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World War II 1939-1945 The Rise of Totalitarianism Characteristics of Totalitarianism Total subservience to the state Invasion and loss of privacy Loss of individual freedoms Censorship of the press. Little or no free press Indoctrination through: Propaganda Education Youth Ministries Terror through a police state Demonizing – Scapegoating Disobedience results in prison or death Two Types of Totalitarian Systems Fascism and Communism The Rise of Fascists Dictators Benito Mussolini - Italy Benito Mussolini - Italy Benito Mussolini was a former socialist who had fought for Italy during World War I. His experience during the war changed his attitudes and he became a strong nationalist following his return to civilian life. He was eventually expelled from the socialist party and began organizing his own political movement known as Fascism. Benito Mussolini - Italy The Rise of Fascism Fascism rose out of the economic and political turmoil following World War I. Italy, like other European countries faced economic and social turmoil. These conditions promoted the development of new political ideas. Communism which had recently swept Russia, began growing and threatened to take hold in Italy.. In response to this threat, Mussolini started the fascist movement. Benito Mussolini - Italy The fasces was an axe surrounded by a bundle of rods and symbolized supremacy of the state. With this as the central theme of his new political movement, Mussolini began organizing military bands known as Blackshirts throughout Italy. The Fascist Party began to grow rapidly and was composed mostly of jobless war veterans, unemployed youth, criminals and intellectuals. The Fascist party was opposed to communism and democracy. As the party grew it picked up widespread support. Benito Mussolini - Italy Who Supported Fascism? Businessmen supported it because it promised to protect them against a communist revolution. Nationalists supported it because Mussolini promised to restore the glory of Ancient Rome. Peasants supported it because Mussolini promised land reform. Workers supported Mussolini because he promised to create jobs. Benito Mussolini - Italy Victor Emmanuel III Benito Mussolini - Italy Il Duce (Leader) Ethiopia The Rise of Dictators Adolf Hitler - Germany Adolf Hitler - Germany Some of Hitler’s Paintings The Rise of Dictators Adolf Hitler - Germany Jews German Workers Party “Germany didn’t lose the war, it was betrayed by the Jews and Communists” - Hitler The Rise of Dictators Adolf Hitler - Germany National socialist German Worker Party - Nazi Mein Kamph (My Struggle) Aryan Race The Big Lie The Rise of Dictators Adolf Hitler - Germany Reichstag Chancellor Fuhrer The Third Reich The Third Reich Gestapo Heinrich Himmler Propaganda Joseph Goebbels The Big Lie The Third Reich - Education The Nazis used the schools to install blind obedience to the Fuhrer. Only Nazis were allowed to teach, and all courses were designed to fit Nazi purposes. For example science classes taught the making of poison gases. Math courses taught the calculation of artillery and bombing ranges Social Studies taught the evils of democracy and the superiority of the Aryan Race. The Third Reich - Education Science and Culture Scientists worked on advanced weapons of war. Anthropologists attempted to prove the Aryan Race. Writers praised Hitler and Nazism. Censors held book burning ceremonies to destroy works by anti-Nazis. Literature, art and music by Jews was banned. Religion came under state control. Those members of the clergy who opposed Nazism were sent to concentration camps. Many Christian ceremonies were replaced by Nazi ceremonies. The Third Reich - Militarism Treaty of Versailles Luftwaffe Rhineland Youth Ministries The Third Reich Persecution of Jews Nuremburg Laws Kristallnact The Third Reich Genocide Holocaust The Third Reich The Holocaust Underlying Causes of World War II Axis Nationalism National resentment of settlement of World War I. Germany – Resented the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Italy – Felt it had been slighted by the other Allies in treaties. Japan resented that European powers maintained control of colonies in the far east. Japanese militarism – By the 1930’s Japan had fallen under control of the military. The Emperor of Japan Hirohito, was considered divine and the military answered only to him. In order to build its military the Japanese were in vital need of raw materials which led to aggressive actions. and a military government. Promises by Totalitarian Leaders Germans were promised a Third Reich that would last a thousand years and would be run by a master race (Aryans). Hitler spoke of his desire for Lebensraum, or living space for his people. Italians were promised a New Roman Empire Japanese were promised a Japanese controlled East Asian Prosperity Sphere Underlying Causes of World War II Axis Imperialism Germany annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia as Hitler attempted to take back territory that he claimed was part of the “Fatherland”. He planned to expand into eastern Europe and create living space for his people. Italy enlarged her African territory by conquering Ethiopia and later annexing Albania. Japan invaded Manchuria and China to secure raw materials and create markets for their goods Failure of the League of Nations The League was ineffective in trying to halt aggression by fascists countries The United States had never joined the League and other major powers dropped out. The greatest weakness of the league was that it had no enforcement powers. Underlying Causes of World War II Failure of Appeasement To avoid war England and France tried the policy of appeasement with the dictators in hope that they would stop their aggression. