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Social Studies Interactive Notebook
U. S. History to 1865
First Nine Weeks
Name: _________________
USI.2a The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures, or tables to
a) locate the seven continents and five oceans
There are seven continents on our Earth. Continents are large land masses surrounded by water. The seven
continents are:
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North America
south America
Africa
Asia
Australia
Antarctica
Europe (Europe is considered a continent even though it is not entirely surrounded by water. The land
mass is frequently called Eurasia.)
The five oceans are:
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Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Southern Ocean
Label the seven continents and five oceans on the map below.
1. Which continent is not entirely surrounded by water? ________________________________________ 2. Which ocean is on the east coast of the United States? ________________________________________ 3. Which ocean is directly to the north of North America? ________________________________________ 4. Which state do you live in? ______________________________________________________________ 5. Which continent is South Africa located in? _________________________________________________ 6. Which continent is the southernmost of all the continents? ____________________________________ 7. What is the name of the city/town in which you live? _________________________________________ 8. What is the name of the country you live in? ________________________________________________ 9. Which continent is also a country and an island? _____________________________________________ 10. Which ocean is on the west coast of the United States? _______________________________________ Memory Tip:
Eat -­‐ Europe An-­‐ Asia Apple-­‐ Africa As-­‐ Australia A-­‐ Antarctica Nighttime-­‐ North America Snack-­‐ South America Mnemonic to remember the 7 continents -­‐ Eat An Apple As A Nighttime Snack Imaginary lines of latitude and longitude run around the surface of the globe and divide the Earth into
sections. We can use these imaginary lines to locate any point on the Earth and identify its absolute location.
Lines of longitude run north and south on the globe. Lines of longitude are sometimes called meridians and
they are not parallel to each other. Meridians of longitude run vertically from one pole to the other. The Prime
Meridian is an imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Longitude
describes east-west position in relation to the prime meridian. Meridians extend for 180 degrees east and 180
degrees west around the globe and meet at the International Date Line.
Lines of latitude are sometimes
called parallels. Parallels of latitude circle the globe horizontally. The equator is one of the parallels of
latitude. Latitude describes north-south position in relation to the equator: the equator is at 0 degrees latitude;
the North Pole is at 90 degrees north; and the South Pole is at 90 degrees south. Parallels of latitude and
meridians of longitude identify the locations of key United States cities on a U. S. map.
Memory Tip:
Lat - itude, fat - itude (hands stretched out from right to left)
Long - itude, long (hands stretched out from head to toes)
Longitudinal lines are like the outsides of a ladder, while lines of latitude are like the rungs of a ladder.
Lines of latitude (rungs or
steps on a ladder) start at the
Equator and measure from 0 to
90 degrees north and south.
Lines of longitude (outside pieces of the
ladder) start at the Prime Meridian and
run east and west from 0 to 180 degrees.
Lines of latitude and longitude separate the globe into Northern and Southern and Eastern and Western hemispheres. As you can see by the maps below, North America (which of course contains the United States) is in the Northwestern hemisphere. Review: 1. Which way do lines of latitude run? ___________________________________ 2. Where do lines of latitude begin? _____________________________________ 3. In which direction do lines of longitude run? ______________________________ 4. Where do lines of longitude begin? ____________________________________ USI.2b The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures, or tables to b) locate and describe the location of the geographic regions of North America: Coastal Plain, Appalachian Mountains, Canadian Shield, Interior Lowlands, Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, Basin and Range, and Coastal Range. Region (A - H)
A. Coastal Plain
B. Appalachian
Highlands
C. Canadian Shield
D. Interior Lowlands
E. Great Plains
F. Rocky Mountains
G. Basin and Range
H. Coastal Range
Location
Along the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf
of Mexico
West of the Coastal Plain extending
from eastern Canada to western
Alabama; includes the Piedmont
Wrapped around Hudson Bay in a
horseshoe shape
West of the Appalachian Mountains
and east of the Great Plains
West of Interior Lowlands and east
of the Rocky Mountains
West of the Great Plains and east of
the Basin and Range
West of Rocky Mountains and east
of the Sierra Nevadas and the
Cascades
Along the Pacific Coast that stretch
from California to Canada
Physical characteristics
Broad lowland providing many excellent harbors
Old, eroded mountains (oldest mountain range in
North America)
Hills worn by erosion and hundreds of lakes carved
by glaciers
Rolling flatlands with many rivers, broad river
valleys, and grassy hills
Flat land that gradually increases in elevation
westward; grasslands
Rugged mountains stretching from Alaska almost
to Mexico; high elevations
Contains the Continental Divide, which determines
the directional flow of rivers
Area of varying elevations containing isolated
mountain ranges and Death Valley, the lowest point
in North America
Contains fertile valleys and rugged mountains
Memory Tip:
The eight regions, in order from east to west, remembering to move up
for
the Canadian Shield, can be remembered by the following pattern:
CB-RG-IC-AC Write it down from left to right (east to west) just as the regions are placed on the map of North
America.
