Download Cold War - Coach Proffitt US History

Cold War
Competition that developed between
the USA and the Soviet Union for
power and influence in the world
Democracy (USA) vs.
Communism (Soviet
Union)
1945 – 1990s
• Yalta Conference
–Divide Germany and Berlin into four
zones (one for each Allies)
–Disputed over Poland – free
elections, Stalin later refuses
• United Nations – international
peacekeeping organization
formed after WWII
–USA joins unlike the League of
Nations
JOSEPH STALIN (1879-1953).
Russian Communist leader. Propaganda poster entitled: Glory to the great Stalin - the
architect of communism! Published 1952. Full credit: rps - ullstein bild / The Granger
Collection
Conflicting Post War Views
USA
• Wanted
democracy and
free elections in
the conquered
nations of
Europe after
WWII
Soviet Union
• Lost money in WWII
and wanted to protect
itself from Germany
• Create Satellite
nations – countries on
the western border of
the S.U. that would
serve as a buffer zone
against attacks
• Spread communism
through out world –
start with eastern
Europe
The Iron Curtain
• Soviets take Eastern Europe as
their satellite states– buffer states
between Western democratic
Europe and Communist Soviet
Union
• Western Europe and USA had to
keep Stalin from taking anymore
nations behind the iron curtain of
communism
After WW II, the USSR
dominates East Europe
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Yugoslavia
Romania
East Germany
Albania
Bulgaria
• East Europe nations are
satellites of the USSR.
• USSR annexes the Baltic
nations:
• Latvia
• Lithuania
• Estonia
• Communism also spreads to
China.
Aftermath of the
Second World War
Processing Questions
1. Why did the US and the USSR engage in
a 45 year Cold War?
2. Why would the USSR want to establish
satellite (buffer) nations after WWII?
3. Why did it seem like Communism was on
the offensive between 1945-1952?
Containment
• Resist Soviet aggression
• Keep communism from spreading –
contain communism
• The Long Telegram detailed what
the Communists believed and what
we should do about it. This led to
“Containment and the Truman
Doctrine”.
Truman Doctrine
• Provides economic and military aid to
countries fighting communism
• Example – Military aid to Greece and
Turkey to stop commie takeover
• Leads to US becoming more involved
internationally
Marshall Plan
•
•
•
•
Europe destroyed by WWII
Communists gain popularity in W. Europe
Money to help rebuild Europe after WWII
Purpose – contain spread of communism
and help W. Europe recover economically
from war.
NATO
• Created after Berlin Blockade as a mutualdefense alliance
– An attack on one nation is an attack on all
nations
• At first includes 10 European nations,
Canada and US
• First commitment by US to a mutualdefense alliance
• Still in existence
Berlin Airlift
• 1948 –Allies merged their occupation
zones in Germany to form Democratic
W. Germany
• 1949 – Soviet Union form the communist
state of E. Germany
• Stalin blockaded W. Berlin – saw it as a
threat to communism and wanted them
out
• Truman decided to airlift supplies into
W. Berlin
BERLIN AIRLIFT
• This is an example of
brinkmanship. The US and the
USSR will go to the brink of war,
but once there, someone backs off.
This will be played over and over
during the Cold War.
• In this case, the Soviets backed
down. The Berlin Airlift was an
enormous victory for the U.S.
Watching a Plane During the
Berlin Airlift
Original caption: Bridge to Berlin.
Airlift Spotter. Berlin, Germany:
The youngsters in Berlin watch the
field every minute they have to
spare, as the airlift planes wing
their way from Frankfurt along the
air corridor to Berlin. The young
"spotters" have built up quite a few
friendships with their American
benefactors.
German Children Waving to Supply Plane
Original caption: 7/8/1948-Berlin, Germany- Grouped atop some of the ruins,
which are still such a feature of battered Berlin, these German kiddies cheer
and wave on an American plane bringing them food despite the Reds'
starvation blockade of the German capital.
Transport Planes Unloading at Airport
American C-47 Skytrain transport planes have their cargoes of food
unloaded at Templehof Airport during the Berlin Airlift.
large Crowd Reaching for Goodies
Original caption: U. S. Airlift Pilot, Lt. Gale Halvorsen has made it a habit to drop candy in
small parachutes, as he comes in to land his plane "Isle of Christmas" at Berlin. Recently,
because of weather, he could not drop the gifts and so was greeted by this swarm of
youngsters, (couple of oldsters too) after his arrival. He threw the parachutes in the air to
provoke this mad scramble. The school children have expressed their thanks with flowers
and paintings. Unfortunately, Lt. Halvorsen himself is not seen in this picture.
CHECKPOINT CHARLIE, 1953. A crowd at Checkpoint Charlie
(sector border at Friedrichstrasse in Berlin). In the background
a burning control house of the East German police,
06.17.1953."
Processing Questions
4. What were the goals of the Marshall
Plan?
5. What was (is) the importance of NATO?
6. How did the US react to Stalin’s blockade
of West Berlin?
Korean War
AKA Korean Conflict
• After Japan lost WWII, Korea was taken
away from them
• Korea will be divided at the 38th parallel
after WWII – Soviet Union controlled the
north and the USA controlled the south,
• Koreans want unity but war will break out
when the communist northern troops
invade the south and take it by force
• United Nations decide to send a police
force into Korea to help
• General Douglas Macarthur will lead the
UN forces in Korea
– Invades at Inchon and cuts the North Koreans
supply lines, the North Koreans retreat back into
North Korea and the Chinese come to their aid, a
stalemate develops
• President Truman will fire Macarthur
for insubordination. Macarthur
demanded Truman’s approval to
expand the war into China.
KOREAN WAR,
1950.
