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Body Systems The Foundations • Smallest unit = atom. • Grouped atoms = molecules • Multiple molecules = organelles • Organelles = system of cells • Cell cluster = tissues/organs • Organ systems = organism Hierarchy of the Body Organism Molecule Organ System Atom Organ Organelle Tissue Cells • Outside = Plasma Membrane • Inside = Cytoplasm • Fluid = Cytosol • Nucleus = Genetic Center • Cytoskeleton = Maintain Shape • Mitochondria = Energy • Ribosome's = Proteinsof Cell Overview • Lysosomes = digestive enzymes & Cell Membrane GolgiApparatus Lysosome Peroxisome Phagocytic Vesicle Free Ribosome Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin Mitochondrion Karyoplasm Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Cytoskeleton Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Cytoplasm Centrioles Plasma Membrane • Several types in the human body • Exocrine glands secrete products into tubes/ducts • Endocrine glands secrete products into spaces between cells • Picked up by blood/lymph system • Have impact on target tissues • Unicellular or Multi-Cellular Glands Exocrine Gland Endocrine Gland • Make up organs and binding material in body • Four types: • • • • Single layer flattened cells-simple squamous Single layer cube cells-simple cuboidal Single layer long columnar cells-simple columnar Multiple layers of flattened cells• Transitional • Stratified squamous Epithelia Stratified Squamous Simple Squamous Simple Cubodial Simple Columnar Transitional • Varied group of associated tissues • Cells, fibers, matrix • Tissues that belong to connective tissue: • Loose connective tissue • Collagenous fibers • Elastic fibers • Reticular fibers • Tissues: • Dense regular • Dense irregular • Elastic fibers • Reticular fibers • Adipose tissue Connective Tissue Collagenous fiber Matrix Fibrocyte Collagenous fiber Elastic Fiber Loose Connective Collagenous fiber Elastic Connective Tissue Reticular Fibers Regular connective Collagenous fiber Dense irregular connective Reticular Connective Tissue Adipocyte Adipose Tissue Elastic fiber • Cartilage: • Hyaline cartilage • Fibro cartilage • Elastic cartilage • Bone cells = osteocytes • Matrix in blood: • Plasma/Erythrocytes/Leukocytes Connective Tissue Continued Matrix Osteocyte Bone Erythrocyte Leukocytes Blood Platelet Plasma • Muscle Tissues: • • • • Skeletal tissue Cardiac muscle Smooth Muscle Nervous Tissue Muscle and Nervous Tissue Striations Nuclei Nuclei Intercalated disc Cell Skeletal Muscle Nuclei Cell Cardiac Muscle Nerve Cell Body Dendrites Glial Cells Nucleus Nervous Tissue Smooth Muscle Axon Skeletal System • Parts: • • • • • • Bones Ligaments Tendons Joints Connective Tissue Cartilage Skeletal System • Functions • • • • • Frame work Allows movement Supports and protects organs Storage system Produce cells (blood/immune) Skeletal System Synovial Joints • A joint is the point at which two bones meet • Types of joints: • • • • • • Hinge Gliding Rotating Condyloid Ball and socket Saddle Gliding Ball & Socket Hinge Condyloid Rotating Saddle Skeletal System Compact Bone Skeletal System Cervical Vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Skeletal System a. True Ribs Clavicle Humerus b. False Ribs Scapulae c. Costal Cartilage d. Floating Ribs Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Skeletal Muscle Os Coxae Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Common Skeletal Problems • Fracture • Dislocation • Sprain • Overuse • Sclerosis • Osteoporosis Think, Pair, Share •Evaluate the intricacy of a bone and how it is constantly changing due to its environment. • What are the benefits of physical activity on bones and what type of activity do bones benefit from? Muscular System • Functions • • • • • • Tissues work with skeletal system for movement Voluntary action Maintain posture and stabilize joints Contract/isometric/isotonic Flexion/Extension/Hyper extension Provides heat Muscular System Frontalis Trapezius Deltoid Pectoralis Diaphragm External Internal Oblique Biceps External/Internal Intercostals Flexor/Extensor Carpi Rectus Abdominis Flexor/Extensor Digitorum Quadriceps Tibialis Anterior Muscular System Rhomboid Major Teres Minor Trapezius Rhomboid Minor Infraspinatus Teres Major Triceps Latissimus Dorsi Gluteus Maximus Hamstrings Gastrocnemius Muscular System Parts • Approximately 650 muscles • Individual bundles • Enclosed by sarcolemma • Sarcomere • Actin and myosin • Neuromuscular junction • Sliding Filament Theory • Muscle fibers- endomysium- myofibrils - myofilaments • Actin and Myosin interact with sarcomere bounded by z line • ATP = breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration Muscular System Muscular System Muscular System • Problems • Strain • Muscle Cramp • Muscle Dystrophy • Type 1 & 2 Fibers Think, Pair, Share •Recall the complexity of the sliding filament theory and how actin and myosin work together in order to create a muscle