C B -­‐ R G -­‐ I C -­‐ A C O A S T A L R A N G E A S I N and R A N G E O C K Y M O U N T A I N S R E A T P L A I N S N T E R I O R L O W L A N D S A N A D I A N S H I E L D P P A L A C H I A N H I G H L A N D S O A S T A L P L A I N Regions Song (sing it to the tune of Y-M-C-A).
Young man, let’s take a trip out of town.
I said, young man, take a long look around.
I said, young man, we have regions to learn.
There are eight geographic regions.
First stop is the Coastal Plain.
Excellent harbors and broad lowlands.
Next up, Appalachian Highlands
North America’s oldest mountains, rounded and
eroded.
Regions CA-CI-GR-BC
Regions CA-CI-GR-BC
The Canadian Shield, wraps around Hudson Bay
In a cool, giant horseshoe way.
You’ll see glacier-carved lakes, you’ll see erosionworn hills,
You’ll see rock formations, yes, you will.
Regions CA-CI-GR-BC
Regions CA-CI-GR-BC
Next stop, the Interior Lowlands,
rolling flatlands is what you will see.
Many rivers, broad river valleys,
you’ll cross over grass-covered hills.
Next , you’ll go west if you’re wise.
Flat grasslands of the Great Plains will gradually rise
You can see the Rocky Mountains
in the distance, look to your right!
Regions CA-CI-GR-BC
Regions CA-CI-GR-BC
Alaska to Mexico, to rugged mountains we go,
High elevations, the mountains rise and rise.
Continental Divide determines the rivers' direction
When you make the Rocky Mountains’ connection.
Regions CA-CI-GR-BC
Regions CA-CI-GR-BC
Young man, to stop now would be strange,
With the next stop, you’re in the Basin and Range.
Isolated mountain ranges, elevations will change,
The lowest, creepiest point will be Death Valley.
Regions CA-CI-GR-BC
Regions CA-CI-GR-BC
You’ve made it, all the way to the West
And now, young man, you might think the Coastal
Range best.
California to Canada we will go,
Rugged mountains, fertile valleys below.
You will find eight places, different and unique
As you travel east to west,
through the geographic regions! (repeat)
USI.2c The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures or tables to c) locate and identify the water features important to the early history of the United States: Great Lakes, Mississippi River, Missouri River, Ohio River, Columbia River, Colorado River, Rio Grande, St. Lawrence River, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Memory Tip:
To remember the rivers from east to west:
So Over My Mother's Ridiculously Corny Comments
St. Lawrence Ohio Mississippi Missouri Rio Grande Colorado Columbia
So
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My
Mother's
Ridiculously Corny
Comments
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Trade, transportation, and settlement
The location of the United States, with its Atlantic and Pacific coasts has provided access to other areas of
the world. The Atlantic Ocean (fast, strong currents) served as the highway for explorers, early settlers, and
later immigrants. The Pacific Ocean (largest of the five oceans) was an early exploration destination. The
Arctic is the smallest of the five oceans and contains polar ice caps. The Indian Ocean lies between Africa and
southern Asia and Australia. The Southern Ocean encircles Antarctica and was added as an ocean in 2000.
