Sweden (48%) are less willing yet still
represent a significant percentage of the sample.
• Germany and the UK are the only countries
where unwillingness (51% and 50% respectively)
is greater than willingness (41% and
39% respectively).
But the variation across countries should not be taken
to mean there are not opportunities in every country
for AI and robotics to be adopted. In every country,
a highly significant proportion of the population
is willing to engage with AI and robotics for
healthcare services. Yet the findings clearly suggest
that implementation is key – the introduction of AI
and robotics for these services will need a different
approach in the different countries.
Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Investment
Will AI replace the consultation?
Findings
Service preferences
Conclusion
Will robots replace surgeons?
References
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
Will AI replace the consultation?
The human ‘face-to-face’ element of healthcare
is traditionally cited as vital to healthcare. And
yet most doctors probably spend more time
going over medical records and interpreting data
from tests and other medical interventions than
actually spending time with their patients.
As we’ve noted, there is already existing technology
that can perform these functions. This may well
evolve into a human-like interface for patients and
consumers of healthcare services – either remotely or
in a clinical environment – where the experience will
feel like an interaction with a ‘real’ doctor.
How willing are patients to interact
with such technology?
We asked our survey participants to consider advanced
computer technology or robots with AI that had the
ability to answer health questions, perform tests, make
a diagnosis based on those test and symptoms, and
recommend and administer treatment. We wanted to
understand how willing they would be to engage with
this technology if it was more accessible and could
process health information faster and more efficiently
than their doctor or other health professional.
As a whole, across EMEA there is more willingness than
unwillingness to engage with AI and robots, with more
than half willing (55%), one-third unwilling (38%) and
7% neither willing nor unwilling.
Figure 2: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage
with AI and robotics
for their healthcare
needs (total sample)
Figure 3: Percentage
of respondents
willing/unwilling
to engage with
AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by country)
Nigeria
6%
Turkey
55%
11%
South Africa
Source: PwC survey
Saudi Arabia
7%94%
38%
85%
Willing
Unwilling
Neither willing
82unwilling
%
nor
16%
66%
24%
65%
Qatar
Yet when we looked at 24
the%individual country data, there were
62%
interesting
UAE findings. From almost four out of ten respondents
26
%
in the UK (39%) to more than nine out of ten in Nigeria (95%),
55%
willingness to talk to and interact
Netherlands
39%with a device, platform or robot
with artificial intelligence varied widely.
51%
Belgium
43%
50%
Norway
39%
48%
94
6
Sweden
85
44
%
11
82
16 41%
66
Germany
24
51%
65
24
39
%
62
26
UK
5055%
39
Figure 3: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage with
AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by country)
%
Nigeria
%
%
Turkey
%
%
South Africa
%
%
Saudi Arabia
%
Qatar
%
%
%
UAE
%
%
Netherlands
0
%
51%
Belgium
10 Willing
20 Norway
30
Net:
Sweden
Source: PwC survey
43%
50
40Net:50
39
70
Unwilling
48 60
%
%
%
44%
41%
51%
39%
50%
Germany
UK
0
Source: PwC survey
10 Willing
20 30
Net:
40Net:50
60 70
Unwilling
80
90
100
80
90
100
While there was generally high willingness to engage
with AI and robots across all countries, a clear
pattern emerged:
• Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa are
significantly the most willing (94%, 85% and
82% respectively).
• Two-thirds of the Middle East are willing,
with percentages statistically the same across
the region.
• The Netherlands (55%), Belgium (51%), Norway
(50%) and Sweden (48%) are less willing yet still
represent a significant percentage of the sample.
• Germany and the UK are the only countries
where unwillingness (51% and 50% respectively)
is greater than willingness (41% and
39% respectively).
But the variation across countries should not be taken
to mean there are not opportunities in every country
for AI and robotics to be adopted. In every country,
a highly significant proportion of the population
is willing to engage with AI and robotics for
healthcare services. Yet the findings clearly suggest
that implementation is key – the introduction of AI
and robotics for these services will need a different
approach in the different countries.
Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Will AI replace the consultation?
Investment
Findings
Service preferences
Conclusion
Will robots replace surgeons?
References
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
Will AI replace the consultation?
There were some distinctions with regards to gender
– men were generally more willing than women (61%
versus 55%), yet women were significantly more
willing than men in Turkey (91% versus 80%), Norway
(57% versus 42%) and Sweden (54% versus 41%).
There were surprisingly little differences between
age groups, with even those over the age of 55 almost
evenly split between willingness and unwillingness.
Figure 4: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage
with AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by age)
18 – 24
56%
26%
25 – 34
35 – 44
Figure 5: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to
use an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone,
tablet or personal computer
57%
28%
Nigeria
54%
32%
0
20
10 Willing
Net:
30
40 Unwilling
50
60
Net:
89%
9%
South Africa
84%
15%
Saudi Arabia
74%
16%
Qatar
44%
47%
55+
95%
5%
Turkey
45%
37%
45 – 54
We then wanted to understand how people felt about receiving
health advice and information remotely, from an ‘intelligent
healthcare assistant’, via a smartphone, tablet or personal
computer – in a situation that involved their own health and
also for a loved one (such as parent, spouse or child). We asked
them to imagine a specific health situation in each case. For their
own situation, we asked them about remote diabetes monitoring
and recommendations for any treatment or lifestyle changes
that were necessary – this would involve taking pulse and blood
pressure, testing blood sugar levels, checking kidney function, and
monitoring weight and level of exercise.
UAE
70
80
90
100
Source: PwC survey
34%
Norway
28%
Belgium
36%
Sweden
38%
60%
59%
58%
53%
51%
41%
47%
40%
Germany
UK
This was the pattern across all countries with the
exceptions of Nigeria, where the most willing were
aged 18-24 (95%) and over the age of 45 (100%), and
Turkey, where willingness increased with age (from
82% to 89%).
67%
23%
Netherlands
0
10 Willing
20 30
Net:
While the patterns from country-to-country remained
consistent, with significantly higher willingness for
Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa, and high willingness
across the Middle East, respondents across Northern and
Western Europe expressed significantly less willingness.
In Sweden, Germany and the UK those who were
reluctant to use this technology for their loved ones
outnumbered those who would be willing.
Again, percentages of willingness remained
high, reinforcing the indication for different
implementation strategies.
72%
24%
When the situation involved a loved one, the respondents
were less willing, though not substantially so. Specifically,
we asked them to imagine that a loved one was feeling
unwell and they needed advice about treatment.
This would involve making a diagnosis based on their
symptoms, medical history and vital signs (pulse, blood
pressure and temperature).
40Net:50Unwilling
60 70
Figure 6: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to use
an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone, tablet or
personal computer for a loved one (e.g. child, parent).
80
90
100
Source: PwC survey
Nigeria
Turkey
The patterns remained consistent with the willingness to engage
face-to-face, with the exception of Germany and the UK, where
respondents were more willing than unwilling in this specific
situation, even though they remained the least willing and most
unwilling of all the countries.
South Africa
Saudi Arabia
91%
9%
12%
79%
20%
70%
21%
Qatar
64%
32%
UAE
33%
Norway
37%
56%
53%
48%
46%
48%
46%
45%
46%
42%
49%
Netherlands
Belgium
Sweden
Germany
34%
UK
0 Net:
10 Willing
20 30
Source: PwC survey
85%
54%
Net: 50
Unwilling
40
60 70
80
90
100
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Investment
Will AI replace the consultation?
Findings
Service preferences
Conclusion
Will robots replace surgeons?
References
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
Will AI replace the consultation?
There were some distinctions with regards to gender
– men were generally more willing than women (61%
versus 55%), yet women were significantly more
willing than men in Turkey (91% versus 80%), Norway
(57% versus 42%) and Sweden (54% versus 41%).
There were surprisingly little differences between
age groups, with even those over the age of 55 almost
evenly split between willingness and unwillingness.
Figure 4: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage
with AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by age)
18 – 24
56%
26%
25 – 34
Nigeria
54%
32%
0
45%
37%
45 – 54
0
20
10 Willing
Net:
30
40 Unwilling
50
60
Net:
Saudi Arabia
9%
40 Unwilling
50
60
Net:
15
80
90
100
Source: PwC survey
34%
28%
Belgium
36%
Sweden
38%
90
100
UK
0
10 Willing
20 30
Net:
When the situation involved a loved one, the respondents
were less willing, though not substantially so. Specifically,
we asked them to imagine that a loved one was feeling
unwell and they needed advice about treatment.
