Download Period 5: lndustrialization and Global lntegration

AP World History Curriculum Framework'
Period 5: lndustrialization and Global lntegration,
c. 1750 to c. 1900
K*y #*xae:*pt S.€. Industrialization and Global
Capitalism
Industrialization fundamentally altered the production of goods around
the world. It not only changed how goods were produced and consumed, as
well as what was considered a 'goodl'but it also had far-reaching effects on
the global economy, social relations, and culture. Although it is common to
speak of an "Industrial Revolutioni' the process of industrialization was a
gradual one that unfolded over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries, eventually becoming global.
I.
Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were
produced.
A.
A variety of factors led to the rise of industrial production.
Required examples of factors leading to the rise of industrial production:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Europe's location on the Atlantic Ocean
The geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber
European demographic changes
Urbanization
Improved agricultural productivity
Legal protection of private property
An abundance of rivers and canals
Access to foreign resources
The accumulation of capital
B.
The development of machines, including steam engines and the
internal combustion engine, made it possible to exploit vast new resources
of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The "fossil fuels"
revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies.
C.
The development of the factory system concentrated labor in a single
location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.
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Key Concept 5.1.L
AP World History Curricrrlum Framework
D.
As the new methods of industrial production became more comlnon
in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and
the United States, Russia, and fapan.
E.
The "second industrial revolution'led to new methods in the
production of steel, chemicals, electricity and precision machinery during
the second half of the nineteenth centurv.
II.
New patterns of global trade and production developed and
further integrated the global economy as industrialists sought raw
materials and new markets for the increasing amount and array of
goods produced in their factories.
A.
The need for raw materials for the factories and increased foocl
supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of
glpgllgqq4orlies around the world that specialized in.masq pledqclq&
slfglklallralJesource! The profits from these raw materials were used to
purchase fi nished goods.
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The rapid development of industrial production contributed to the
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C.
The rapid increases in productivity caused by industrial production
encouraged industrialized states to seek out new consumer markets for their
finished good
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III. To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production,
financiers developed and expanded various financial institutions.
A.
The ideological inspiration for economic changes lies in the
development of capitalism and classical iiberalism associated with Adam
Smith and |ohn Stuart Mill.
B.
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C.
The global nature of trade and production contributed to the
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IV. There were major developments in transportation and
communication.
Required examples of developments in transportation and
communication:
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.
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.
Railroads
Steamships
Telegraphs
Canals
V.
The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety
resPonses.
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A.
In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to
improve working conditions,limit hours, and gain higher wages, while
others opposed capitalist exploitation of workers by promoting alternative
visions of society.
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In Qing China and the Ottoman Empire, some members of the
government resisted economic change and attempted to maintain
preindustrial forms of economic production.
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C.
In
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In response to criticisms of industrial global capitalism, some
governments mitigated the negative effects of industrial capitalism by
promoting v_qrigus types of reforms.
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VI. The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also
underwent significant transformations in industrialized states due to
the fundamental restructuring of the global economy.
A.
New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial
working class, developed.
B.
Family dynamics, gender roles, and demographics changed in
response to industrialization.
C.
Rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism often led to
unsanitary conditions, as well as to new forms of community.
Key Concept 5.1.V.-VI.
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Imperialism and Nation-State
Formation
As states industrialized during this period, they also expanded their
existing overseas colonies and established new types of colonies and
transoceanic empires. Regional warfare and diplomacy both resulted in
and were affected by this process of modern empire building. The process
was led mostly by Europe, although not all states were affected equally,
which led to an increase of European influence around the world. The
United States and |apan also participated in this process. The growth
of new empires challenged the power of existing land-based empires of
Eurasia. New ideas about nationalism, race, gender, class, and culture
also developed that facilitated the spread of transoceanic empires, as well
as justified anti-imperial resistance and the formation of new national
identities.
I.
Industrializingpowersestablishedtransoceanicempires.
A. @
strengthened their control over those
colonies.
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European states, as well as the Americans and the |apanese, utablished
empllss throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese
influence declined.
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C.
Many European states usedboth warfare and diplomacy to establish
empires in Africa.
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In some parts of their empires, Europeans established settler colonjes.
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In other parts of the world, industrialized statqs practiced economic
imperialism.
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II.
Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around
the world.
A.
