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Croplands
of the
Earth
Navin Ramankutty, Nicholas J. Olejniczak, and Jonathan A. Foley
Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment
http://sage.aos.wisc.edu/
University of Wisconsin - Madison
1225 W. Dayton Street
Madison, WI 53706 USA
608-265-8720
0%
Acknowledgments: This work was funded by the
NASA Earth Science Enterprise (IDS Programs)
and the EPRI Carbon Cycle Model Linkages Project
(CCMLP).
100%
Data represents fraction of grid cell in croplands in 1992
Canada
In the Prairie Provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and
Manitoba), there is moderate- to high-intensity cultivation of spring wheat, Durum wheat, barley and canola.
Spring wheat and barley are also grown in the Peace
River valley region in western Alberta. Winter wheat,
corn and soybeans are grown on the northern shores of
Lake Erie and Lake Ontario; corn and soybeans are
also grown in southern Quebec, along the St. Lawrence
valley.
southern coastal plains states east of the Appalachians,
and in Texas. Intense rice cultivation is found along the
Gulf coast, in Texas and Louisiana. Oranges and sugarcane are grown in Florida. The California valley has a
mixture of rice, barley, cotton, some winter wheat and
sugarbeets, fruits and vegetables, and vineyards. Cotton and oranges are grown along the Colorado river. In
the Palouse territory of Washington state, and along the
Colombia river in Washington and Idaho, there is
intense cultivation of winter wheat and barley.
Parana rivers, rice production in the center-south
regions extending from Mato Gross to Minas Gerais,
soybean production in the southeast, bordering Paraguay, and in Mato Grosso and Goias. Cotton is grown
along the Paranaiba river and in northeast Brazil. In
addition, Brazil grows sugarcane, cocoa, coffee, and
oranges. Western Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru have a
mixture of coffee, bananas, rice, sugarcane, cocoa,
potatoes, plantains, cotton, and maize production.
Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay
U.S.A.
The "corn belt" (dominated by maize and soybeans)
extends from the eastern Dakotas and Nebraska
through Iowa, Illinois, southern Wisconsin, Indiana, and
western Ohio. Spring wheat and barley are grown in the
Dakotas and eastern Montana. Winter wheat is grown
in Kansas, eastern Colorado, and parts of Oklahoma
and Texas. There is also sorghum cultivation in Kansas, eastern Nebraska, and the Texas panhandle, and
some oat cultivation in the Dakotas, Minnesota and
Iowa, and some sunflowerseed cultivation in North
Dakota. Lower intensity cultivation characterizes the
"dairy belt" (mixture of soya, spring wheat, and hay) of
the Great Lakes region. In the Mississippi Valley, there
is intense cultivation of soybeans, rice, and cotton; there
is some sorghum cultivation in the northern portions in
Missouri and Arkansas. Moderate- to high-intensity cultivation (of winter wheat, some corn and soybeans,
ground nuts, cotton, and tobacco) is also found in the
Mexico and Central America
There is a high concentration of corn and sorghum cultivation along the Gulf of Mexico, particularly in the states
of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and Tabasco. Wheat cultivation is found along the coast of the Sea of Cortez. In
addition, coffee, sugarcane, oranges, and vegetables
are grown in Mexico. The Greater Antilles is largely in
sugarcane cultivation, along with some cultivation of
coffee, tobacco, rice, fruits and vegetables. We find a
high density of croplands throughout the topographically
(and climatically) diverse regions of Central America;
the dominant crops grown are maize, beans, coffee,
tea, sugarcane, and groundnuts.
High- to moderate-intensity cultivation is found in the
humid Pampa region, with large-scale commercial grain
production. Wheat is grown in the southwest, corn, soybeans, and wheat in the north, and sorghum to the west
and northwest. High- cultivation intensity also appears
in the southern Gran Chaco region. Coffee and vegetables are grown to the southwest in Patagonia. In addition, sunflowerseeds are grown in the southern Pampa,
and cotton is cultivated in northern Argentina in Chaco.
Some intense cultivation of sugarcane is seen in the
western portions in Tucuman and Salta. Wheat and
maize are grown in Chile, with the high concentrations
between Temuco and Santiago.