This would involve making a diagnosis based on their
symptoms, medical history and vital signs (pulse, blood
pressure and temperature).
While the patterns from country-to-country remained
consistent, with significantly higher willingness for
Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa, and high willingness
across the Middle East, respondents across Northern and
Western Europe expressed significantly less willingness.
In Sweden, Germany and the UK those who were
reluctant to use this technology for their loved ones
outnumbered those who would be willing.
Again, percentages of willingness remained
high, reinforcing the indication for different
implementation strategies.
60%
59%
58%
53%
51%
41%
47%
40%
Germany
This was the pattern across all countries with the
exceptions of Nigeria, where the most willing were
aged 18-24 (95%) and over the age of 45 (100%), and
Turkey, where willingness increased with age (from
82% to 89%).
80
67%
23%
Norway
70
72%
24%
UAE
84%
74%
16%
Qatar
89%
%
Netherlands
70
95%
5%
Turkey
20
30
10 Willing
Net:
South Africa
Source: PwC survey
44%
47%
55+
44%
47%
Figure 5: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to
use an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone,
tablet or personal computer
55+
57%
28%
35 – 44
We then wanted to understand how people felt about receiving
health
advice
and information
remotely,
from an ‘intelligent
Figure
4: Percentage
of respondents
willing/unwilling
to engage
with
AI
and
robotics
for
their
healthcare
needs
(by
age)
healthcare assistant’, via a smartphone, tablet or personal
computer – in a situation that involved their own health and
also for a loved one (such as parent, spouse
56% or child). We asked
18 – 24
them to imagine a specific
situation in each case. For their
26health
%
own situation, we asked them about remote
57% diabetes monitoring
– 34
and 25
recommendations
for
any
treatment
or lifestyle changes
28%
that were necessary – this would involve
taking pulse and blood
54%
35
–
44
pressure, testing blood sugar
levels, checking kidney function, and
32%
monitoring weight and level of exercise.
45%
45 – 54
37%
40Net:50Unwilling
60 70
Figure 6: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to use
an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone, tablet or
personal computer for a loved one (e.g. child, parent).
80
90
100
Source: PwC survey
Nigeria
Turkey
The patterns remained consistent with the willingness to engage
face-to-face, with the exception of Germany and the UK, where
respondents were more willing than unwilling in this specific
situation, even though they remained the least willing and most
unwilling of all the countries.
South Africa
Saudi Arabia
91%
9%
12%
79%
20%
70%
21%
Qatar
64%
32%
UAE
33%
Norway
37%
56%
53%
48%
46%
48%
46%
45%
46%
42%
49%
Netherlands
Belgium
Sweden
Germany
34%
UK
0 Net:
10 Willing
20 30
Source: PwC survey
85%
54%
Net: 50
Unwilling
40
60 70
80
90
100
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Will AI replace the consultation?
Investment
Findings
Service preferences
Conclusion
Will robots replace surgeons?
References
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
Will AI replace the consultation?
Figure 5: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to
use an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone,
tablet or personal computer
There were some distinctions with regards to gender
– men were generally more willing than women (61%
versus 55%), yet women were significantly more
willing than men in Turkey (91% versus 80%), Norway
(57% versus 42%) and Sweden (54% versus 41%).
There were surprisingly little differences between
age groups, with even those over the age of 55 almost
evenly split between willingness and unwillingness.
Figure 4: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage
with AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by age)
18 – 24
56%
26%
25 – 34
35 – 44
45%
37%
45 – 54
0
20
10 Willing
Net:
30
40 Unwilling
50
60
Net:
28%
Nigeria
15%
Saudi Arabia
90
Source: PwC survey
23%
Netherlands
100
34%
28%
Belgium
UK
36%
Sweden
0
UK
10 Willing
20 30
Net:
0
53%
10 Willing
20 30
Net:
When the situation involved a loved one, the respondents
were less willing, though not substantially so. Specifically,
we asked them to imagine that a loved one was feeling
unwell and they needed advice about treatment.
This would involve making a diagnosis based on their
symptoms, medical history and vital signs (pulse, blood
pressure and temperature).
While the patterns from country-to-country remained
consistent, with significantly higher willingness for
Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa, and high willingness
across the Middle East, respondents across Northern and
Western Europe expressed significantly less willingness.
In Sweden, Germany and the UK those who were
reluctant to use this technology for their loved ones
outnumbered those who would be willing.
Again, percentages of willingness remained
high, reinforcing the indication for different
implementation strategies.
72%
67%
51%
41%
47%
40%
38%
Germany
This was the pattern across all countries with the
exceptions of Nigeria, where the most willing were
aged 18-24 (95%) and over the age of 45 (100%), and
Turkey, where willingness increased with age (from
82% to 89%).
38%
24%
Norway
84%
74%
16%
Qatar
89%
36%
9%
South Africa
UAE
80
95%
58%
5%
Turkey
Germany
70
59%
Figure 5: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to
use an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone,
tablet or personal computer
Sweden
44%
47%
55+
60%
34%
Belgium
54%
32%
Netherlands
Norway
57%
28%
We then wanted to understand how people felt about receiving
95%
Nigeria and information
5%
health advice
remotely, from an ‘intelligent
healthcare assistant’, via a smartphone, tablet or personal 89%
Turkey
9% that involved their own health and
computer – in a situation
%
also
for aAfrica
loved one (such as parent, spouse or child). We84
asked
South
15%
them to imagine a specific health situation in each case. For their
74%
own
situation,
them
about remote diabetes monitoring
Saudi
Arabia we asked16
%
and recommendations for any treatment or lifestyle
72changes
%
Qatar
that were necessary – this would
24% involve taking pulse and blood
pressure, testing blood sugar levels, checking kidney
67% function, and
UAE
23
%
monitoring weight and level of exercise.
60%
59%
58%
53%
51%
41%
47%
40%
40Net:50Unwilling
60 70
40Net:50Unwilling
60 70
80
90
100
80
90
100
Source: PwC survey
Source: PwC survey
The patterns remained consistent with the willingness to engage
face-to-face, with the exception of Germany and the UK, where
respondents were more willing than unwilling in this specific
situation, even though they remained the least willing and most
unwilling of all the countries.
Figure 6: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to use
an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone, tablet or
personal computer for a loved one (e.g. child, parent).
Nigeria
Turkey
South Africa
Saudi Arabia
91%
9%
12%
79%
20%
70%
21%
Qatar
64%
32%
UAE
33%
Norway
37%
56%
53%
48%
46%
48%
46%
45%
46%
42%
49%
Netherlands
Belgium
Sweden
Germany
34%
UK
0 Net:
10 Willing
20 30
Source: PwC survey
85%
54%
Net: 50
Unwilling
40
60 70
80
90
100
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Will AI replace the consultation?
Investment
Findings
Service preferences
Conclusion
Will robots replace surgeons?
References
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
Will AI replace the consultation?
Figure 6: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to use
an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone, tablet or
personal computer for a loved one (e.g. child, parent).
There were some distinctions with regards to gender
– men were generally more willing than women (61%
versus 55%), yet women were significantly more
willing than men in Turkey (91% versus 80%), Norway
(57% versus 42%) and Sweden (54% versus 41%).
There were surprisingly little differences between
age groups, with even those over the age of 55 almost
evenly split between willingness and unwillingness.
Figure 4: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage
with AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by age)
18 – 24
56%
26%
25 – 34
35 – 44
Belgium
54%
32%
Sweden
45%
37%
45 – 54
0
20
10 Willing
Net:
30
40 Unwilling
50
60
Net:
37%
Germany
70
80
90
100
UK
Source: PwC survey
Nigeria
95%
5%
Turkey
89%
9%
South Africa
84%
15%
Saudi Arabia
74%
16%
UAE
34%
60%
34%
Norway
28%
Belgium
36%
Sweden
38%
0 Net:
10 Willing
20 30
UK
Source: PwC survey
67%
23%
Netherlands
0
10 Willing
20 30
Net:
59%
While the patterns from country-to-country remained
consistent, with significantly higher willingness for
Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa, and high willingness
across the Middle East, respondents across Northern and
Western Europe expressed significantly less willingness.