The expansion of U.S. and European influence over Tokugawa fapan
led to the emergence of Meiji Japan.
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B.
The United States and Russia emulated European transoceanic
imperialism by expanding their land borders and conquering neighboring
territories.
C.
Anti-imperial resistance led to the cpntlaetion.gf
lLrc Ottoman Empire.
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III. New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated and
justified imperialism.
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Kcts #*ca**FC *.3. Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform
The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intense period
of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, and the
establishment of new nation-states around the world. Enlightenment
thought and the resistance of colonized peoples to imperial centers shaped
this revolutionary activity. These rebellions sometimes resulted in the
formation of new states and stimulated the development of new ideologies.
These new ideas in turn further stimulated the revolutionary and anti-
imperial tendencies of this period.
I.
The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned
established traditions in all areas of life often preceded the revolutions
and rebellions against existing governments.
A.
Thinkers applied new ways of understanding the natural world to
human relationships, encouraging observation and inference in all spheres
of life.
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Intellectuals critiqued the role that religion played in public life,
insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation.
C.
Enlightenment thinkers developed new political ideas about the
individual, natural rights, and the social contract.
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The ideas of Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to existing
political authority,
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reflected in revolutionary documents-
Required examples of revolutionary documents:
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The American Declaration of Independence
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Bolivart |amaica Letter
Key Concept 5.3.1.
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E.
These ideas influenced many people to challenge existing notions of
social relations, which led to the expansion of rights as seen in expanded
suffrage, the abolition of slavery and the end of serfdom, as their ideas were
implemented.
II.
Beginning in the eighteenth century, peoples around the
world developed a new sense of commonality based on language,
religion, social customs and territory. These newly imagined national
communities linked this identity with the borders of the state, while
governments used this idea to unite diverse populations.
III.
Increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and
revolutionary movements.
A.
Sub9cts challenged thr
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American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions, which facilitated
the emergence of independent states in the United States, Haiti, and
mainland Latin America. French subjects rebelled against their monarchy.
Required examples of rebellions:
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.
.
.
c.
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American Revolution
French Revolution
Haitian Revolution
Latin American independence movements
slave resistance challenred existing authorities in the Americas.
Key Concept 5.3.11-1il.
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D.
Increasing questions about political authority and growing
nationalism contributed to M.
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Some of the rebellions were inJluenced by r-eljgious ideas and
millenarianism.
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Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to
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IV. The global spread of European political and social thought and
the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational
ideologies and solidarities.
A.
Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the
development of political ideologies, including liberalism, soiialism, and
communism.
Key Conceot 5.3.1V.
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AP World History Curriculum Framework
B.
Demands
for
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an emergent felninisry challenged
political and gender hierarchies.
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Migration
Migration patterns changed dramatically throughout this period, and
the numbers of migrants increased significantly. These changes were
closely connected to the development of transoceanic empires and a
global capitalist economy. In some cases, people benefited economically
from migration, while other people were seen simply as commodities to
be transported. In both cases, migration produced dramatically different
societies for both sending and receiving societies, and presented challenges
to governments in fostering national identities and regulating the flow of
people.
I.
Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demography
in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented
challenges to existing patterns of living.
A.
Changes in food production and improved medical conditions
contributed to a significant global rise in population.
B. Because of the nature of the new modes of transportation, both
internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern
contributed to the significant global urbanization of the nineteenth century.
II.
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Migrants relocated for
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varie$ of reasons.
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A.
Many individuals rhot" frrrly
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The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and
emi co erce d lab
or migr ation.
Required examples of coerced and semicoercedlabor migration:
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.
.
Slavery
Chinese and Indian indentured servitude
Convict labor
C.
While many migrants permanently relocated, a significant number of
temporary and seasonal migrants returned to their home societies.
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III.
The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the nineteenth
century, produced a variety of consequences and reactions to the
increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants and the existing
populations.
A.
Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, migrants tended to
be male, leaving women to takd on new roles in the home society that had
been formerly occupied by men.
Key Concept 5.4.11-ru.
' AP World History Currisulum Framework
B.
Migrants often create d ethnic enclaves in differelllaU;pf the world
which helped transplant their culture into new eilrironments and
facilitated the development of migrant support networks.
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C.
Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the
various degrees of ethnic and racial preiu4ice and the ways states attempted
across their borders.
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