Download A-level Biology B Question paper Unit 4 - Energy, Control and

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General Certificate of Education
January 2009
Advanced Level Examination
BIOLOGY (SPECIFICATION B)
Unit 4 Energy, Control and Continuity
Thursday 22 January 2009
BYB4
1.30 pm to 3.00 pm
For this paper you must have:
● a ruler with millimetre measurements.
You may use a calculator.
For Examiner’s Use
Question
Mark
Question
1
9
2
10
Mark
Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes
Instructions
● Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
● Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
● Answer all questions.
● You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Answers
written in margins or on blank pages will not be marked.
● If you need extra space use page 22 for your answers.
● Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not
want to be marked.
Information
● The maximum mark for this paper is 81.
● The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
● Answers for Section A are expected to be short and precise.
● Answer questions in Section B in continuous prose where
appropriate. Quality of Written Communication will be assessed in
these answers.
● You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.
● Use accurate scientific terminology in your answers.
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SECTION A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
1 Figure 1 shows some of the muscles involved in moving the wing bone of a bird.
Figure 1
Wing bone
Shoulder joint
Muscle A
Muscle B
Breast bone
1
(a) Explain how these muscles are able to move the wing bone up and down.
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(b) Figure 2 shows a sarcomere in a relaxed muscle.
Figure 2
Actin
Myosin
Draw the appearance of this sarcomere in a contracted muscle.
(1 mark)
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(c) Explain the role of each of the following in muscle contraction.
1
(c)
(i) Tropomyosin
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(c)
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(ii) Myosin
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(a) Explain how independent assortment leads to variation in gametes.
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(b) Figure 3 shows a pair of homologous chromosomes during one stage of meiosis.
Figure 3
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(b)
(i) On Figure 3 use a label line and the letter C to label a centromere.
(1 mark)
2
(b)
(ii) What is meant by homologous chromosomes?
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(1 mark)
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(b) (iii) Complete Figure 4 to show how the chromatids in Figure 3 would be distributed
in the four nuclei produced at the end of meiosis.
Figure 4
(2 marks)
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3 Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a substance found in puffer fish. TTX blocks sodium channels in
axons. In ancient China, TTX was used to treat patients who had uncontrollable muscle
contractions. Suggest why TTX was effective.
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(a) Name the part of the brain involved in monitoring blood temperature.
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(1 mark)
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(b) Name the part of the cerebral hemispheres involved in
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(b)
(i) understanding speech
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(b)
(ii) interpreting visual information.
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(2 marks)
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(c) An injury damaged a man’s left cerebral hemisphere. The only effect of this injury
was that he could understand a question but was unable to speak a reply.
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(c)
(i) Which part of his left cerebral hemisphere was most likely to have been
damaged?
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(1 mark)
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(c)
(ii) Explain how the damage produced this effect.
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5 Scientists isolated mitochondria to investigate respiration. They added various substances to
the mitochondria and measured the concentration of oxygen in the preparation. The graph
shows their results.
ADP added
Acetylcoenzyme A
added
Concentration
of oxygen in the
preparation
Time
5
(a) The scientists used acetylcoenzyme A as the respiratory substrate. Explain why the
scientists did not use glucose as the respiratory substrate.
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(b) The concentration of oxygen changes when ADP is added. Explain why.
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(a) Figure 5 shows the absorption spectra of cone cells in the fovea of a human and of a
bird.
Figure 5
Ultraviolet Blue
Green
Yellow
Red
Human
Absorption
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Bird
Absorption
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Wavelength / nm
Using Figure 5 suggest how the colour vision of a bird is different from the colour
vision of a human.
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(b) Figure 6 shows the relationship between the density of cone cells in the human eye
and the distance from the centre of the fovea.
Figure 6
X
Density of
cone cells
Distance from the
centre of the fovea
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(b)
(i) Draw a curve on Figure 6 to show the change in the density of rod cells. (1 mark)
6
(b)
(ii) An object forming an image at point X is seen with low visual acuity. Explain
why.