In Sweden, Germany and the UK those who were
reluctant to use this technology for their loved ones
outnumbered those who would be willing.
54%
58%
53%
51%
41%
47%
40%
Net: 50
Unwilling
40
60 70
40Net:50Unwilling
60 70
When the situation involved a loved one, the respondents
were less willing, though not substantially so. Specifically,
we asked them to imagine that a loved one was feeling
unwell and they needed advice about treatment.
This would involve making a diagnosis based on their
symptoms, medical history and vital signs (pulse, blood
pressure and temperature).
Again, percentages of willingness remained
high, reinforcing the indication for different
implementation strategies.
72%
24%
Germany
This was the pattern across all countries with the
exceptions of Nigeria, where the most willing were
aged 18-24 (95%) and over the age of 45 (100%), and
Turkey, where willingness increased with age (from
82% to 89%).
48%
46%
48%
46%
45%
46%
42%
49%
Figure 5: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to
use an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone,
tablet or personal computer
Qatar
44%
47%
55+
Norway
Netherlands
57%
28%
91%
We then Nigeria
wanted to understand how people felt about receiving
9%
health advice and information remotely, from an ‘intelligent
85%
healthcare
assistant’, via
Turkey
12a%smartphone, tablet or personal
computer – in a situation that involved their own health
79and
%
South
Africa
also for a loved one (such as
spouse or child). We asked
20parent,
%
them to imagine a specific health situation in each70
case.
% For their
Saudi Arabia
21
%
own situation, we asked them about remote diabetes monitoring
64% changes
and recommendations
for any treatment or lifestyle
Qatar
32%
that were necessary – this would involve taking pulse and blood
56%
UAE blood sugar levels,
pressure, testing
33%checking kidney function, and
monitoring weight and level of exercise. 53%
80
90
80
90
100
100
Source: PwC survey
Figure 6: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to use
an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone, tablet or
personal computer for a loved one (e.g. child, parent).
Nigeria
Turkey
The patterns remained consistent with the willingness to engage
face-to-face, with the exception of Germany and the UK, where
respondents were more willing than unwilling in this specific
situation, even though they remained the least willing and most
unwilling of all the countries.
South Africa
Saudi Arabia
91%
9%
12%
79%
20%
70%
21%
Qatar
64%
32%
UAE
33%
Norway
37%
56%
53%
48%
46%
48%
46%
45%
46%
42%
49%
Netherlands
Belgium
Sweden
Germany
34%
UK
0 Net:
10 Willing
20 30
Source: PwC survey
85%
54%
Net: 50
Unwilling
40
60 70
80
90
100
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Investment
Will AI replace the consultation?
Findings
Service preferences
Conclusion
References
Will robots replace surgeons?
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
Service preferences
A significant percentage of respondents were
highly willing to choose certain treatments, tests
or services administered by an AI or robot and
there was widespread agreement about these
services across the countries surveyed.
Specifically, consumers across the region were most
willing – by a significant margin – to receive four
types of services:
• Monitor my heart condition (e.g. pulse, blood
pressure, electrocardiography (ECG), etc.),
take note of my symptoms, and advise on heart
condition treatment (41%).
Figure 8: Healthcare service priorities, by country
Figure 7: Procedures respondents were most willing to receive from an AI/robot, when asked to rank three
?
Monitor my
heart condition
(e.g. pulse,
blood
pressure, ECG
etc.), take
note of my
symptoms,
and advise on
heart condition
treatment
Administer a
test that checks
my heartbeat’s
rhythm and
make
recommenda
tions based on
the results
Provide
customised
advice for
fitness and
health based on
my personal
preferences and
health records
Take and
test a blood
sample and
provide me
with results
41% 37% 37% 32%
Based on test
results, my
preferences
and drawing
on medical
research,
advise me on
the best
treatments for
cancer
Prepare and
give an injection
of medicine/an
immunisation
Stitch and
bandage a
minor cut or
wound
17% 11% 10%
Monitor me and
provide general
Set a broken
care/offer
bone and put it advice during
Deliver my
into a cast
pregnancy
baby
7%
5%
1%
Other
1%
Don’t know
Not applicable
– I would not
be willing to
use an
advanced
computer/
robot with
artificial
intelligence for
any type of
procedure/
service
10% 20%
Source: PwC survey
• Administer a test that checks my heartbeat’s
rhythm and make recommendations based on the
results (37%).
• Provide customised advice for fitness and health
based on my personal preferences and health
records (37%).
• Take and test a blood sample and provide me with
the results (32%).
?
X
X
Other
Don’t know
Not applicable
– I would not
be willing to
use an
advanced
computer/
robot with
artificial
intelligence for
any type of
procedure/
service
Belgium
34%
42%
34%
29%
13%
10%
9%
5%
8%
2%
1%
10%
19%
Germany
35%
29%
33%
16%
12%
10%
8%
6%
3%
0%
0%
11%
25%
Saudi Arabia
41%
32%
36%
31%
22%
12%
11%
10%
0%
0%
1%
14%
6%
Netherlands
33%
38%
30%
27%
15%
10%
9%
4%
4%
1%
1%
12%
20%
Nigeria
62%
46%
53%
42%
28%
8%
17%
12%
9%
3%
1%
1%
2%
Norway
33%
32%
38%
39%
17%
9%
6%
3%
4%
0%
1%
9%
19%
Qatar
44%
40%
46%
42%
19%
9%
9%
7%
1%
1%
0%
7%
12%
South Africa
53%
47%
46%
43%
21%
11%
11%
9%
11%
2%
2%
2%
7%
Sweden
37%
32%
31%
33%
9%
5%
8%
4%
1%
1%
1%
10%
22%
Turkey
39%
35%
38%
40%
32%
13%
13%
10%
11%
4%
1%
3%
8%
UAE
38%
31%
33%
30%
19%
11%
15%
11%
5%
2%
0%
11%
8%
UK
34%
33%
29%
28%
9%
9%
8%
4%
3%
1%
0%
9%
31%
All
41%
37%
37%
32%
17%
11%
10%
7%
5%
1%
1%
10%
20%
Monitor my
heart condition
(e.g. pulse,
blood
pressure, ECG
etc.), take
note of my
symptoms,
and advise on
heart condition
treatment
1st choice
Administer a
test that checks
my heartbeat’s
rhythm and
make
recommenda
tions based on
the results
Provide
customised
advice for
fitness and
health based on
my personal
preferences and
health records
Take and
test a blood
sample and
provide me
with results
Based on test
results, my
preferences
and drawing
on medical
research,
advise me on
the best
treatments for
cancer
2nd choice
Prepare and
give an injection
of medicine/an
immunisation
Stitch and
bandage a
minor cut or
wound
Set a broken
bone and put it
into a cast
Monitor me and
provide general
care/offer
advice during
Deliver my
pregnancy
baby
3rd choice
Source: PwC commissioned survey (2017)
Consistent with our 2016 report Care Anywhere: Moving health
and wellness out of the hospital and into the hands of the
consumer, these findings suggest that the public is most willing
to use AI and robotics for monitoring and providing advice. But
this survey has also shown they are willing to replace a human
for these same services. In a world increasingly dominated by
chronic disease this has a major implication for ambulatory or
clinic-based care.
However, while every country surveyed agreed that these four
services were the ones they would be most willing to receive, the
priorities were slightly different from country to country.
Furthermore, it’s worth noting that a remarkably high
percentage of respondents in a majority of countries
would be willing to receive advice on treating
cancer. And even though the UK and Germany had
a significant number of people unwilling to use
such technology for any type of health service or
procedure compared to other countries, there is
still greater willingness than unwillingness; again,
important to note when it comes to implementation.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Investment
Will AI replace the consultation?
Findings
Service preferences
Figure 7: Procedures respondents were most willing to receive from an AI/robot, when asked to rank three
Conclusion
References
Will robots replace surgeons?