contraction. • Discuss and provide an analogy to explain how a muscle receives an impulse from the brain to the muscle in order to perform a contraction. Circulatory System • Functions • • • • Distribute nutrients Transport wastes Distribute hormones Regulate body temperature • Transport • • • • • • Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Nutrients H20 Hormones Waste Products • Immune Response • WBC Circulatory System Internal Jugular Vein Common carotid artery Aortic arch Pulmonary trunk Superior vena cava Heart Brachial artery Inferior vena cava Aorta Femoral artery Femoral vein Circulatory System • Parts • • • • • • • • • • • Aorta L/R Atrium L/R Ventricle Pulmonary Arteries Capillaries Veins Red Blood Cells White blood Cells Plasma Platelets Circulatory System • Blood Flow • Cardiac Cycle • Systolic –pressure at contraction (less than 120) • Diastolic– pressure at rest (less than 80) • Two Major Circulations • Pulmonary Circulation • Systemic Circulation Circulatory System Blood’s Path Through the Heart - Deoxygenated 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Circulatory System Blood’s Path Through the Heart - Oxygenated 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Lungs Pulmonary Veins Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta Body Circulatory System Superior Vena Cava Aorta Pulmonary artery Left atrium Pulmonary vein Pulmonary Capillary Bed Right atrium Pulmonary Capillary Bed Left Ventricle Right ventricle Descending aorta Inferior vena cava artery Vein Venule Arteriole Circulatory System • Problems • • • • • • • Heart Disease Heart attack Stroke Arrhythmias Hypertension Anemia Arteriosclerosis • Repair • • • • • Angioplasty Bypass Surgery Stents Heart Transplants Pacemakers Circulatory System • Interesting Facts • • • • • • • The average size of a human heart is about the size of your fist Blood is mostly made of salt There are 5 liters of blood in an adult Plasma makes up 55% of blood Blood types are : A, B AB, or O Blood replaced by transfusion Cardiac muscle does not tire out Think, Pair, Share •Heart disease is the number one killer in the United States. • What are some strategies and life style factors that can help increase our heart’s health and longevity? Functions • Ingest food • Break down food • Move through digestive tract • Absorb digested food , nutrients and fluid • Eliminates waste materials Digestive System • Parts of the Gastrointestinal Tract • • • • • • • Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large Intestine Rectum Digestive System • Accessory Organs • Liver • cleans • Pancreas • Insulin • Salivary Glands • enzymes • Gall bladder • bile • Appendix • No use Digestive System a. Alimentary canal Mouth Esophagus Acessory organs Salivary glands Liver Stomach Small Intestine Pancreas Large Intestine Gall Bladder Rectum Anus Digestive System • Process 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ingestion Movement Mechanical and Chemical Digestion Absorption Elimination Digestive System Best Practices: • Nutrient Dense- High nutrients compared to calories • Stay away from • • • excessive calories/fats/oils clear of alcohol Lots of: • Fruits, fiber, water, whole grains, lean meats Think, Pair, Share •What we put into our bodies matter for today and tomorrow. • List two foods/drinks that can be good for your health and two foods/drinks that can be bad for your health Digestive System • Problems • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ulcers Reflux Gallstones Lactose Intolerance Diverticulitis Inflammatory Bowl Disease (Crohn’s) Celiac Disease Constipation Irritable Bowel Syndrome Bloating Diarrhea Gallstones Liver filters/detoxifies/proteins/metabolize Issues: edema, bleeding, jaundice, gallstones, • Function • Release hormones • Control functions • Development • Growth • Hormones are messenger • Act on target cells • Programmed response to molecular triggers • Parts • Pineal gland • Thyroid gland • Parathyroid glands • Pituitary gland • Adrenal: 2 glands • Cortex • Medulla • Endocrine cells in other organs • • • • Pancreas Thymus Gonads Hypothalamus Pineal Body Hypothalamus Pituitary Parathyroid Thyroid Adrenal Pancreas Ovary Testis • Modes of transportation • • • Humoral Neural Hormonal 56 • Hormones • • • • • • • • • TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone LH: luteinizing hormone GH: growth hormone PRL: prolactin MSH: melanocyte-stimulating hormone ADH: antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin 57 • Problems • • • • • • • Goiter Graves Giantism Acromeagaly Pituitary dwarfs Diabetes inspidius Diabetes Thoracic Duct Spleen Cisterna Chyli Lymphatic Lymph Nodes Venule Lymph Capillaries Arteriole • Lymphatic system • Defense system • • • • Filters and drains Antibodies Produce WBC Collects, distributes fluids and nutrients • Open system • • • • • • • Lymphatic vessels Propulsion system Lymph Lymph vessels Lymph Nodes Filters bacteria Fights pathogens