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7 One form of baldness in humans is controlled by two alleles, B and b, of a single gene. This
gene is not on the X chromosome but the expression of the gene is affected by the sex of a
person.
Men who are BB or Bb will become bald. Men who are bb will not become bald.
Women who are BB will become bald. Women who are Bb or bb will not become bald.
One type of colour blindness is controlled by a sex-linked gene, found on the
A
X chromosome. The dominant allele X leads to normal colour vision and the recessive
a
allele X leads to colour blindness.
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(a)
(i) Give all the possible genotypes of a bald man who has normal colour vision.
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(1 mark)
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(a)
(ii) Give all the possible genotypes of a woman who will not become bald and who
carries one allele for colour blindness.
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(1 mark)
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(b) A mother and a father are both heterozygous for the gene for baldness. The father has
normal colour vision and the mother is heterozygous for the gene for colour blindness.
Complete the genetic diagram to show the probability of a son of this couple being
colour blind but not becoming bald.
Father
Mother
Genotypes of parents
Gametes
Genotypes of sons
Probability of son being colour blind but not becoming bald ....................................................
(4 marks)
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8 The diagram shows the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis.
Light energy
Chlorophyll
molecules of
photosystem II
Light energy
First electron
transport chain
Oxygen
Second electron
transport chain
ADP +
phosphate
Water
ATP
Reduced NADP
Chlorophyll
molecules of
photosystem I
8
(a) Using the diagram, explain the part played by water in the production of ATP during
photosynthesis.
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(2 marks)
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(b) Scientists investigated the effect of a herbicide on the light-dependent reaction. They
measured the effects of different concentrations of the herbicide on the production of
oxygen and on both electron transport chains. The graph shows the results.
100
100
Oxygen
production as
percentage of
control without
herbicide
Second electron
transport chain
First electron
transport chain
50
Electron
transport as
50 percentage of
control without
herbicide
Oxygen
production
0
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0
0
Herbicide concentration
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Using all of the information, suggest how the herbicide causes each of the following
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(b)
(i) the reduction in the production of oxygen
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(b)
(ii) the death of plants.
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SECTION B
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
Answer questions in continuous prose, where appropriate.
Quality of Written Communication will be assessed in these answers.
9 The diagram shows the taxonomic relationships between some mammals.
Brown
bear
Sun
bear
Spectacled
bear
Giant
panda
Red
panda
Raccoon
Dog
0
20
40
60
Time before
present /
millions of
years
80
Common
ancestor
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(a)
100
(i) Which two species are most closely related?
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(1 mark)
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(a)
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(ii) The stink badger is related to the red panda, and the two species diverged
40 million years before present. Add a line to the diagram to show the
relationship between the red panda and the stink badger.
(1 mark)
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(a) (iii) Suggest two types of evidence that could have been used to construct this
diagram.
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(2 marks)
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(b)
(i) The red panda is a member of the kingdom Animalia. Give three features that
distinguish all members of this kingdom from all members of the plant kingdom.
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(3 marks)
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(b)
(ii) Complete the table to show the classification of the red panda, Ailurus fulgens.
Kingdom
Phylum
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Family
Ailuridae
Genus
(2 marks)
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9
(c) The red panda is native to South East Asia. There are two populations that are
separated by a deep river gorge. These populations are very different from each other
in appearance.
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(c)
(i) How could scientists show that the two populations are the same species?
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(c)
(ii) In time, the two populations may become different species. Explain how.
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10
(a) The vampire bat is a small flying mammal that feeds on blood. The rapid intake of
blood during a feed leads to a large increase in body mass of the bat. It also leads to
the production and release of large amounts of dilute urine.
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(a)
(i) Explain the advantage of the increased rate of urine production during feeding.
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(ii) After a blood meal has been digested, the vampire bat produces concentrated
urine. Explain how urine is concentrated in mammals.
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(b) Vampire bats are able to maintain a constant body temperature when the environmental
temperature falls. Explain how.
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END OF QUESTIONS
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