About
The new imperatives for healthcare
Service preferences
Monitor my
A significant heart
percentage
of respondents were
condition
highly willing(e.g.
topulse,
choose certain treatments, tests
blood
a
or services administeredAdminister
by an AI
orProvide
robot and
pressure, ECG test that checks customised
there was widespread
agreement
about
etc.), take
my heartbeat’s advicethese
for
note
of
my
rhythm and
fitness and
Take and
services across the countries
surveyed.
symptoms,
make
health based on
test a blood
and advise on recommenda
my personal
sample and
Specifically, consumers
the on
region
were most
heart conditionacross
tions based
preferences
and
provide me
treatment
the
results
health
records
with results
willing – by a significant margin – to receive four
types of services:
• Monitor my heart condition (e.g. pulse, blood
pressure, electrocardiography
%
%(ECG), etc.),%
take note of my symptoms, and advise on heart
condition treatment (41%).
41
37
37
32%
?
Based on test
results, my
preferences
and drawing
on medical
research,
advise me on
the best
treatments for
cancer
Administer a
test that checks
my heartbeat’s
rhythm and
make
recommenda
tions based on
the results
Prepare and
give an injection
of medicine/an
immunisation
Provide
customised
advice for
fitness and
health based on
my personal
preferences and
health records
Take and
test a blood
sample and
provide me
with results
41% 37% 37% 32%
Based on test
results, my
preferences
and drawing
on medical
research,
advise me on
the best
treatments for
cancer
Stitch and
bandage a
minor cut or
wound
Prepare and
give an injection
of medicine/an
immunisation
Stitch and
bandage a
minor cut or
wound
17% 11% 10%
Monitor me and
?
X
provide
general
Set a broken
care/offer
bone and put it advice during
Deliver my
into a cast
pregnancy
baby
Monitor me and
provide general
Set a broken
care/offer
bone and put it advice during
Deliver my
into a cast
pregnancy
baby
7%
17% 11% 10%
Source: PwC survey
5%
1%
Other
1%
7%
Don’t know
Not applicable
– I would not
be willing to
use an
advanced
computer/
robot with
artificial
intelligence for
any type of
procedure/
service
10% 20%
5%
• Administer
a test
that checks my heartbeat’s
PwC survey
Source:
rhythm and make recommendations based on the
results (37%).
• Provide customised advice for fitness and health
based on my personal preferences and health
records (37%).
• Take and test a blood sample and provide me with
the results (32%).
X
Figure 8: Healthcare service priorities, by country
Figure 7: Procedures respondents were most willing to receive from an AI/robot, when asked to rank three
Monitor my
heart condition
(e.g. pulse,
blood
pressure, ECG
etc.), take
note of my
symptoms,
and advise on
heart condition
treatment
Contacts
Not applicable
– I would not
be willing to
use an
advanced
computer/
robot with
artificial
intelligence for
any type of
procedure/
service
?
X
Other
Don’t know
Not applicable
– I would not
be willing to
use an
advanced
computer/
robot with
artificial
intelligence for
any type of
procedure/
service
Belgium
34%
42%
34%
29%
13%
10%
9%
5%
8%
2%
1%
10%
19%
Germany
35%
29%
33%
16%
12%
10%
8%
6%
3%
0%
0%
11%
25%
Saudi Arabia
41%
32%
36%
31%
22%
12%
11%
10%
0%
0%
1%
14%
6%
Netherlands
33%
38%
30%
27%
15%
10%
9%
4%
4%
1%
1%
12%
20%
Nigeria
62%
46%
53%
42%
28%
8%
17%
12%
9%
3%
1%
1%
2%
Norway
33%
32%
38%
39%
17%
9%
6%
3%
4%
0%
1%
9%
19%
40%
46%
42%
19%
9%
9%
7%
1%
1%
0%
7%
12%
47%
46%
43%
21%
11%
11%
9%
11%
2%
2%
2%
7%
32%
31%
33%
9%
5%
8%
4%
1%
1%
1%
10%
22%
8%
Monitor my
heart condition
(e.g. pulse,
blood
pressure, ECG
etc.), take
note of my
symptoms,
and advise on
heart condition
treatment
1%
Administer a
test that checks
my heartbeat’s
rhythm and
make
recommenda
tions based on
the results
Provide
customised
advice for
fitness and
health based on
my personal
preferences and
health records
Take and
test a blood
sample and
provide me
with results
Based on test
results, my
preferences
and drawing
on medical
research,
advise me on
the best
treatments for
cancer
Other
1%
Prepare and
give an injection
of medicine/an
immunisation
Stitch and
bandage a
minor cut or
wound
Don’t know
Set a broken
bone and put it
into a cast
Monitor me and
provide general
care/offer
advice during
Deliver my
pregnancy
baby
10% 20%
Qatar
44%
South Africa
53%
Sweden
37%
Turkey
39%
35%
38%
40%
32%
13%
13%
10%
11%
4%
1%
3%
UAE
38%
31%
33%
30%
19%
11%
15%
11%
5%
2%
0%
11%
8%
UK
34%
33%
29%
28%
9%
9%
8%
4%
3%
1%
0%
9%
31%
All
41%
37%
37%
32%
17%
11%
10%
7%
5%
1%
1%
10%
20%
1st choice
2nd choice
3rd choice
Source: PwC commissioned survey (2017)
Consistent with our 2016 report Care Anywhere: Moving health
and wellness out of the hospital and into the hands of the
consumer, these findings suggest that the public is most willing
to use AI and robotics for monitoring and providing advice. But
this survey has also shown they are willing to replace a human
for these same services. In a world increasingly dominated by
chronic disease this has a major implication for ambulatory or
clinic-based care.
However, while every country surveyed agreed that these four
services were the ones they would be most willing to receive, the
priorities were slightly different from country to country.
Furthermore, it’s worth noting that a remarkably high
percentage of respondents in a majority of countries
would be willing to receive advice on treating
cancer. And even though the UK and Germany had
a significant number of people unwilling to use
such technology for any type of health service or
procedure compared to other countries, there is
still greater willingness than unwillingness; again,
important to note when it comes to implementation.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Figure 8: Healthcare service priorities, by country
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Investment
Will AI replace the consultation?
Findings
Service preferences
Conclusion
References
About
Contacts
?
Will robots replace surgeons?
The new imperatives for healthcare
Don’t know
Not applicable
– I would not
be willing to
use an
advanced
computer/
robot with
artificial
intelligence for
any type of
procedure/
service
10%
19%
Service preferences
Monitor my
heart condition
(e.g. pulse,
blood
Administer a
Provide
pressure, ECG test that checks customised
etc.), take
my heartbeat’s advice for
note of my
rhythm and
fitness and
symptoms,
make
health based on
A significant percentage
of respondents
were
and advise on
recommenda
my
personal
heart
condition
tions
based
on
preferences
highly willing to choose certain treatments, testsand
treatment
the results
health records
or services administered by an AI or robot and
there was widespread agreement about these
services
across the34
countries
surveyed.
Belgium
%
42%
34%
35% across the29
%
%
Germanyconsumers
Specifically,
region
were33
most
willing – by a significant margin – to receive four
Saudi Arabia
41%
32%
36%
types of services:
•
Netherlands
Monitor
my
33condition
%
38%pulse, blood
30%
heart
(e.g.
pressure, ECG etc.), take note of my symptoms,
%
53%
62% condition46
andNigeria
advise on heart
treatment
(41%)
Take and
test a blood
sample and
provide me
with results
Based on test
results, my
preferences
and drawing
on medical
research,
advise me on
the best
treatments for
cancer
Prepare and
give an injection
of medicine/an
immunisation
Stitch and
bandage a
minor cut or
wound
Set a broken
bone and put it
into a cast
Monitor me and
provide general
care/offer
advice during
Deliver my
pregnancy
baby
Figure 8: Healthcare service priorities, by country
Figure 7: Procedures respondents were most willing to receive from an AI/robot, when asked to rank three
29%
16%
31%
13%
Monitor my
heart condition
(e.g. pulse,
blood
pressure, ECG
etc.), take
note of my
symptoms,
and advise on
heart condition
treatment
10%
12%
Administer a
test that checks
my heartbeat’s
rhythm and
make
recommenda
tions based on
the results
Provide
customised
advice for
fitness and
health based on
my personal
preferences and
health records
22%
9%
10%
Take and
test a blood
sample and
provide me
with results
Based on test
results, my
preferences
and drawing
on medical
research,
advise me on
the best
treatments for
cancer
12%
Prepare and
give an injection
of medicine/an
immunisation
Stitch and
bandage a
minor cut or
wound
5%
8%
6%
11%
10%
Monitor me and
provide general
Set a broken
care/offer
bone and put it advice during
Deliver my
into a cast
pregnancy
baby
27% 41% 37% 15
%
10%
9% 5%
37% 32% 17% 11% 10% 7%
1%
Other
?
