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CH. 1 Europe and Russia: Physical Geography Section 1 Land and Water p.10-16 Europe and Russia are part of the world’s largest landmass called __________________. The country of Russia stretches over both continents. About one fourth of Russia is in Europe; the rest is in Asia. The _________________ _________________ form the boundary between Europe and Asia. Most of Europe has a higher _________________ ___________________ than the rest of the world. DEF: ____________________________________________________________ • Western Europe has a population density of about 270 people per square mile. • Russia has a population density of __________ people per square mile. The continent of Europe forms a ____________________ that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean. DEF: _______________________________________________________ Many smaller peninsulas form seas and bays. These sheltered bodies of water created safe harbors and allowed Europeans to explore and to trade. They became the world’s leaders in the _________________________ industry. __________________ Peninsula countries of Norway and Sweden __________________ Peninsula country of Denmark __________________ Peninsula countries of Spain and Portugal __________________ Peninsula country of Italy __________________ Peninsula country of Greece contains many mountain ranges crossroads for Europe, Asia and Africa __________________ Mountains border between Spain and France blocks ocean breezes making Southern Europe drier ______________Mountain System stretch from France to the Balkans (the _________ ) __________________ Mountains divide the European and Asian continents North European Plain covers more than half of Europe stretches from France to Russia most productive farmland and largest cities ________________ River a large ______________________ river DEF:_____________________________________ begins in the Alps of Switzerland, flows through Central Europe and empties into the North Sea ________________ River longest in Western Europe (1800 miles) begins in the Black Forest of Germany, flows through Eastern Europe and empties into the Black Sea ________________ River longest river in Russia (2200 miles) flows south to the Caspian Sea canals connect it to the Black and the Baltic Seas __________________ region of eastern Russia marshes and wetlands frozen 8 mos. a year _____________ __________ east of Caspian Sea large, dry lowlands with high mountains to the south Section 2 Climate and Vegetation p.17-23 Western Europe’s climate is mild because of the ________________________________. DEF: ____________________________________________________________ • • • The ocean breezes cool the land in summer and warm the land in winter making Western Europe’s temperatures much milder than we would expect at that latitude. The northern part will still have cold, snowy winters with cool summers The southern part will have mostly hot summers with mild winters. The _____________________________ affect the amount of rainfall in Europe. • • Ocean breezes bring plenty of moisture to the coastal areas. The Alps and Pyrenees prevent Atlantic breezes from reaching areas east and south of the mountains. These areas have much lighter rainfall due to the ___________________________________. DEF: _______________________________________________________ Eastern Europe and the western part of Russia are in the __________________ climate zone. • • • Seasons range from warm to hot summers with mild to cold winters Temperature changes are based on the latitude. This area is too far from the coast to be affected by the Gulf Stream. Siberia is a huge ______________________ climate region. • • • short, cool summers & long cold winters very few people an Arctic climate with tundra to the north The natural vegetation of much of Europe is _______________________. • ______________________ forests are found across northern Europe and Asia including the largest in the world called the ____________________. • _______________________ forests cover most of Western and Central Europe. • Many forests have been cleared to make way for farms, factories and cities. • Others, such as the __________________ Forest of Germany, are threatened today by logging and acid rain. ___________________________ are a major vegetation region in Europe and Russia. • They once covered the North European Plain and were used for farming. • In Russia, the grasslands are called the __________________. • Today, much of this land has been populated and the prairie is disappearing. The northern parts of Europe and Russia are _______________________. DEF:____________________________________________________________ • Few people live in these northern regions because the winters can last nine months and the ground contains _______________________________. DEF: ____________________________________________________________ Section 3 Resources and Land Use p.26-32 Western Europe is a wealthy region and a world leader in economic development because of their rich and varied supply of natural resources. Fertile Soil • Ample rich soil available for farming (about 25% arable) • Wind has deposited _________________________ to enrich the soil. DEF: ______________________________________________________ • Plentiful _______________ and a ____________________ climate make for a long growing season. • Farmers are able to produce abundant crops. Abundant Water • Valuable resource needed for people, animals and crops. • Navigable rivers connect the ____________________ countries to the sea. DEF: ________________________________________________ • Rivers also used to generate ___________________ ___________________ . DEF: ___________________________________________________ Fuel Deposits • Deposits of oil and natural gas found in the North Sea. • Coal deposits in the U.K. and Germany’s Ruhr Valley. • Resources allowed Europe to become leading industrial area. • Fossil fuels DEF: _________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Eastern Europe has resources similar to Western Europe. Fertile Soil • Rich, arable land throughout the North European Plain. • The ___________________ of Ukraine make farming an important industry. Water • Eastern Europe has fewer water resources than Western Europe. • The Balkan Peninsula produces hydroelectric power. Fuel • Coal deposits are found in Poland, Czech Republic, and Ukraine. • Oil and natural gas found in Ukraine and Romania. Russia has a huge supply of natural resources, but is still having difficulty turning those resources into wealth. • has less than 20% of arable land. • a harsh climate and a short growing season add to the difficulties • few navigable rivers • the world’s largest forest reserves, natural gas reserves, and iron ore • one of the world’s top oil producers • one-third of the world’s coal reserves • most of the resources are in ___________________ making the extraction and transportation of these resources a challenge