The Gulf of Mexico provided the French and Spanish with exploration routes to Mexico and other parts of
America. The port of New Orleans functioned as a link between the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico.
New Orleans was settled by the French who eventually found their way through the Great Lakes region and
traveled down the Mississippi River.
Inland port cities grew in the Midwest along the Great Lakes. Locate Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and
Buffalo on the map below. Being located along a large body of passable water (the Great Lakes) helped these
cities develop in the time before trucks and highways. The Great Lakes is a group of five lakes that include
Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. These lakes can be remembered by
the mnemonic Super Man Helps Every One (the lakes from west to east).
The St. Lawrence River forms part of the northeastern border with Canada and connects the Great Lakes (out
of Lake Ontario) to the Atlantic Ocean. It made it possible for deep water ships to travel between the Atlantic
Ocean and the Great Lakes.
The Ohio River was the gateway to the west. Early settlers used this river as a means of migrating west from
the original thirteen colonies to the interior regions of the United States. It empties into the Mississippi River.
The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers (called the M & M) were used to transport farm and industrial products.
They were links to ports and other parts of the world. Both the Ohio and the Missouri are tributaries of the
Mississippi River. A tributary is a stream that flows into a larger body of water.
The Rio Grande forms the border between Mexico and the United States. It begins in Colorado and flows into
the Gulf of Mexico. The Colorado River was explored by the Spanish as they explored the southwestern part
of the United States. It carved many canyons, the most famous of which is the Grand Canyon.
The Columbia River was explored by Lewis and Clark as they explored from the Mississippi River to the
Pacific Ocean. It begins in Canada and ends in the Pacific.
Landforms and water features set the stage for and influence the course of events in United States history. Geographic features are related to patterns of trade, locations of cities and towns agricultural and fishing industries, and the westward frontier movement.
plain mountain plateau peninsula http://www.nonags.org/members/dasaunders/activities/units/unit1a.htm
http://www.nonags.org/members/dasaunders/activities/units/unit1a.htm
Use the word bank to answer the following questions.
Ohio River Atlantic Ocean Great Lakes Rio Grande River Pacific Ocean St. Lawrence Mississippi River Gulf of Mexico Columbia River Colorado River Missouri River 1. ________________________________ This body of water served as an early exploration route, a travel route for
settlers, and later a watery highway for immigrants.
2. ________________________________ This body of water is a tributary that branches off to the east of the
Mississippi River. It is called the Gateway to the West.
3. ________________________________ This body of water was used as an exploration route for the French and
Spanish that came to explore the Southwest region of the United States.
4. ________________________________ This body was explored by the Spanish in the Southwest portion of the United
States.
5. ________________________________ This body of water is the longest river in North America. It is a tributary of
the Mississippi and branches to the west.
6. ________________________________ This body of water was an exploration destination. It is also the largest ocean
in the world.
7. ________________________________ This body of water connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes,
specifically Lake Ontario. Part of it forms a natural border between the state of New York and Canada.
8. ________________________________ This body of water forms a natural border between Texas and Mexico.
9. ________________________________ This body of water is in the Northwest and was explored by Lewis and Clark.
10. _______________________________ This river was used to transport farm and industrial products. It flows into the
Gulf of Mexico.
11. _______________________________ This body of water is where inland port cities sprang up in the Midwest.
USI.3a The student will demonstrate knowledge of how early cultures developed in North America by
a) describing how archaeologists have recovered material evidence of ancient settlements including Cactus Hill.
Archaeology is the recovery of material evidence remaining from the past.