Don’t know
X 8%
Not applicable
– I would not
be willing to
use an
advanced
computer/
robot with
artificial
intelligence for
any type of
procedure/
service
3%
0%
4%
4%
1% 10% 20%
Source: PwC survey
28%
8%
17%
12%
9%
Norway
32%heartbeat’s
38%
% checks my
• Administer
a test33
that
rhythm and make recommendations based on the
Qatar
40%
46%
results (37%) 44%
39%
42%
19%
9%
9%
7%
1%
South Africa
53% advice for47
%
46%
• Provide
customised
fitness
and health
based on my personal preferences and health
Sweden
32%
31%
records (37%) 37%
43%
21%
11%
11%
9%
11%
28%
9%
9%
8%
4%
3%
Turkey
39% sample and
35% provide me
38%
• Take
and test a blood
with
the results (32%)
UAE
38%
31%
33%
UK
34%
33%
29%
41%
37%
37%
All
1st choice
2nd choice
Source: PwC commissioned survey (2017)
3rd choice
2%
0%
1%
Monitor my
heart condition
(e.g. pulse,
blood
pressure, ECG
etc.), take
note of my
symptoms,
and advise on
heart condition
treatment
0%
17%
9%
6%
3%
4%
Consistent with our Care Anywhere report in 2016, these findings
33
%
% public is5most
%
% use AI and
4%robotics for1%
suggest
that 9the
willing8to
monitoring and providing advice. But this survey has also shown
40%
32%
13%
13%
10%
11%
they are willing to replace a human for these same services. In a
world
increasingly
dominated
30
%
19%
11% by chronic
15% disease this
11% has a major
5%
implication for ambulatory or clinic based care.
However, while every country surveyed agreed that these four
32
%
17the
% ones they
11%would be10
%
% receive, the
5%
services
were
most
willing 7to
priorities were slightly different from country to country.
Administer a
test that checks
my heartbeat’s
rhythm and
make
recommenda
tions based on
the results
Provide
customised
advice for
fitness and
health based on
my personal
preferences and
health records
Based on test
results, my
preferences
and drawing
on medical
research,
advise me on
the best
treatments for
cancer
Prepare and
give an injection
of medicine/an
immunisation
29%
13%
10%
0%
Take and
test a blood
sample and
provide me
with results
Belgium
34%
42%
34%
Germany
35%
29%
33%
1%
16%
12%
10%
Saudi Arabia
41%
32%
36%
31%
22%
Netherlands
33%
38%
30%
27%
15%
Nigeria
62%
46%
53%
42%
28%
8%
Norway
33%
32%
38%
39%
17%
9%
1%
1%
44%
40%
46%
South Africa
53%
47%
46%
Sweden
37%
32%
31%
1%
Turkey
39%
35%
UAE
38%
UK
All
Qatar
42%
Other
X
3%
0%
1st choice
1%
2%
Set a broken
bone and put it
into a cast
14%
Monitor me and
provide general
care/offer
advice during
Deliver my
pregnancy
baby
10%
19%
0%
11%
25%
Other
6%
8%
2%
8%
6%
3%
0%
12%
11%
10%
0%
0%
1%
14%
6%
10%
9%
4%
4%
1%
1%
12%
20%
17%
12%
9%
3%
1%
1%
2%
6%
3%
4%
0%
1%
9%
19%
7%
12%
12%
19%
9%
9%
7%
1%
1%
21%
11%
11%
11%
2%
5%
1%
9%
9%
8%
4%
1%
1%
38%
40%
32%
13%
13%
10%
11%
31%
33%
30%
11%
15%
11%
34%
33%
29%
1%
19%
28%
9%
9%
8%
41%
37%
37%
32%
17%
11%
10%
3rd choice
Don’t know
1%
25%
5%
33%
2nd choice
X
Not applicable
– I would not
be willing to
use an
advanced
computer/
robot with
artificial
intelligence for
any type of
procedure/
service
9%
43%
Source: PwC commissioned survey (2017)
42%
11%
Stitch and
bandage a
minor cut or
wound
?
9%
20%
0%
2%
2%
2%
7%
1%
10%
22%
4%
1%
3%
8%
5%
2%
0%
11%
8%
4%
3%
1%
0%
9%
31%
7%
5%
1%
1%
10%
20%
19%
0%
7%
12%
2%
2%
7%
Furthermore, it’s worth noting that a remarkably high
1%
1%
10a%majority of
22countries
%
percentage
of respondents
in
would be willing to receive advice on treating
8%
4%
1%
3%
cancer. And even though the UK and Germany had
a significant
number
2%
0% of people
11%unwilling to
8%use
such technology for any type of health service or
1%
0% to other9%
% is
procedure
compared
countries, 31
there
still greater willingness than unwillingness; again,
1%
1%
10%
20%
important
to note
when it comes
to implementation.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Will AI replace the consultation?
Investment
Findings
Service preferences
Conclusion
Will robots replace surgeons?
References
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
Will robots replace surgeons in the operating theatre?
In the three decades since robots first began
performing surgery, the exponential advances
in robotic technology are enhancing a surgeon’s
ability to see, feel and do. Autonomous surgery
performed by robots, replacing the surgeon,
is likely to further the effectiveness, safety,
consistency, and accessibility of surgical
techniques. For example, experimental studies
have already shown autonomous robots to
perform higher quality suturing than surgeons.
Are consumers ready?
Figure 9: Percentage willing/unwilling to have minor surgery
performed by a robot instead of a doctor
Minor, minimally-invasive surgery (e.g. cataract surgery or laser
eye surgery etc.)
Nigeria
73%
25%
Turkey
66%
28%
South Africa
62%
35%
Qatar
38%
Saudi Arabia
32%
55%
55%
50%
UAE
38%
47%
46%
46%
42%
43%
47%
43%
47%
39%
53%
36%
49%
Netherlands
Norway
Germany
Sweden
We asked our survey participants if they would
be willing for a robot to perform a minor or major
surgical procedure instead of a doctor if studies
showed that they could do it better than a doctor
(e.g. more quickly, more accurately, with a faster
recovery time).
Minor surgery
We defined a minor surgical procedure as a noninvasive or minimally-invasive surgery, such as
cataract surgery or laser eye surgery, and found that,
overall, close to half and up to 73% of all respondents
would be willing to undergo minor surgery
performed by a robot instead of a doctor.
Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa were the most willing to
undergo minor surgery performed by robots (73%, 66% and 62%
respectively), with the UK the least willing (36%). In Belgium,
the UK, Germany and Sweden the unwilling respondents
outnumbered the willing, yet those countries still have over
one-third of the public still willing to undergo such a procedure.
Belgium
UK
0
Net: Willing
10 20 30
Net: Unwilling
40 50 60 70
80
90
100
Source: PwC survey
Perhaps unsurprisingly, the situation changed dramatically when
it came to major surgery. We defined major surgery as invasive
surgery – such as replacement of a knee or hip joint, removal of a
tumour, or heart surgery – and found much higher unwillingness
for a robot to perform a major procedure instead of a doctor.
Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Will AI replace the consultation?
Investment
Findings
Service preferences
Conclusion
Will robots replace surgeons?
References
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
Will robots replace surgeons in the operating theatre?
Figure 9: Percentage willing/unwilling to have minor surgery
performed by a robot instead of a doctor
Minor, minimally-invasive surgery (e.g. cataract surgery or laser
eye surgery etc.)
In the three decades since robots first began
performing surgery, the exponential advances
in robotic technology are enhancing a surgeon’s
ability to see, feel and do. Autonomous surgery
performed by robots, replacing the surgeon,
is likely to further the effectiveness, safety,
consistency, and accessibility of surgical
techniques. For example, experimental studies
have already shown autonomous robots to
perform higher quality suturing than surgeons.
Are consumers ready?