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was the main advocate of appeasement. The most famous example of appeasement occurred at the Munich Conference in 1938. Chamberlain claimed “Peace in our Time” The dictators saw appeasement as a sign of weakness and continued their aggression. Underlying Causes of World War II American Isolationism After World War I, the United States began withdrawing from world affairs. Americans were bitter over war debts and preferred to remain isolated from European affairs. Congress never ratified the Treaty of Versailles In order to ensure neutrality Congress passed a series of neutrality acts prohibiting loans and sale of military equipment to belligerent nations. The Road to War Axis Aggression Japanese Invasion of Manchuria In 1931, Japan created invaded and conquered Manchuria. When the League of Nations condemned the actions, Japan pulled out of the League. The Road to War Axis Aggression Italian Invasion of Ethiopia In 1935, Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia. The League of Nations failed to take strong action. The Road to War Axis Aggression German Remilitarization By 1935 Germany was rebuilding its military and its industries were in war production. In 1936 it violated the Treaty of Versailles by remilitarizing the Rhineland. Spanish Civil War In 1936, General Francisco Franco began a revolt against the Spanish government and received aid from Italy and Germany. He won the civil war and established a Fascist government friendly to the Axis countries. The Road to War Axis Aggression Japanese Invasion of China In 1937, Japanese forces overran China's coastal areas and committed numerous atrocities against citizens. The Chinese put up strong resistance while the western democracies and League of Nations took no action. The Road to War Axis Aggression German Annexation of Austria In 1938, Hitler invaded and annexed Austria in the Anschluss The western democracies failed to act. In 1939, Hitler demanded the Sudetenland, a region in Czechoslovakia bordering Germany and inhabited by German speaking people. The Czechs refused to give in and counted on English and French support. However France and England chose appeasement rather than military action. The Road to War Axis Aggression German Annexation of Czechoslovakia •At the Munich Conference Prime Minister Chamberlain proclaimed that he had preserved "peace in our time". •Six months later Hitler seized the rest of Czechoslovakia. England and France realized that Hitler couldn’t be trusted. They joined in a military alliance and guaranteed protection to Germany's next probable victim, Poland The Road to War Axis Aggression Italian Conquest of Albania In 1939, Mussolini invaded and annexed Albania. This gave Italy control of the Adriatic Sea. The Road to War Axis Aggression German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact In 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a 10 year NonAggression Pact. This allowed Russia to avoid involvement in a major war and gave them a free hand over eastern Poland and the Baltic States. The pact protected Germany from a two-front war and promised supplies and food from Russia to Germany. IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF WORLD WAR II German Invasion of Poland – September 1, 1939 In 1939, Hitler demanded the return of Danzig and other Polish territory on the grounds that they were inhabited by German speaking people. Before Poland could respond, Hitler invaded. England and France honored their guarantee to Poland and declared war on Germany. World War II had begun WWII - The War in Europe Germany invades Poland Sept 1, 1939 Germany invades Denmark & Norway April 9, 1940 Germany invades Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and France May 10, 1940 France surrenders to Germany June 22, 1940 Battle of Britain begins July 10, 1940 Blitz of London begins Sept 7, 1940 Germany invades N Africa Feb, 1941 Germany invades Soviet Union Churchill and Roosevelt sign Atlantic Charter America Enters the War June 22, 1941 August 1941 Dec 7, 1941 WWII - The War in Europe Germany declares war on U.S. Battle of Stalingrad begins U.S. Troops invade N. Africa Soviets begin counter-offensive in Stalingrad Germany surrenders in N. Africa Dec. 11, 1941 Sept 13, 1942 Nov 8, 1942 Jan 10, 1943 May 13, 1943 Allies land in Sicily (Italy) July 9, 1943 Allied Invasion of Normandy (D-Day) June 6, 1944 Paris is liberated by Allies Battle of the Bulge Hitler commits suicide Germany Surrenders - VE Day Aug 25, 1944 Dec 16-27,1944 April 30, 1945 May 7, 1945 VE Day WWII - The War in the Pacific Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Philippines, Guam. and Wake Island. U.S. Declares War on Japan/Enters WWII Dec. 7, 1941 Dec. 8, 1941 Japan captures Philippines from U.S. April 9, 1942 Doolittle’s Raiders bomb Tokyo April 18, 1942 Battle of Coral Sea stops Japan advance on Australia May 7-8 1942 Battle of Midway. Major US victory. Turning Point of Pacific War June 4-5, 1942 U.S. Marines invade Guadalcanal. Begin “Island Hopping” Battle of Leyte Gulf. First Kamikaze attacks U.S. Marines attack Iwo Jima U.S. Marines attack Okinawa U.S. Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan formally surrenders. VJ Day Aug 7-8, 1942 Oct 23-26, 1944 Feb 19, 1945 April 1, 1945 Aug 6 & 9, 1945 Sept 2, 1945 B VJ Day Island Hopping