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Croplands of the Earth Navin Ramankutty, Nicholas J. Olejniczak, and Jonathan A. Foley Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment http://sage.aos.wisc.edu/ University of Wisconsin - Madison 1225 W. Dayton Street Madison, WI 53706 USA 608-265-8720 0% Acknowledgments: This work was funded by the NASA Earth Science Enterprise (IDS Programs) and the EPRI Carbon Cycle Model Linkages Project (CCMLP). 100% Data represents fraction of grid cell in croplands in 1992 Canada In the Prairie Provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba), there is moderate- to high-intensity cultivation of spring wheat, Durum wheat, barley and canola. Spring wheat and barley are also grown in the Peace River valley region in western Alberta. Winter wheat, corn and soybeans are grown on the northern shores of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario; corn and soybeans are also grown in southern Quebec, along the St. Lawrence valley. southern coastal plains states east of the Appalachians, and in Texas. Intense rice cultivation is found along the Gulf coast, in Texas and Louisiana. Oranges and sugarcane are grown in Florida. The California valley has a mixture of rice, barley, cotton, some winter wheat and sugarbeets, fruits and vegetables, and vineyards. Cotton and oranges are grown along the Colorado river. In the Palouse territory of Washington state, and along the Colombia river in Washington and Idaho, there is intense cultivation of winter wheat and barley. Parana rivers, rice production in the center-south regions extending from Mato Gross to Minas Gerais, soybean production in the southeast, bordering Paraguay, and in Mato Grosso and Goias. Cotton is grown along the Paranaiba river and in northeast Brazil. In addition, Brazil grows sugarcane, cocoa, coffee, and oranges. Western Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru have a mixture of coffee, bananas, rice, sugarcane, cocoa, potatoes, plantains, cotton, and maize production. Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay U.S.A. The "corn belt" (dominated by maize and soybeans) extends from the eastern Dakotas and Nebraska through Iowa, Illinois, southern Wisconsin, Indiana, and western Ohio. Spring wheat and barley are grown in the Dakotas and eastern Montana. Winter wheat is grown in Kansas, eastern Colorado, and parts of Oklahoma and Texas. There is also sorghum cultivation in Kansas, eastern Nebraska, and the Texas panhandle, and some oat cultivation in the Dakotas, Minnesota and Iowa, and some sunflowerseed cultivation in North Dakota. Lower intensity cultivation characterizes the "dairy belt" (mixture of soya, spring wheat, and hay) of the Great Lakes region. In the Mississippi Valley, there is intense cultivation of soybeans, rice, and cotton; there is some sorghum cultivation in the northern portions in Missouri and Arkansas. Moderate- to high-intensity cultivation (of winter wheat, some corn and soybeans, ground nuts, cotton, and tobacco) is also found in the Mexico and Central America There is a high concentration of corn and sorghum cultivation along the Gulf of Mexico, particularly in the states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and Tabasco. Wheat cultivation is found along the coast of the Sea of Cortez. In addition, coffee, sugarcane, oranges, and vegetables are grown in Mexico. The Greater Antilles is largely in sugarcane cultivation, along with some cultivation of coffee, tobacco, rice, fruits and vegetables. We find a high density of croplands throughout the topographically (and climatically) diverse regions of Central America; the dominant crops grown are maize, beans, coffee, tea, sugarcane, and groundnuts. High- to moderate-intensity cultivation is found in the humid Pampa region, with large-scale commercial grain production. Wheat is grown in the southwest, corn, soybeans, and wheat in the north, and sorghum to the west and northwest. High- cultivation intensity also appears in the southern Gran Chaco region. Coffee and vegetables are grown to the southwest in Patagonia. In addition, sunflowerseeds are grown in the southern Pampa, and cotton is cultivated in northern Argentina in Chaco. Some intense cultivation of sugarcane is seen in the western portions in Tucuman and Salta. Wheat and maize are grown in Chile, with the high concentrations between Temuco and Santiago. Northern South America OECD Europe A moderate intensity of cultivation is found in the Brazilian highlands, along the Tocantins, Paranaiba, and São Francisco rivers. These regions have corn and wheat production in the southeast, east of the Uruguay and There is a rich mixture of crops in Western Europe. Scotland and England grow wheat, barley, rapeseed, and sugarbeets. In Ireland, barley is the major crop; wheat, potatoes, and sugarbeets are also grown. The Scandinavian countries, Finland, and Denmark mainly grow barley and oats, in addition to winter wheat, rapeseed and rye. Winter wheat, barley, and sugar beets are grown in the Flanders region and Paris basin of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and southern Germany. Wheat and spring barley, along with rye, sugarbeets, and rapeseed are grown in northern Germany. A Corn Belt stretches from northern Spain, through southern France, to the Po valley in northern Italy. Corn is also