Northern South America
OECD Europe
A moderate intensity of cultivation is found in the Brazilian highlands, along the Tocantins, Paranaiba, and São
Francisco rivers. These regions have corn and wheat
production in the southeast, east of the Uruguay and
There is a rich mixture of crops in Western Europe.
Scotland and England grow wheat, barley, rapeseed,
and sugarbeets. In Ireland, barley is the major crop;
wheat, potatoes, and sugarbeets are also grown. The
Scandinavian countries, Finland, and Denmark mainly
grow barley and oats, in addition to winter wheat, rapeseed and rye. Winter wheat, barley, and sugar beets
are grown in the Flanders region and Paris basin of
France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and southern Germany. Wheat and spring barley, along with rye,
sugarbeets, and rapeseed are grown in northern Germany. A Corn Belt stretches from northern Spain,
through southern France, to the Po valley in northern
Italy. Corn is also grown in the Loire basin of northwest
France. Barley and wheat are grown mainly in northwest and central Spain, along with some corn,
sunflowerseed, cotton, and rice. Wheat is grown in
southeastern Italy and Sicily, barley, rice and soybean
are grown in northern Italy, and sunflowerseed in central
Italy. The Mediterranean basin, mainly in eastern Spain
and southeastern France grows fruits, nuts, and vegetables. There is a large area of cotton cultivation in
Greece. There is very little cultivation in the Swiss and
Austrian Alps, and in the Pyrenees and Massif Central
highlands of France.
Eastern Europe
The Eastern European nations, particularly Poland,
form the western edge of the extensive wheat belt that
stretches eastward into the Siberian plains. Wheat and
rye are the main crops in Poland, in addition to oats,
rapeseed, and sugarbeets. In the former Czechoslovakia, a mixture of wheat, rye, barley, oats, and corn is
grown. A wheat-corn belt extends along the Danube,
from the Morava valley in Czechoslovakia, through the
Hungarian plains and Transylvanian basin in Hungary,
to the Wallachian plains at the border of Romania and
Bulgaria.
North Africa
The highest concentrations of croplands are found
along the Mediterranean coast of Mahgreb and the Nile
floodplain. The Nile valley sustains a rich mixture of
crops, including cotton, maize, wheat, rice, beans, potatoes, and sugarcane. Some barley and winter wheat
cultivation is found in the Mahgreb, along with a variety
of fruits, nuts, and vegetables (e.g., dates, grapes, citrus, and olives).
Tropical Africa
High-intensity cultivation is found in western Senegal
and Gambia, in eastern Sudan, Ethiopia east of the
Blue Nile, Uganda north of Lake Victoria, in the coastal
zone near the border of Kenya and Tanzania, and in
South Africa near Cape Town and the eastern coastal
regions. Low- to moderate-intensity crop cover also
extends east of Lake Victoria in Kenya and south into
Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
and eastern South Africa. In addition, crop cover is also
found in an east-west strip in the Sahel. A rich mixture
of crops is found in these regions. In Senegal and
Gambia, peanuts and cotton are grown. In the regions
extending from Sudan, east through the Ethiopian highlands, and south into Uganda toward Lake Victoria, a
mixture of millet, sorghum, maize, cotton, and coffee
are grown. A mixture of coffee, tea, maize, wheat, and
banana cultivation is found in the East African highlands
of Kenya and Tanzania. The Zambezi basin is dominated by maize, millet, grain sorghum, wheat, and sugarcane. Rice, coffee, and spices are grown in Madagascar, mainly on the eastern coast. Large areas of South
Africa are in maize cultivation; wheat, oats, and sunflower are also grown. Sugarcane is found along the east
coast in Natal. The Cape region in southwest Africa is
in winter wheat production, along with vegetable, fruit,
and vine growing. The Africa also has extensive
regions of subsistence agriculture, reflected by the large
areas in low-intensity cultivation. Large portions of
Sahelian Africa are in millet, groundnut, grain sorghum,
and yam cultivation. In the "yam belt", extending from
Guinea, along the shores of the Gulf of Guinea, to
Cameroon, yams have long been a traditional staple
food. Also, large amounts of cassava, cacao, and oil
palm are grown along with a mixture of fruits.
Kazakhstan. Spring barley is grown over the entire belt.