We asked our survey participants if they would
be willing for a robot to perform a minor or major
surgical procedure instead of a doctor if studies
showed that they could do it better than a doctor
(e.g. more quickly, more accurately, with a faster
recovery time).
We defined a minor surgical procedure as a noninvasive or minimally-invasive surgery, such as
cataract surgery or laser eye surgery, and found that,
overall, close to half and up to 73% of all respondents
would be willing to undergo minor surgery
performed by a robot instead of a doctor.
Nigeria
Turkey
South Africa
Qatar
73%
Figure 9: Percentage willing/unwilling to have minor surgery
performed by a robot instead of a doctor
25%
Minor, minimally-invasive surgery (e.g. cataract surgery or laser
eye surgery etc.)
%
Turkey
35%
38%
32%
Germany
55%
%
50%
38%
47%
%46%
46%
42%
43%
47%
%
43%
47%
39%
53%
36%
49%
UAE
UAE
55%
38%55
Saudi Arabia
55%
32
Norway
38
62%
62%
35%
Qatar
Netherlands
66%
28%
South Africa
Saudi Arabia
66%
73%
28
25 %
Nigeria
50%
47%
46%
46%
Norway
42%
43%
Germany
47%
43%
Sweden
Minor
surgery
47%
39%the most willing to
Nigeria,
Turkey and South Africa were
Belgium
53%
undergo minor surgery performed by robots (73%, 66% and 62%
36%
UK with the UK the least willing
respectively),
49%(36%). In Belgium,
Netherlands
Sweden
Belgium
UK
0
Net: Willing
10 20 30
Net: Unwilling
40 50 60 70
80
90
100
Source: PwC survey
the UK, Germany and Sweden the unwilling respondents
Net: Unwilling
Net: Willing
outnumbered the
those
0 willing,
10 20yet30
40countries
50 60 still
70have
80 over
90 100
one-third
of
the
public
still
willing
to
undergo
such
a
procedure.
Source: PwC survey
Perhaps unsurprisingly, the situation changed dramatically when
it came to major surgery. We defined major surgery as invasive
surgery – such as replacement of a knee or hip joint, removal of a
tumour, or heart surgery – and found much higher unwillingness
for a robot to perform a major procedure instead of a doctor.
Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Will AI replace the consultation?
Investment
Service preferences
Findings
Conclusion
References
Will robots replace surgeons?
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
Will robots replace surgeons in the operating theatre?
Major surgery
Undergoing major surgery performed by a robot
Figure 10: Percentage willing/unwilling to have major surgery
performed by a robot instead of a doctor
Major, invasive surgery (e.g. replace a knee or hip joint, remove
a tumour, heart surgery)
Nigeria
29%
Turkey
34%
35%
69%
60%
51%
45%
45%
45%
44%
41%
44%
44%
40%
53%
35%
55%
35%
51%
32%
60%
30%
59%
27%
58%
South Africa
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Netherlands
Sweden
Norway
Belgium
Germany
UK
0
10 Willing
20 30
Net:
40Net:50Unwilling
60 70
27%
Sweden
Willing
UK
Willing
Turkey
45%
Willing
80
90
100
Source: PwC survey
Even so, Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa were far more willing
(69%, 60% and 51% respectively) than unwilling to undergo
major surgery performed by a robot. Again, the UK was the least
willing of all the countries surveyed (27%) and Belgium (60%),
Germany (59%), the UK (58%), Sweden (55%), the Netherlands
(53%) and Norway (51%) were all much more unwilling than
willing to undergo major surgery performed by a robot.
Again, it is important not to focus too much on the
lower percentages in countries with the more
established health systems. It is still very interesting
that fully one-quarter of people in the UK, and almost
one-third in Germany would be willing to have major
surgery conducted by a robot in place of a human.
That represents millions of operations a year.
These findings are telling and point towards a greater
– and in some countries almost complete – acceptance
of AI and robots for delivering many different types of
healthcare services, treatments and procedures.
69%
Willing
Nigeria
51%
Willing
South Africa
60%
Willing
Qatar
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Will AI replace the consultation?
Investment
Service preferences
Findings
Conclusion
Will robots replace surgeons?
References
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
Will robots replace surgeons in the operating theatre?
Figure 10: Percentage willing/unwilling to have major surgery
performed by a robot instead of a doctor
Major, invasive surgery (e.g. replace a knee or hip joint, remove
a tumour, heart surgery)
Major surgery
Nigeria
Figure 10: Percentage willing/unwilling to have major surgery
performed by a robot instead of a doctor
Turkey
Major, invasive surgery (e.g. replace a knee or hip joint, remove
a tumour, heart surgery)
Nigeria
29%
Turkey
34%
60%
Qatar
51%
45%
45%
45%
44%
41%
44%
44%
40%
53%
35%
55%
35%
51%
32%
60%
30%
59%
27%
58%
South Africa
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Netherlands
Sweden
Norway
Belgium
Germany
UK
0
Source: PwC survey
South Africa
69%
10 Willing
20 30
Net:
40Net:50Unwilling
60 70
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Netherlands
Sweden
Norway
80
90
100
Belgium
Even so, Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa were far more willing Germany
69%
Undergoing major surgery performed
by a robot
29%
60%
34%
51%
45%
%
45%
Sweden
45%
Willing
44%
%
41%
Willing
UK
44%
44%
40%
Turkey
53%
35%
55%
%
35%
Willing
51%
32%
60%
Again, it is important not to focus too much on the
%
30%
lower percentages in countries59
with
the
more
Willing
Nigeria
%
established health
systems.
It
is
still
very
interesting
27%
58in
% the UK, and almost
that fully one-quarter of people
35
27
(69%, 60% and 51% respectively) than unwilling to undergo
UK
major surgery performed by a robot. Again, the UK was the least
one-third in Germany would be willing to have major
willing of all the countries surveyed (27%) and Belgium (60%),
0
10 Willing
20 30 40
50Unwilling
60
70 of
80a human.
90 100
surgery
conducted
byNet:
a robot
in place
Net:
Germany (59%), the UK (58%), Sweden (55%), the Netherlands
That represents millions of operations a year.
(53%) and Norway (51%) were all much more unwilling than
Source: PwC survey
willing to undergo major surgery performed by a robot.
These findings are telling and point towards a greater
– and in some countries almost complete – acceptance
of AI and robots for delivering many different types of
healthcare services, treatments and procedures.
45
69
51%
Willing
South Africa
60%
Willing
Qatar
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Will AI replace the consultation?
Investment
Findings
Service preferences
Conclusion
Will robots replace surgeons?
References
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
The new imperatives for health
Why are consumers willing or unwilling to engage with new
technology for their healthcare? We asked our survey respondents
to choose what they felt were the three biggest advantages and
disadvantages of using AI and robots for healthcare.
Advantages
The top advantages in order were:
1
36%
2
33%
3
29%
4
29%
Figure 11: Perceived advantages of using advanced computers or robots with AI for healthcare
36%
Healthcare would be easier and quicker for more people to access
33%
Faster and more accurate diagnoses
Will make better treatment recommendations
29%
Like having your own healthcare specialist, available at any time
29%
3
21%
Fewer mistakes than doctors or healthcare professionals
Healthcare would be
easier and quicker for
more people to access
19%
Can perform surgery and diagnostic tests much more accurately than humans
5%
None of these
14%
Don't know
Advanced computers/
robots with AI can make
a diagnosis faster and
more accurately
3
Advanced computers/
robots with AI will
make better treatment
recommendations
Like having your own
healthcare specialist,
available at any time
(e.g. via a smartphone,
tablet, computer etc.)
19%
Not applicable – no advantages
0
10
20
30
40
Source: PwC survey
It’s also of note that many respondents felt that there
would be fewer mistakes (21%) and more accuracy
(19%) than with humans, although 19% overall felt
that there would be no advantages, with respondents
from the UK far more likely (at 27%) to find none.
Though the percentages varied from country to
country, these advantages in this order were the same
across all countries.
Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Will AI replace the consultation?
Investment
Findings
Service preferences
Conclusion
References
Will robots replace surgeons?
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
Figure 11: Perceived advantages of using advanced computers or robots with AI for healthcare
The new imperatives for health
36%
Healthcare would be easier and quicker for more people to access
33%
Faster and more accurate diagnoses
Why are consumers willing or unwilling to engage with new
technology for their healthcare? We asked our survey respondents
The top advantages in order were:
Will make better
to choose what they felt were the three biggest advantages
and treatment recommendations
disadvantages of using AI and robots for healthcare.
