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CONTENTS
List of illustrations x
Acknowledgements xii
Chapter One
The Condition of Europe c. 1789
1
Europe's extent and the concept of Europe 2
The social and economic background 3
Industry and trade 5
The states of Europe 6
The Enlightenment 12
Chapter Two
The French Revolution, 1785-89
16
Key dates 17
SECTION A
The collapse of the ancien regime, 1786—89 17
The year 1789 21
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
Poverty or prosperity as explanations for the French Revolution
26
Chapter Three The Collapse of the French Monarchy and
the International Response, 1789-92 31
Key dates 32
SECTION A
The constitutional monarchy, 1789-92 32
The international response and the outbreak of war 37
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
Why did the experiment in constitutional monarchy fail? 41
Chapter Four
The Revolution at War
45
Key dates 46
SECTION A
The radicalisation of the French Revolution under the pressure of war 46
The reign of Terror 50
The Directory 56
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
Why did Republican France wage war, and what effect did war have on the Revolution?
Chapter Five
The Rule of Napoleon
59
64
Key dates 65
SECTION A
Napoleon's rule in France 66
War, 1803-08 70
Defeat, 1808-15 73
Simpson, William
Europe, 1783-1914
2009
digitalisiert durch:
IDS Luzern
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The Napoleonic impact on France 76
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
Napoleon's relationship to the French Revolution
77
Chapter Six The Impact of the French Revolution and Napoleon on Europe and the
Congress of Vienna 82
Key dates 83
SECTION A
The varied impact of French rule 84
The making of the peace settlement 90
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
The Treaty of Vienna: a backward looking settlement?
96
Chapter Seven The Industrialisation of Europe and its Effects
101
Key dates 102
SECTION A
Economic change 103
Science and the industrial revolution 107
Social consequences of industrialisation 110
Ideological responses to industrialisation 114
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
Living standards and the industrial revolution 116
Chapter Eight
Changes in the World of Ideas
121
Key dates 122
SECTION A
Newways of looking at the world 122
Romanticism 126
The cultural achievement 129
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
The significance of the Romantic movement 135
Chapter Nine Nationalism and the Breakdown of the
Concert of Europe, 1815-56 140
Key dates 141
SECTION A
Nationalism and its supporters 142
Challenges to the Vienna settlement 144
The Near East 146
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
Nationalism and its opponents 149
ChapterTen
Restoration Europe, 1815-48, and Challenges to Authority
Key dates 155
SECTION A
France 1815-48 156
The Habsburg empire and the German Confederation
162
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Russia 164
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
Reaction, change and the failure of the French monarchy
170
Chapter Eleven
175
1848: The Year of Revolutions
Key dates 176
SECTION A
The political and economic background 177
The course of Revolution 178
The re-establishment of authority 184
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
The 1848 revolutions: common features and failures
Chapter Twelve
188
The Second Empire in France, 1851-70
192
Key dates 193
SECTION A
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte and power 194
The flourishing of the Second Empire: the 1850s 196
Failure or fulfilment: 1860-70 200
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
Liberal at home and abroad? 205
Chapter Thirteen
The Unification of Italy, 1849-71
209
Key dates 210
SECTION A
The nationalist movement prior to 1860 211
Italian unification, 185 0-61 213
Remaining problems 219
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
The roles of Mazzini, Cavour and Garibaldi in the making of Italy
Chapter Fourteen
The Unification of Germany, 1849-71
220
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Key dates 226
SECTION A
Possible solutions to the German problem 227
Pressures to unite 229
The process of unification, 1848-61 230
The process of unification, 1862—66 232
The process of unification, 1866-71 234
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
Bismarck's role in the unification of Germany 239
Chapter Fifteen
Reform and Reaction in Russia, 1849-94
Key dates 245
SECTION A
Defeat under Nicholas I
246
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Alexander II, 1855-81 247
Alexander III and the return to reaction, 1881-94 254
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
The limitations of Alexander II's reforms 255
Chapter Sixteen
The Age of Imperialism
262
Key dates 263
SECTION A
Economic growth in Europe 264
The imperialist impulse 268
Africa and the Far East 273
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
Colonial expansion and European rivalries 282
Chapter Seventeen
Europe and the United States, 1763-1914
Key dates 287
SECTION A
Europe and the United States 287
The political relationship, 1776-1865; 1865-1914
The economic relationship 304
Immigration 306
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
Heritage, environment or experience 307
Chapter Eighteen
286
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Marxism and the Growth of Working Class Organisations
Key dates 312
SECTION A
Karl Marx, his life and works 312
Varieties of Marxism 315
Working class movements 316
International organisations 319
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
Left-wing alternatives to capitalism 320
Chapter Nineteen
The Third Republic in France, 1871-1914
Key dates 326
SECTION A
Establishing the Republic, 1870—79: a compromise with the past
Challenges to the Republic 331
French foreign and colonial policy, 1871—1906 336
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
The extent of support for the Third Republic 339
Chapter Twenty
Imperial Germany, 1871-1912
Key dates 346
SECTION A
The problems of German history
347
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German domestic history, 1871-1914 347
German foreign policy, 1871-90 355
German foreign policy, 1890-1912 358
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
The links between German domestic concerns and foreign policy
Chapter Twenty-One
The Habsburg Empire, 1848-1914
361
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Key dates 367
SECTION A
The problems facing the Habsburg empire 368
The return to absolutism 370
Austria-Hungary under the Ausglekh, 1867—1914 372
Austrian foreign policy, 1849-1908 376
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
The weaknesses of the Habsburg empire 380
Chapter Twenty-Two
Russia, 1894-1914
384
Key dates 385
SECTION A
Witte's reforms and the 1905 Revolution 386
Stolypin's reforms and the Dumas 389
Foreign policy, 1894-1914 392
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
The impact of the Dumas and Stolypin's reforms 394
Chapter Twenty-Three International Relations, 1890-1914, and
the Origins of the First World War 401
Key dates 402
SECTION A
The background to 1914 402
The Balkan tangle 409
Countdown to catastrophe 411
SECTION B - TOPICS FOR DEBATE
Responsibility for the outbreak of war 415
Chapter Twenty-Four
Europe in 1914: Retrospect and Prospect
European states and empires 422
Forms of government 423
The European economic system 424
Society 425
Science and technology 426
The intellectual climate 428
Cultural trends 433
Challenges to Europe's stability 437
Index
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