Archaeologists study human behavior and culture through the recovery and analysis of artifacts. Artifacts
are objects that provide information about human behavior in the past. Archaeological discoveries of early
Indian settlements have been made in southeastern Virginia. Scientists are not in agreement as to when and
how people entered the Western Hemisphere. In 1993, archaeologists began researching the area located about
45 miles south of Richmond. This area, Cactus Hill, is one of the oldest archaeological sites in the United
States and is located on the Nottoway River in southeastern Virginia. Evidence has been found that humans
lived at Cactus Hill as early as 18,000 years ago.
Archaeology and Cactus Hill Graphic Organizer
Review of Archaeology and Cactus Hill History and Social Science Standards of Learning Enhanced Scope and Sequence: United States History to 1865
USI.3b The student will demonstrate knowledge of how early cultures developed in North America by
b) locating where the American Indians lived, with emphasis on Arctic (Inuit), Northwest (Kwakiutl), Plains
(Lakota), Southwest (Pueblo), and Eastern Woodland (Iroquois).
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, American Indians were dispersed (spread out) across different environments in
North America.
The Inuit inhabited present-day Alaska and northern Canada. They lived in Arctic areas where the temperature
is below freezing much of the year.
Kwakiutl homeland includes the Pacific Northwest coast, characterized by a rainy, mild climate.
Lakota people inhabited the interior of the United States, called the Great Plains and characterized by dry
grasslands.
Pueblo tribes inhabited the Southwest in present-day New Mexico and Arizona, where they lived in desert areas
and areas bordering cliffs and mountains.
Iroquois homeland includes northeast North America, the Eastern Woodland, which is heavily forested.
Members of these tribes live in their homelands and in many areas of North America today.
Geography and climate affected how various American Indian groups met their basic needs. Resources
influenced what was produced and how it was produced.
American Indians fished, hunted, and harvested crops for food. Clothing was made from animal skins and
plants. Their shelter was made of resources found in their environment (e.g., sod, stones, animal skins, wood).
Types of Resources:
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Natural resources: come directly from nature
American Indians fished in the rivers, hunted animals, and grew crops
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Human resources: people working to produce goods and services
People who fished, made clothing, and hunted animals were examples of human resources
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Capital resources: goods produced and used to make other goods and services
The canoes, bows, and spears were examples of capital resources.
USI.4a The student will demonstrate knowledge of European exploration in North America and West Africa by
a) describing the motivations, obstacles, and accomplishments of the Spanish, French, Portuguese, and English
exploration.
Major European countries were in competition to extend their power into North America and claim the land as their own.
3 Motivating forces for exploration:
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Economic - Gold, natural resources, and trade
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Religious - Spread of Christianity
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Competitions for empire and belief in superiority of own culture
Memory Tip: Remember these motivations by remembering the 3 G's:
Gold (economic), God (religious) and Glory (competition and superiority)
Draw a picture below to help you remember each of the 3 G's.
Gold
God
Glory
4 Obstacles to exploration:
• Poor maps and navigational tools
• Disease/starvation
• Fear of unknown
• Lack of adequate supplies
Poor maps and
navigational tools
Draw a picture of each of the 4 obstacles:
Disease/starvation
Fear of unknown
Lack of adequate supplies
Accomplishments of exploration:
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Exchanged goods and ideas
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Improved navigational tools and ships
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Claimed territories (see individual countries below)
Exchanged goods and ideas
Draw a picture of the 3 accomplishments
Improved navigational tools and
ships
Claimed territories
Regions of North America explored by Spain, France, and England
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Spain - Francisco Coronado claimed southwest United States for Spain
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France - Samuel de Champlain established the French settlement of Quebec
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France - Robert La Salle claimed the Mississippi River Valley
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England - John Cabot explored eastern Canada
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Regions explored by Portugal
- The Portuguese made voyages of discovery along West Africa
USI.4b The student will demonstrate knowledge of European exploration in North America and West Africa by
b) describing cultural and economic interactions between Europeans and American Indians that led to cooperation and
conflict with emphasis on the American Indian concept of land.