The front page of
"The New York
Times," June 28,
1950, announcing
the direct
involvement of the
United States in the
Korean War.
KOREAN WAR, 1950.
American troops landing at the west coast near
Inchon in the rear of the North Korean troops:
Leaving a landing craft, 09.14.1950. Full credit:
dpa(85) - ullstein bild / The Granger Collection."
KOREAN WAR, 1951.
United Nations artillerymen firing Eighth Army
155mm guns against advancing communist
troops, 1951.
Armistice Signed at Panmunjeom
Panmunjeom is a village on the
border between North and South
Korea, where the 1953 armistice that
ended the Korean War was signed.
Discussions between North and
South Korea still take place in the
blue buildings in the foreground
Effects of the Korean Conflict
• Korea will be divided at the 38th parallel – does
not change
– North Korea will be communist
– South Korea will be democratic
• Contained communism without a nuclear war
• Integration of the armed forces
• Increase in military spending and permanent
mobilization of the military (over 1 million)
to contain communism
• US financed defense industries – more than 3.5
million Americans will be working in the defense
industry by 1960
Kim Jong-un- leader of North
Korea
• TOOK OVER FOR
HIS FATHER IN
2011
• LOVES
BASKETBALL!
• FAN OFJAMES
FRANCO AND
SETH ROGAN
Processing Questions
7. Why did the US become involved in the
Korean Conflict?
8. What was the major outcome of the
Korean Conflict?
Cold War at Home
• HUAC – House of Un-American Activities
Committee – searched for communist
activity in federal gov’t and in Hollywood
–Spy Cases –
–Alger Hiss –Charged with spying
–Rosenberg’s- Charged with selling
atomic secrets to the Soviets
• Citizens built bomb shelters and had air
raid drills in case of nuclear crisis
Hollywood Ten
ROSENBERG EXECUTION, 1953.
Headline from the Los Angeles Times
reporting the 20 June 1953 execution
of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg for
spying.
Duck and Cover Drill in
School Classroom
School children learn to
protect themselves in
case of nuclear attack by
practicing a duck and
cover drill in the
classroom of their school.
Children in Air Raid Drill
Children crowd under a table in a classroom
during an air raid drill at Hazel Valley school in
1958. Seattle, Washington, USA.
McCarthyism
• Joseph McCarthy - the senator who
accused Americans of communism
• McCarthyism – smear tactics, accusing
people of communism with no
evidence
• McCarthy’s Downfall – he accused the
Army of being full of communist and it was
televised for the nation to see
–Americans saw his baseless allegations
CARTOON: McCARTHYISM, 1950.
McCarthy Was Here: American
cartoon by Daniel R. Fitzpatrick,
1950, on the scurrilous allegations by
Senator Joseph R. McCarthy that
Communists had infiltrated the U.S.
State Department.
McCARTHY HEARINGS, 1954. Front
page of the New York Times, 12 March
1954, reporting the U.S. Army's
allegations of misconduct against Senator
Joseph McCarthy and his chief counsel,
Roy Cohn, in the matter of Private G.
David Schine.
McCarthy brandishing one of his lists.
Arms Race
• USA and the Soviet Union start
building up nuclear arsenals
• Deterrence – making the US
and its Allies so strong no
enemy would attack
• Brinkmanship – prepare to go
to the brink of war to prevent it
The U.S. feared Soviet expansion in Europe
The USA began a military buildup.
The Soviet Union began a military buildup.
An arms race between the two countries
began.
Processing Questions
9. Why was McCarthyism dangerous?
10.Why was Brinksmanship a risky game to
play?
Space Race
• Sputnik – 1957 – first artificial satellite
sent into space
–Pressure was now put on America to
match the Soviets
–Emphasis on math and science in the
public schools
• U2 Incident – American spy plane is
shot down over USSR
– Increases tension between two
superpowers
Model of Sputnik in Store Window
Original caption: 11/1957-Rome, Italy- A man observes a model of Russia's
Sputnik #1, on display in a Rome department store.
Original caption: 11/3/1957-Moscow, Russia-Called an
experienced astronaut, Malyshka, a Russian space dog,
poses here in its snug-fitting space suit with a transparent
space helmet beside it. Meanwhile, the newly launched
Soviet satellite, Sputnik II, circles the earth, carrying what is
reported to be a female husky dog, the first living being to
roam space.
SPUTNIK II: DOG, 1957. Dog ""Laika"" in her cabin before flying into space
with the earth satellite ""Sputnik 2"" and becoming the first living creature in
space, 11.03.1957. Full credit: Nowosti - ullstein bild / The Granger
Collection."
Allowed many veterans to earn
college degrees; loans were
available to help service men buy
houses, resulting in growth of
suburbs.
GI Bill  gave veterans low
interest mortgages and paid
for college education
Suburbs and Highways
• Baby Boom – time period after WWII where
birth rate grew
• Suburbs – mass produced homes on
outskirts of cities
• Cars – started to produce new car designs
yearly, gas cards
• Highways: Interstate Highway Act - $25
billion to build interstate highways –
evacuation route in case of nuclear attack
• Venona Papers: papers that revealed
the identities of several Americans
who had spied for the Soviet Union
Processing Questions
11.How did the launch of Sputnik change
the US education system?
12.What was a long term effect of the GI
Bill?
Effects of the Cold War
• Truman adopts the policy of containment
and the Truman Doctrine.
• McCarthy uses the issue of communism to
become a powerful senator.
• Korean War is fought.
• Eisenhower tries to defeat communism in
Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Latin
America.
• Beginning of US involvement in Vietnam;
beginning of US and Soviet arms buildup.
• Beginning of US and Soviet space race.