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JSCSC LIBRARY BIBLIOGRAPHY Research Guide Series Combat Stress © Crown Copyright/ Defence Imagery/ OGL 2015 © JSCSC in partnership with Combat Stress Combat stress has several different forms: Combat stress reaction (CSR) – also called “shell shock” or “battle fatigue” – is a short-term effect of battle that was most notably observed in the First World War. Symptoms include slow reaction times, a disconnection from surroundings (the result of which is the “thousand-yard stare” often seen in WWI photographs of shell-shocked victims), indecision, nausea, difficulty in controlling reactions (for example, anger) and depression. A longer-term stress reaction is Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which often develops after severe trauma, including accidents, rape, combat and war. As well as the symptoms associated with CSR, PTSD often manifests as flashbacks, nightmares and insomnia, and can have severe effects on social and occupational spheres. There has been continuous debate about the validity of CSR. During the First World War, soldiers were classed as “wounded” if a shell-blast was thought to have caused their distress; if not, they were classed as “sick”, which would disqualify them from receiving a pension. Many of the soldiers executed for desertion received a posthumous pardon in 2006, when it was recognised that many of them suffered from CSR. Accusations of malingering and cowardice were often levelled at those suffering from CSR: most famously, General Patton slapped a soldier suffering from CSR, calling him a “gutless bastard.1” The treatments used for CSR have also been debated, as have the ethics of sending distressed soldiers back into combat (most notably during the Vietnam conflict). However, the recognition and treatment of both CSR and PTSD has improved greatly in the modern era. It has also been recognised that peacekeeping, as well as active warfare, can lead to trauma: Canadian General Romeo Dallaire, leader of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda, developed PTSD after being unable to intervene in the Rwandan genocide in 1994. This bibliography has been designed to provide a guide as to where to find information on combat stress. Please note that the list of references below is a selection of the more relevant titles and information on the subject. The list is not intended to be exhaustive or definitive but is an introductory guide to some of the resources available. Monographs Adler, Amy B., et al (eds.). Deployment psychology: evidence-based strategies to promote mental health in the military. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2011, 294 p. Adler, Amy B., et al (eds.). Military life: the psychology of serving in peace and combat, volume 2: operational stress. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006, 255 p. Asken, Michael, J. Condition Black: Stress, fear and mental toughness In Warrior mindset: mental toughness skills for a nation’s peacekeepers. Millstadt, IL: Warrior Science Group, 2010, 254 p. Babington, Anthony. Shell-shock: a history of the changing attitudes to war neurosis. London: Leo Cooper, 1997, 218 p. 1 Atkinson, Rick. The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy 1943–1944. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2007, p. 147. Barham, Peter. Forgotten lunatics of the Great War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004, 451 p. Binneveld, Hans. From shell shock to combat stress: a comparative history of military psychiatry. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1997, 220 p. Blower, Neil. Shell Shock: the diary of Tommy Atkins. Eastbourne: FireStep Publishing, 2011, 136 p. Bracken, Patrick J., & Petty, Celia (eds.). Rethinking the trauma of war. London: Free Association Books, 1998, 200 p. Brewin, Chris R. Post-traumatic stress disorder: malady or myth? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003, 271 p. Brook, Ray. The stress of combat the combat of stress: caring strategies towards exservice men and women. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2010, 344 p. Brooks, Maj Michael L. 21st Century Combat Post-Traumatic Stress: An Effective and Resilient Military Force. Quantico, VA: USMC Command and Staff College, 2008, 33p. Caplan, Paula J. When Johnny and Jane come marching home: how all of us can help veterans. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011, 282 p. Cohen, Marjorie & Gilberd, Kathleen. The medical side of war. In Rules of disengagement: the politics and honor of military dissent. Sausalito, CA: PoliPointPress, 2009, 226 p. Coleman, Penny. Flashback: posttraumatic stress disorder, suicide, and the lessons of war. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2006, 223 p. Copp, Terry, & Humphries, Mark Osborne. Combat stress in the 20th Century: the Commonwealth perspective. Kingston, ON: Canadian Defence Academy Press, 2010, 595 p. Dandeker, Christopher, et al. Improving the delivery of cross departmental support and services for veterans. London: King's College, 2003, 176 p. Dickey, Maj G W. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a complementary treatment for combat/operational stress and combat post-traumatic stress disorder. Quantico, VA: USMC Command and Staff College, 2008, 30p. Doucette, Fred. Empty casing: a soldier’s memoir of Sarajevo under siege. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre, 2008, 228 p. Fink, George. Stress of war, conflict and disaster. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2010, 886 p. Finkel, Daniel. Thank you for your service. New York, NY: Sarah Crichton Books, 2013, 256 p. Finley, Erin P. Fields of combat: understanding PTSD among veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 2011, 221 p. Frederick, Jim. Black hearts: one platoon's descent into madness in Iraq's triangle of death. London: Macmillan, 2010, 439 p. Freeman, Sharon, et al (eds.). Living and surviving in harm’s way: a psychological treatment handbook for pre- and post-deployment of military personnel. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009, 513 p. Gabriel, Richard A. (ed.). Military psychiatry: a comparative perspective. New York, NY: Greenwood Press, 1986, 214 p. Gabriel, Richard A. No more heroes: madness and psychiatry in war. New York, NY: Hill and Wang, 1987, 179 p. Grossman, Dave. On killing: the psychological cost of learning to kill in war and society. New York, NY: Back Bay Books, 2009, 377 p. Hancock, Peter A., & Szalma, James L. (eds.). Performance under stress. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008, 389 p. Helmus, Todd C., & Glen, Russell W. Steeling the mind: combat stress reactions and their implications for urban warfare. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2005, 150 p. Henden, John. Beating combat stress: 101 techniques for recovery. Malden, MA: WileyBlackwell, 2011, 150 p. Hicks, Trevor. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the law. Boca Raton, FL: Dissertation.com, 2003, 113 p. Hoge, Charles W. Once a warrior, always a warrior: navigating the transition from combat to home – including combat stress, PTSD, and mTBI. Guilford, CT: GPP Life, 2010, 303 p. Holden, Wendy. Shell shock. London: Channel 4 Books, 1998, 192 p. Hunt, Nigel, C. Memory, war and trauma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 232 p. Johnson, James D. Combat trauma: a personal look at long-term consequences. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, 197 p. Jones, Edgar, & Wessely, Simon. Shell shock to PTSD: military psychiatry from 1900 to the Gulf War. Hove: Psychology Press, 2005, 300 p. Laurence, Janice H., & Matthews, Michael D. The Oxford handbook of military psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, 417 p. Lawhorne, Cheryl, & Philpott, Don. Combat-related traumatic brain injury and PTSD: a resource and recovery guide. Lanham, MD: Government Institutes, 2010, 270 p. Lee, Harry André, & Jones, Edgar (eds.). War and health: lessons from the Gulf War. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2007, 154 p. McCain, Cilla. Murder in Baker Company: how four American soldiers killed one of their own. Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press, 2010, 282 p. Mental Health Foundation. Need 2 know: the mental health of veterans - executive briefing. London: Mental Health Foundation, 2010. NATO Standardization Agency. A psychological guide for leaders across the deployment cycle (STANAG 2565). Brussels: NATO Standardization Agency, 2011, var pag. O’Connor, Richard B. Collateral damage: how can the Army best serve a soldier with post-traumatic stress disorder? Arlington, VA: Institute of Land Warfare, 2009, 28 p. Paulson, Daryl S., & Krippner, Stanley. Haunted by combat: understanding PTSD in war veterans including women, reservists, and those coming back from Iraq. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2010, 203 p. Reid, Fiona. Broken men: shell shock, treatment and recovery in Britain, 1914-1930. London: Continuum, 2011, 214 p. Rivers, W. H. R. Instinct and the unconscious: a contribution to a biological theory of the psycho-neuroses. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922, 252 p. Scurfield, Raymond M. Post-traumatic stress disorder and the healing from the war In Weist, Andrew, & Barbier, Mary Kathryn (eds.). America and the Vietnam war: re-examining the culture and history of a generation. New York, NY: Routledge, 2010, 324 p. Shephard, Ben. A war of nerves. London: Jonathan Cape, 2000, 487 p. Sher, Leo, & Vilens, Alexander (eds.). War and suicide. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2009, 306 p. Sherman, Nancy. The untold war: inside the hearts, minds, and souls of our soldiers. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2010, 338 p. Sills, Peter. Toxic war: the story of Agent Orange. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2014, 285 p. Sinclair, Robert and Britt, Thomas. Building psychological resilience in military personnel: theory and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2013, 268 p. Smith, G. Elliott, & Pear, T. H. Shell shock and its lessons (1917). Whitefish, MT: Keesinger Publishing, 2010, 135 p. Southard, E. E. Shell-shock and other neuropsychiatric problems: presented in five hundred and eighty-nine case histories from the war literature, 1914-1918, parts 1 & 2. Facsimile of 1919 Edition. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2010, var pag. Tanielian, Terri L., & Jaycox, Lisa (eds.). Invisible wounds of war: psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2008, 453 p. United Kingdom. War Office Committee. Army. Report of the War Office Committee of Enquiry into “shell-shock”. Cmd. 1734. London: HMSO, 1922, 215 p. Walters, David J. After the Falklands: finally overcoming the nightmare of PTSD. Penryn: Ecademy Press, 2007, 112 p. Winter, Jay. Chapter 13: Shell shock. In The Cambridge history of the First World War, volume III: civil society, edited by Jay Winter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, 763 p. Wood, Jake. Among you: the extraordinary true story of a soldier broken by war. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 2013, 448 p. Periodical Articles Barker, Michael. Medicine and the GWOT: what we've learned, what it's cost, and the veterans crisis to come. Armed Forces Journal, March 2013, pp. 16-32 Black, James. Post-traumatic stress disorder: A personal story of fighting back. The Armor and Cavalry Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3, May-June 2009, pp. 23-25. Card-Mina, Mary. Leadership and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Military Review, Vol. 91, No. 1, January-February 2011, pp. 47-53. Darwin, Janie. When war hits home. US Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 137, No. 2, February 2013, pp. 50-54 Garske, Gregory. Military-related PTSD: A Focus on the Symptomatology and Treatment Approaches. Journal of Rehabilitation, Vol. 77, No. 4, October/December 2011, pp. 31-36. Grice, Michael. Leading with PTSD: suffering from what they have experienced. Marine Corps Gazette, Vol. 96, No. 8, August 2012, pp. 12-14. Kamienski, Lukasz. Helping the postmodern Ajax: Is managing combat trauma through pharmacology a Faustian bargain? Armed Forces & Society, Vol. 39, No. 3, July 2013, pp. 395-414 MacManus, Deirde. The mental health of the UK armed forces in the 21st century: resilience in the face of adversity. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 2014, pp. 1-6. Mattila, Amy M. U.S. Army combat operational stress control throughout the deployment cycle: A case study. Work, Vol. 38, No. 1, February 2011, pp. 13-18. Mulligan, Kathleen, et al. Mental health of UK military personnel while on deployment in Iraq. The British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 197, 2010, pp. 405-410. Ochberg, Frank. An injury, not a disorder. Military Review, Vol. XCIII, No. 2, March-April 2013, pp. 96-99. Reger, Greg M., & Moore, Bret A. Combat Operational Stress Control in Iraq: Lessons Learned During Operation Iraqi Freedom. Military Psychology, Vol. 18, No. 4, October 2006, pp. 297-307. Riggs, David, & Sermanian, Diana. Prevention and Care of Combat-Related PTSD: Directions for Future Explorations. Military Medicine, August 2012 Supplement, pp. 14-20. Schneider, James. A Leader's Grief: T.E. Lawrence, Leadership, and PTSD. Military Review, Vol. 92, No. 1, January/February 2012, pp. 75-80. Stagner, Annessa C. Healing the soldier, restoring the nation: representations of shell shock in the USA during and after the First World War. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 49, No. 2, April 2014, pp. 255-274 Steele, Dennis. Soldier’s minds: no place to retreat. Army, Vol. 60, No. 5, May 2010, pp. 3638. Van Norman, Jessica. Lifting the fog of war: combating post-traumatic stress disorder. Marine Corps Gazette, Vol. 94, No. 7, July 2010, pp. 69-73. Websites Kings Centre for Military Health Research http://www.kcl.ac.uk/kcmhr/ [Accessed 19.02.2015] British Legion: Meeting the healthcare needs of veterans http://www.britishlegion.org.uk/media/1163063/veteranshealthcareneedsgps.pdf [Accessed 28.05.2015] Basic Copyright/Plagiarism Rules: Please reference all information sources used, in the appropriate manner. Please note that copyright may apply to the use of material obtained from the web, including images. Related Research Guides See also: Images of War Military Culture Leadership Any Queries Contact [email protected] Tel: 01793 788237 Mil: 96161 8237 Compiler: Rhys Thomas, 2011 Updated: Luke Johnstone, 2015 © Crown copyright. Cover image taken from Defence Imagery, Crown Copyright licensed under Open Government License. <http://www.defenceimagery.mod.uk> [accessed May 25, 2011]