1
Like having your own healthcare specialist, available at any time
Advantages
36%
2
None of these
Will make better treatment recommendations
29%
Like having your own healthcare specialist, available at any time
29%
Healthcare would be
easier and quicker for
more people to0 access
5%
None of these
survey
Source: PwC
Don't know
14%
3
19
Not applicable – no advantages
19%
Can perform surgery and diagnostic tests much more accurately than humans
14%
Don't know
21%
Fewer mistakes than doctors or healthcare professionals
29%
4
29%
5%
33%
Faster and more accurate diagnoses
3
19%
Can perform surgery and diagnostic tests much more accurately than humans
Figure 11: Perceived advantages of using advanced computers or robots with AI for healthcare
36%
33%29%
21%
Fewer mistakes than doctors or healthcare professionals
Healthcare would be easier and quicker for more people to access
29%
10
%
Advanced computers/
robots with AI can make
a diagnosis
20 faster and
30
more accurately
3
Advanced computers/
robots with AI will
make
40 better treatment
recommendations
Like having your own
healthcare specialist,
available at any time
(e.g. via a smartphone,
tablet, computer etc.)
19%
Not applicable – no advantages
0
10
20
30
40
Source: PwC survey
It’s also of note that many respondents felt that there
would be fewer mistakes (21%) and more accuracy
(19%) than with humans, although 19% overall felt
that there would be no advantages, with respondents
from the UK far more likely (at 27%) to find none.
Though the percentages varied from country to
country, these advantages in this order were the same
across all countries.
Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Will AI replace the consultation?
Investment
Findings
Service preferences
Conclusion
Will robots replace surgeons?
References
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
The new imperatives for health
Why are consumers willing or unwilling to engage with new
technology for their healthcare? We asked our survey respondents
to choose what they felt were the three biggest advantages and
disadvantages of using AI and robots for healthcare.
Disadvantages
The top disadvantages in order were:
1
47%
?
2
41%
3
40%
4
32%
=
Figure 12: Perceived disadvantages of using advanced computers or robots with AI for healthcare
47%
People need the "human touch" when it comes to their healthcare
If something unexpected is found (during surgery or in a test),
I don't trust robots to make decisions on what to do
41%
Only a human healthcare professional can make the right decisions
(e.g. look beyond the data, use intuition, etc.)
40%
We don't understand this kind of technology enough to know if it
can benefit or be dangerous in healthcare
32%
It's too complicated for people to access and use this kind of technology
17%
I don't see how this kind of technology can do a better job than a human
17%
None of these
Don't know
Not applicable - no disadvantages
Source: PwC survey
Market reactions to
the survey
If something unexpected
is found (e.g. during
surgery or in a test), I
don’t trust robots with
artificial intelligence
to make decisions on
what to do
Advanced computers/
robots with artificial
intelligence are
impersonal and people
need the “human touch”
when it comes to their
healthcare
3%
13%
9%
It’s worth noting that 17% overall chose both ‘I don’t
see how this kind of technology can do a better
job than a human’ and ‘It’s too complicated for
people to access and use this kind of technology’ as
disadvantages, yet only 9% didn’t feel there would be
any disadvantages.
As with the advantages, though the percentages varied
from country to country, these disadvantages in this
order were the same across all countries, with
Only a doctor or human
healthcare professional
can make the right
decisions for health
treatments/ procedures
(e.g. they look beyond the
data and take into account
context and underlying,
complexities, are able to
use intuition, etc.)
We don’t understand
this kind of technology
enough to know if it can
benefit or be dangerous
in healthcare
the exception of Saudi Arabia and Qatar, where
respondents felt the lack of ‘human touch’ was the
biggest disadvantage.
Thus, for our survey participants, better access to and
accuracy of healthcare services were the primary
motivators for willingness to use an AI-enabled or
robotic service, with lack of trust and the human
element as the primary reasons for their reluctance.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Will AI replace the consultation?
Investment
Findings
Service preferences
Figure 12: Perceived disadvantages of using advanced computers or robots with AI for healthcare
Conclusion
Will robots replace surgeons?
The new imperatives for health
If something unexpected is found (during surgery or in a test),
I don't trust robots to make decisions on what to do
Don't know
47%
People need the "human touch" when it comes to their healthcare
If something unexpected is found (during surgery or in a test),
I don't trust robots to make decisions on what to do
41%
Not applicable - no disadvantages
Only a human healthcare professional can make the right decisions
(e.g. look beyond the data, use intuition, etc.)
40%
We don't understand this kind of technology enough to know if it
can benefit or be dangerous in healthcare
32%
It's too complicated for people to access and use this kind of technology
17%
I don't see how this kind of technology can do a better job than a human
17%
Source: PwC survey
None of these
Don't know
40%
47%
1
?17%
Not applicable - no disadvantages
Source: PwC survey
Market reactions to
the survey
32%
2
41%
9%
3
40%
4
32%
=
17%
3%
If something unexpected
is found (e.g. %
during
surgery or in a test), I
don’t trust robots with
artificial%intelligence
to make decisions on
what to do
13
9
Advanced computers/
robots with artificial
intelligence are
impersonal and people
need the “human touch”
when it comes to their
healthcare
3%
13%
The new imperatives for healthcare
The top disadvantages in order were:
I don't see how this kind of technology can do a better job than a human
Figure 12: Perceived disadvantages of using advanced computers or robots with AI for healthcare
Contacts
41%
It's too complicated for people to access and use this kind of technology
Disadvantages
None of these
About
47%
People need the "human touch" when it comes to their healthcare
Only a humanwilling
healthcare
professionaltocan
make the
right
decisions
Why are consumers
or unwilling
engage
with
new
(e.g. look beyond the data, use intuition, etc.)
technology for their healthcare? We asked our survey respondents
to choose what
theyunderstand
felt were this
thekind
three
biggest advantages
and
We don't
of technology
enough to know
if it
benefit
be dangerous in healthcare
disadvantages of using AI andcan
robots
fororhealthcare.
References
It’s worth noting that 17% overall chose both ‘I don’t
see how this kind of technology can do a better
job than a human’ and ‘It’s too complicated for
people to access and use this kind of technology’ as
disadvantages, yet only 9% didn’t feel there would be
any disadvantages.
As with the advantages, though the percentages varied
from country to country, these disadvantages in this
order were the same across all countries, with
Only a doctor or human
healthcare professional
can make the right
decisions for health
treatments/ procedures
(e.g. they look beyond the
data and take into account
context and underlying,
complexities, are able to
use intuition, etc.)
We don’t understand
this kind of technology
enough to know if it can
benefit or be dangerous
in healthcare
the exception of Saudi Arabia and Qatar, where
respondents felt the lack of ‘human touch’ was the
biggest disadvantage.
Thus, for our survey participants, better access to and
accuracy of healthcare services were the primary
motivators for willingness to use an AI-enabled or
robotic service, with lack of trust and the human
element as the primary reasons for their reluctance.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
The public is ready
Transforming
Will AI replace the consultation?
Investment
Findings
Service preferences
Conclusion
Will robots replace surgeons?
References
About
Contacts
The new imperatives for healthcare
The new imperatives for health
Why are consumers willing or unwilling to engage with new
technology for their healthcare? We asked our survey respondents
to choose what they felt were the three biggest advantages and
disadvantages of using AI and robots for healthcare.
Disadvantages
The top disadvantages in order were:
1
47%
?
2
41%
3
40%
4
32%
=
Figure 12: Perceived disadvantages of using advanced computers or robots with AI for healthcare
We went out to our clients in both the public and private sectors across EMEA with the results of
If something unexpected
Advanced computers/
the survey. There was some surprise that the general public is so willing
to embrace
these new robots with artificial
is
found
(e.g.
during
47%
technologies and the perception was that physicians may be more resistant
than
general
public.
surgery or
in a the
test),
I
intelligence are
41%
trustphysician
robots with
and people
There is a very real fear that machines will take over many jobs, and don’t
that the
role may impersonal
well
40%
artificial
intelligence
need
the
“human
touch”
be the first to go. Yet there was wide agreement that AI and robotics are the future of healthcare. One
to
make
decisions
on
when
it
comes
to
their
32%
client commented, “Each new advance in technology
has changed the
patient/physician
relationship
what to
do
healthcare
17
%
and it’s important to remember that it is the health of the nation which is of utmost importance.”