In the Russian Federation, oats are grown everywhere,
while rye is grown west of the Urals. Corn is grown in
the Ukraine, north Caucasus, and Volga valley. In addition, some sunflowerseed and sugarbeet cultivation
occurs in southern portions of the Russian federation
and Ukraine. Extensive areas of irrigated cotton extend
along the Amu Darya in Uzbekistan and Syr Darya in
Kazakhstan which drain into the Aral sea, and along the
southern border of Kazakhstan, in parts of Kyrgyzstan
and Tajikistan, and along the southern border of
Turkmenistan.
Huang-ho River in Inner Mongolia. Corn and soybeans
are also grown in the Manchurian plain, North China
plain, and Sichuan basin. In addition, groundnuts, rapeseed, cotton, sugarcane, and sugarbeets are also
grown in China. There is very little cultivation in Mongolia and North Korea.
South Asia
In the Fertile Crescent, extending from the Mediterranean coast of Syria, through the Euphrates and Tigris
valley to the Persian Gulf, winter wheat production is
prevalent. Winter wheat is also grown in western Turkey, northwestern Iran, and in the northeastern portions
of Iran bordering Turkmenistan. Cotton is cultivated in
several pockets of Iran, western Turkey, and in Syria.
A stretch of intense paddy cultivation lies in the Ganges
flood plain in northern India, the Ganges-Brahmaputra
delta in Bangladesh, and along the Irrawaddy in Burma.
Rice is also grown all along the deltas of eastern India
and in Kerala. Winter wheat is grown in the northwest
portions of India, east of the Thar Desert. Sorghum is
grown in west-central India, while millet is grown mainly
in the western portions of the country including in the
Thar desert. In addition, corn, groundnuts, soybeans,
rapeseed, cotton, and sugarcane are also grown in
India. In Pakistan, winter wheat is the major crop grown
along the Indus flood plain, along with rice, cotton, and
sugarcane. Rice is the major crop in Sri Lanka.
China, Mongolia, and North Korea
Southeast Asia
In China, rice is dominant in the southern portions, while
wheat is dominant in the north. Single and double-crop
rice is grown in southeast China, in the Sichuan basin,
and north of the Yangtze River. Winter wheat is cultivated in the North China plain, in the Sichuan basin and
north into Shaanxi, and in the Manchurian plain; spring
wheat is grown in the Manchurian plain and north of the
Paddy is the dominant crop in this region. Thailand has
two seasons of rice cultivation, with the main season
rice being grown mostly in the eastern portions of the
country, and the second-season rice grown in the central plains and northern region along the Chao Phraya
River. In Vietnam, rice is grown in the Red River delta,
in the Mekong delta, and along the Annamite
Middle East
Former Soviet Union
An extensive wheat (and barley) belt extends from
Poland through Byelorussia and Ukraine to eastern
Siberia. Winter wheat is grown in the western portions
of this belt, stretching from Ukraine to the Ural Mountains, and south to the Volga valley and northern
Caucasus. Spring wheat cultivation extends eastward
from the Volga valley, across the Urals, through the Virgin Lands into eastern Siberia, and southward into
coastlands. Rice is also cultivated in Cambodia along
the Mekong and Tonle Sap, almost everywhere in the
Philippines and South Korea, and in Indonesia. In addition, there are major regions of corn cultivation in central Thailand, the Philippines, and in Indonesia. Sugarcane is grown in Thailand and the Philippines.
Subsistence agriculture is practiced in Laos and there is
little large-scale cultivation. In Indonesia, rice, cassava,
corn, peanuts, rubber and cocoa are the major crops,
with the majority of the cultivation in Java. Rubber is
the major crop in Malaysia, along with palms, rice, coconuts, and pepper.
Japan
Rice is the major crop, with most of the cultivation concentrated in the northern portions of the main island of
Honshu, and some cultivation in Kyushu and Hokkaido.
Oceania
Winter wheat is dominant in both southeastern and
southwestern Australia, along with some winter barley.
In addition, cotton, sorghum, and sugarcane are grown
in the eastern portions of the country. New Zealand is
mostly in dairy farming, and majority of the cultivated
land is in planted pastures. Fodder crops or roots are
the main crops, followed by cereal grains (importantly
wheat), peas, and orchards and vineyards, grown mainly on the Canterbury plains in the eastern part of the
south island. Some maize is also grown in the north
island.