Download Unit 4 Immunology and Public Health SUMMARY QUESTIONS

Unit 4 Immunology and Public Health
SUMMARY QUESTIONS
Topic 1 – Non-specific Defence
1. Name the defence system of the human body.
2. This defence system helps to protect against pathogens, toxins and cancer cells.
What is a pathogen?
3. In what way, do we have a physical defence barrier?
4. In what way, do we have a chemical defence barrier?
5. During the inflammatory response, what cells are triggered?
6. What 2 chemicals do these cells produce?
7. What substance attracts phagocytes to the site of infection?
8. What substance causes vasodilation?
9. Name the other effect histamine has on blood capillaries.
10. Name the 2 other substances that are delivered to the site infection.
11. Which 2 white blood cells release cytokines?
12. Which type of white blood cell recognises surface antigens molecules on pathogens
and destroys them by engulfing them?
13. Name the process described in Q 12.
14. Which type of white blood cell induces the pathogen to produce self-destructive
enzymes?
15. Name the process described in Q 14.
Unit 4 Immunology and Public Health
SUMMARY QUESTIONS
Topic 2 – Specific Cellular Defence
1. Explain what is meant by ‘immune surveillance’.
2. If cells become damaged or invaded what substance is released?
3. What effect does this substance have on blood flow and as a consequence what
happens at the site of infection of tissue damage?
4. How many types of membrane receptors do lymphocytes have?
5. What molecule do these membrane receptors bind to?
6. Describe the characteristic of the membrane receptors found on lymphocytes
7. Explain when repeated lymphocyte division would occur
8. Explain what is meant ‘clonal selection theory’.
9. During immune surveillance, when would cytokines be released by cells?
10. Many specific white blood cells accumulate at the site of infection, explain why
this happens.
11. What term is used to describe the process where antigens bind to the membrane
receptor on a lymphocyte, which leads to repeated lymphocyte division resulting in
a clonal population of lymphocytes?
12. Name 3 things that lymphocytes specifically respond to.
13. Name the 2 types of lymphocytes.
14. Name the 2 types of T lymphocytes.
15. Which type of lymphocyte destroys infected cells by apoptosis?
16. Which type of lymphocyte secretes cytokines that activate B lymphocytes and
phagocytes?
17. Explain what is meant by an ‘antigen presenting cell’
18. What process do antigen presenting cells cause T-lymphocytes to undergo after
activating them?
19. Name a white blood cell which can become an antigen presenting cell.
20. Which type of lymphocyte produces a specific antibody?
21. Explain the role of this specific antibody.
22. Explain 3 effects of an antigen-antibody complex.
Unit 4 Immunology and Public Health
SUMMARY QUESTIONS
23. Explain what is meant by the term ‘cell lysis’.
24. How do antibodies make their way to an infected area in the body? (Where are
they secreted?)
25. Name 2 types of cells that can activate B lymphocytes to undergo clonal selection
26. Explain what is meant by a ‘memory cell’
27. Name the 2 types of white blood cell that could become memory cells.
28. WHEN would having memory cells become an advantage?
29. Name 3 advantages to having memory cells present in the body.
30. Which lymphocyte is able to distinguish between surface molecules of the body’s
own cells and cells with foreign molecules on their surface?
31. If the immune system regulation described in Q 22 fails, what effect could this
have on the lymphocyte?
32. Explain what is meant by ‘autoimmunity’.
33. Name 2 autoimmune diseases.
34. Which lymphocyte is involved in allergic reactions?
35. What additional word can used to describe the lymphocyte involved in allergic
reactions?
36. Explain what is meant by an ‘allergy’.
37. Name 2 types of allergic reactions.
Unit 4 Immunology and Public Health
SUMMARY QUESTIONS
Topic 3 – Transmission and Control of Infectious Diseases
1. What is the role of an epidemiologist?
2. Name 5 causes of infectious diseases.
3. Explain what is meant by ‘transmission’
4. Name 6 ways these infectious can be transmitted
5. Name 9 ways the transmission of infectious diseases can be controlled.
6. Form Q 5, identify the 3 methods which are an individual’s responsibility.
7. From Q 5, identify the 3 methods which are the responsibility of a community
8. Name the 4 classifications if the spread of diseases
9. Distinguish between sporadic and endemic
10. Distinguish between pandemic and epidemic
11. Name possible control measures that can be considered after the disease has
been studied by an epidemiologist.
Unit 4 Immunology and Public Health
SUMMARY QUESTIONS
Topic 4 – Active Immunisation, Vaccination and Evasion of Immune
Responses
1. Explain what is meant by ‘active immunity’
2. How can active immunity be developed?
3. What do vaccinations contain?
4. Name the 4 examples commonly found in vaccinations.
5. Explain the role of an adjuvant?
6. Give 2 reasons why vaccines are subjected to clinical trials being licensed for use
7. Name the 3 features every clinical trial must have
8. Explain what is meant by ‘double-blind’
9. Explain what is meant by a ‘placebo’
10. Explain the importance of having each of these features in a clinical trial.
11. Name one other feature each of the 2 groups of patients must have (think size)
12. Give 2 reasons why the group size is important in a clinical trial.
13. What term is used to describe a large percentage of the population being
immunised?
14. State the advantage for non-immunised people
15. Explain why vaccinating a large percentage of the population being vaccinated
helps to reduce the spread of disease.
16. Explain what is meant by ‘herd immunity threshold’
17. Name 3 factors that the herd immunity threshold depends on.
18. Explain the function of a public health immunisation programme.
19. Name 2 barriers to herd immunity and where each barrier is more likely to exist.
20. Explain what is meant by ‘antigenic variation’
21. Name 3 diseases where antigenic variation occurs and is therefore the reason why
these diseases are still so common.
22. Name 2 pathogens that directly attack the immune system
23. Which pathogen involves attaching lymphocytes?
24. What is the disease caused by the pathogen described in Q 23?
Unit 4 Immunology and Public Health
SUMMARY QUESTIONS
25. The absence or failure of some part of the system, can result in what?
26. Which pathogen involves hiding and surviving in phagocytes in order to avoid
immune detection?
27. What is the disease caused by the pathogen described in Q 25?