% able to achieve much wider access for much less cost. The
The patient is ready; AI and robotics17
are
3%‘bridge the gap between legislative and regulatory framework and
biggest question was how we
innovation’.
13%
It’s worth noting that 17% overall chose both ‘I don’t
People need the "human touch" when it comes to their healthcare
If something unexpected is found (during surgery or in a test),
I don't trust robots to make decisions on what to do
Only a human healthcare professional can make the right decisions
(e.g. look beyond the data, use intuition, etc.)
We don't understand this kind of technology enough to know if it
can benefit or be dangerous in healthcare
It's too complicated for people to access and use this kind of technology
I don't see how this kind of technology can do a better job than a human
None of these
Don't know
9%
see how this kind of technology can do a better
job than a human’ and ‘It’s too complicated for
We also went out to our PwC staff across the region and they were even
more
willing
people
to access
andthan
use the
this general
kind of technology’ as
public to embrace AI and robotics for all questions. The key messages
that came from
our9%
staff
were
disadvantages,
yet only
didn’t
feel there would be
that the ability to access and analyse the vast amounts of data meant
there
would
be
fewer
mistakes
any disadvantages.
and more accurate diagnoses, although the perceived loss of the ‘human element’ of healthcare was
As with the advantages, though the percentages varied
of greatest concern.
from country to country, these disadvantages in this
order were the same across all countries, with
Market reactions to
Not applicable - no disadvantages
PwC staff survey
Source: PwC survey
the survey
Only a doctor or human
healthcare professional
can make the right
decisions for health
treatments/ procedures
(e.g. they look beyond the
data and take into account
context and underlying,
complexities, are able to
use intuition, etc.)
We don’t understand
this kind of technology
enough to know if it can
benefit or be dangerous
in healthcare
the exception of Saudi Arabia and Qatar, where
respondents felt the lack of ‘human touch’ was the
biggest disadvantage.
Thus, for our survey participants, better access to and
accuracy of healthcare services were the primary
motivators for willingness to use an AI-enabled or
robotic service, with lack of trust and the human
element as the primary reasons for their reluctance.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Transforming
Investment
Findings
Conclusion
References
About
Contacts
Good health for everyone
Access, Accuracy, Trust, Accountability
Artificial intelligence and robotic technologies have long
been seen as promising areas for healthcare. The explosion
of healthcare data combined with the rise in demand from
ageing populations around the world, rising costs, and
a shortage of supply – both in the number of healthcare
professionals needed to treat and care for an increasing
number of sick people and the availability and access to a
broader range of necessary services than ever before – has left
a monumental gap that only technology can fill.
Over the past few years the rapid progress of technology has
started to fulfil this promise and it’s just the beginning. As these
technologies develop, faster and better diagnoses, and more
effective treatments, will save more lives and cure more diseases,
and we will have more opportunities enabled by this technology
to live healthier lives.
Whether we like it or not, AI and robotics are the future of
healthcare.
Access to quality, affordable healthcare, and good health
for everyone is the ultimate goal. The economic and social
advantages to be gained from integrating AI and robotics
seamlessly into our existing healthcare systems, and then create
new models of healthcare based on these technologies, are
enormous. Yet healthcare remains personal, and we mustn’t lose
sight of the human element. This will mean redefining the various
roles of healthcare professionals, and ensuring that the necessary
new skills are understood and taught in or medical schools.
The public is ready to embrace this new world of
healthcare, but a few things need to happen:
1. For governments: create quality standards and a
regulatory framework which are applicable to and
obligatory for the entire healthcare sector, as well as the
appropriate incentives for adopting new approaches.
Linking regulations to facilities or humans, will
naturally inhibit adoption. Also, AI and robotics should
be seen as making healthcare more accessible and
affordable. There is a risk that these technologies may
become the provenance of the well off.
2. For healthcare professionals: understand how
AI and robotics have the potential to work for and
with them in a medical setting as well as throughout
the healthcare eco-system, and be open to change.
If clinicians will not be as good at monitoring,
diagnosis, decision making or surgery, then what
is the unique role for the human, and how can they
prepare for it?
3. For patients and the general public: become
more accustomed to artificial intelligence and robots
and discover its benefits for themselves. Although, we
suspect just as they have already adopted AI in their
everyday lives, health technologies will similarly be
taken up with alacrity.
4. For the private sector developing AI and
robotics solutions: and those solutions need to solve
the big issues of demand and resource that every
health system faces. In essence, by providing AI and
robotic driven solutions, the private sector has the
opportunity to disrupt healthcare for the good.
5. For decision-makers at healthcare institutions:
develop an evidence base, measure the success and
the effectiveness of the new technology; phased
implementation, prioritise and focus on what
consumers want and need.
Innovation from AI and robotics lies at the core of our
ability to redefine how we deliver healthcare to our
citizens. Digitally enabled care is no longer a nice-tohave, but a fundamental imperative for governments
and business to reinvent how healthcare is accessed
and delivered. This is creating unprecedented
opportunities to transform what has been provision
of healthcare that is traditionally focused on the
clinician, the hospital, their legacy infrastructure,
and incentives to maintain the status quo. AI and
robotics are the next wave in this transformation.
Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Transforming
Investment
Findings
Conclusion
Good health for everyone
Our survey also suggests that we will need to
be aware of how we approach these wide-scale
changes, remaining sensitive to the existing countryspecific systems:
• Beyond the disinvestment required for countries
with entrenched healthcare systems the
biggest challenge may well be the fundamental
shift in ingrained practices and behaviours by
both clinicians and the public. But there is also
the opportunity for real disruption, especially
if access to AI and robotics becomes broadly
accessible at lower costs, leaving the public health
system as a safety net.
• There is potentially the greatest opportunity for
countries with established but still developing
healthcare systems, because there is not the
same level of legacy infrastructure and process
as with entrenched systems. In addition, their
populations are younger and highly tech-savvy
across demographics. But they risk copying the
best of the very established systems, and their
population may begin to look elsewhere for their
healthcare needs.
• Those countries that are still on the path of
establishing widespread healthcare systems or
universal access have shown a high willingness to
engage with advanced technologies to fill the gaps
in care delivery. But there is risk: AI and robotics
as the foundation for healthcare access, capacity
and capability will either be transformational or
doomed, depending upon the implementation.
Currently we see the potential but don’t yet
have the evidence that AI and robotics will
fulfill their promise. Building flexibility into
developing new systems will require constant
evaluation and assessment.
But the world has changed. The public is ready
and willing to adopt these technologies. We in
healthcare must change with it. The transformative
power of technology has the potential for those
of us in healthcare to help industry leaders make
the fundamental, necessary shift from reactive
acute episodic care delivery towards proactive
continuing and enduring care for everyone. We have
the potential to harness data, turn it into applied
knowledge and do it more cheaply and with greater
access, thus enabling a New Health era.
In other words, good health for everyone.
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What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Transforming
Investment
Findings
Conclusion
References
About
Contacts
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Introduction
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Investment
Findings
Conclusion
References
About
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Continued
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Investment
Findings
Conclusion
References
About
Contacts
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What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Transforming
Investment
Findings
Conclusion
References
About
Contacts
About the survey
This research was conducted in November 2016
by YouGov, the world’s premier qualitative and
quantitative research suppliers. 11,086 people
participated in an online survey.
18%
35 – 44
Who we surveyed:
• Nationally representative samples for Belgium,
Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden,
Turkey and the UK;
• Urban representative samples for Nigeria, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and the United Arab
Emirates
17%
45 – 54
48%
Female
Gender
52%
Male
21%
25 – 34
Age groups
16%
18 – 24
28%
55+
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health
Introduction
Transforming
Investment
Findings
Conclusion
References
About
Contacts
Contacts
Dean Arnold
Dr Tim Wilson FRCGP FRCP MFPH
Europe, Middle East, Africa Leader, Health Industries
E: [email protected]
Middle East Leader, Health Industries
E: [email protected]
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The Design Group 30193 (03/17)