The interactions between American Indians and Europeans sometimes led to cooperation and other times
resulted in conflicts.
American Indians established their own different cultures in America long before the Europeans arrived. The Indians walked the paths through the land and learned of the land by experience. They knew of the waters, the trees, the landforms, and the various animals. They dug up the earth and grew plants for food, dyes, medicines, and cloth. They tamed animals, developed patterns of trade, built towns and buildings, developed systems of beliefs, and created systems of government. American Indians related to different and demanding environments, not only by adapting their ways to it, but also by shaping the physical environment to meet their needs. For example, by building irrigation (watering) systems and using fire to clear brush, they prepared land to grow crops and helped the growth of wild game. They were the first people to live on this land. It was their homeland. After the arrival of European explorers, American Indians struggled to preserve their cultures while adapting to rapidly changing conditions. The Europeans brought many diseases from their countries, such as smallpox, one of the most deadly. The Europeans established permanent settlements in America and forced the Indians to move away from their tribal homelands. The Indians believed that the land was to be used and shared but not owned, while the Europeans, particularly the English, claimed private ownership of land. This disagreement resulted in a serious conflict between the American Indians and the Europeans. Cultural interaction
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Spanish
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- Conquered and enslaved
American Indians
Europeans brought weapons
and metal farm tools
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Trade
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Crops
- Brought Christianity to the
New World
- Brought European diseases
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French
- Established trading posts
- Spread Christian religion
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English
- Established settlements and
claimed ownership of land
- Learned farming techniques
from American Indians
-Traded with American
Indians
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Areas of cooperation
American Indians
- Taught farming techniques to
European settlers
- Believed that land was to be
shared or used but not owned
Areas of conflict
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Land
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Competition for trade
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Differences in cultures
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Disease
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Language difference
European Exploration from 1400 to 1700
Spain Explorer France England Portugal Reasons for Exploration Obstacles to Exploration Regions Explored and Accomplishments Impact of Exploration History and Social Science Standards of Learning Enhanced Scope and Sequence: United States History to 1865
Interaction of European and American Indian Cultures Spanish English French American Indians Cooperation in Economic Interactions Areas of Conflict History and Social Science Standards of Learning Enhanced Scope and Sequence: United States History to 1865 USI.4c The student will demonstrate knowledge of European exploration in North America and West Africa by
c) identifying the location and describing the characteristics of West African societies (Ghana, Mali, and Songhai) and
their interactions with traders.
Ghana, Mali and Songhai each dominated West Africa in turn from 300 to 1600 A. D. These three empires were
located in the western region of Africa, south of the Sahara Desert, near the Niger River. Ghana, Mali, and Songhai
became powerful by controlling trade in West Africa. The Empire of Ghana was the first empire in West Africa. It was
rich in gold and traded gold for salt and cloth. Muslims conquered Ghana around 1200 and built the Empire of Mali. Mali
had a powerful leader named Mansa Musa who used his army to increase Mali’s wealth. The Empire of Mali was replaced
by the Songhai Empire. Trade and farming were important to the Songhai Empire. The Songhai Empire remained
powerful until about 1600. Each empire used its location as a center of trade for West Africa and became powerful by
controlling trade in the area.
The Portuguese carried goods from Europe to West African empires, trading metals, cloth, and other manufactured
goods for gold. Portuguese sailors began to explore the West African coast in the 1400s. African people and African
goods played an important role in increasing European interest in world resources. The Portuguese were interested in the
gold trade as well as the buying and selling of enslaved Africans.
ANCIENT EMPIRES OF MALI, GHANA, AND SONGHAI AFRICA TODAY The Empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai
http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/students/curriculum/m7a/activity3.php
Empire of Ghana Directions: Write about each empire. Include its importance, location, history, and impact on European trade. Empire of Mali Empire of Songhai History and Social Science Standards of Learning Enhanced Scope and Sequence: United States History to 1865