grown in the Loire basin of northwest France. Barley and wheat are grown mainly in northwest and central Spain, along with some corn, sunflowerseed, cotton, and rice. Wheat is grown in southeastern Italy and Sicily, barley, rice and soybean are grown in northern Italy, and sunflowerseed in central Italy. The Mediterranean basin, mainly in eastern Spain and southeastern France grows fruits, nuts, and vegetables. There is a large area of cotton cultivation in Greece. There is very little cultivation in the Swiss and Austrian Alps, and in the Pyrenees and Massif Central highlands of France. Eastern Europe The Eastern European nations, particularly Poland, form the western edge of the extensive wheat belt that stretches eastward into the Siberian plains. Wheat and rye are the main crops in Poland, in addition to oats, rapeseed, and sugarbeets. In the former Czechoslovakia, a mixture of wheat, rye, barley, oats, and corn is grown. A wheat-corn belt extends along the Danube, from the Morava valley in Czechoslovakia, through the Hungarian plains and Transylvanian basin in Hungary, to the Wallachian plains at the border of Romania and Bulgaria. North Africa The highest concentrations of croplands are found along the Mediterranean coast of Mahgreb and the Nile floodplain. The Nile valley sustains a rich mixture of crops, including cotton, maize, wheat, rice, beans, potatoes, and sugarcane. Some barley and winter wheat cultivation is found in the Mahgreb, along with a variety of fruits, nuts, and vegetables (e.g., dates, grapes, citrus, and olives). Tropical Africa High-intensity cultivation is found in western Senegal and Gambia, in eastern Sudan, Ethiopia east of the Blue Nile, Uganda north of Lake Victoria, in the coastal zone near the border of Kenya and Tanzania, and in South Africa near Cape Town and the eastern coastal regions. Low- to moderate-intensity crop cover also extends east of Lake Victoria in Kenya and south into Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and eastern South Africa. In addition, crop cover is also found in an east-west strip in the Sahel. A rich mixture of crops is found in these regions. In Senegal and Gambia, peanuts and cotton are grown. In the regions extending from Sudan, east through the Ethiopian highlands, and south into Uganda toward Lake Victoria, a mixture of millet, sorghum, maize, cotton, and coffee are grown. A mixture of coffee, tea, maize, wheat, and banana cultivation is found in the East African highlands of Kenya and Tanzania. The Zambezi basin is dominated by maize, millet, grain sorghum, wheat, and sugarcane. Rice, coffee, and spices are grown in Madagascar, mainly on the eastern coast. Large areas of South Africa are in maize cultivation; wheat, oats, and sunflower are also grown. Sugarcane is found along the east coast in Natal. The Cape region in southwest Africa is in winter wheat production, along with vegetable, fruit, and vine growing. The Africa also has extensive regions of subsistence agriculture, reflected by the large areas in low-intensity cultivation. Large portions of Sahelian Africa are in millet, groundnut, grain sorghum, and yam cultivation. In the "yam belt", extending from Guinea, along the shores of the Gulf of Guinea, to Cameroon, yams have long been a traditional staple food. Also, large amounts of cassava, cacao, and oil palm are grown along with a mixture of fruits. Kazakhstan. Spring barley is grown over the entire belt. In the Russian Federation, oats are grown everywhere, while rye is grown west of the Urals. Corn is grown in the Ukraine, north Caucasus, and Volga valley. In addition, some sunflowerseed and sugarbeet cultivation occurs in southern portions of the Russian federation and Ukraine. Extensive areas of irrigated cotton extend along the Amu Darya in Uzbekistan and Syr Darya in Kazakhstan which drain into the Aral sea, and along the southern border of Kazakhstan, in parts of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, and along the southern border of Turkmenistan. Huang-ho River in Inner Mongolia. Corn and soybeans are also grown in the Manchurian plain, North China plain, and Sichuan basin. In addition, groundnuts, rapeseed, cotton, sugarcane, and sugarbeets are also grown in China. There is very little cultivation in Mongolia and North Korea. South Asia In the Fertile Crescent, extending from the Mediterranean coast of Syria, through the Euphrates and Tigris valley to the Persian Gulf, winter wheat production is prevalent. Winter wheat is also grown in western Turkey, northwestern Iran, and in the northeastern portions of Iran bordering Turkmenistan. Cotton is cultivated in several pockets of Iran, western Turkey, and in Syria. A stretch of intense paddy cultivation lies in the Ganges flood plain in northern India, the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in Bangladesh, and along the Irrawaddy in Burma. Rice is also grown all along the deltas of eastern India and in Kerala. Winter wheat is grown in the northwest portions of India, east of the Thar Desert. Sorghum is grown in west-central India, while millet is grown mainly in the western portions of the country including in the Thar desert. In addition, corn, groundnuts, soybeans, rapeseed, cotton, and sugarcane are also grown in India. In Pakistan, winter wheat is the major crop grown along the Indus flood plain, along with rice, cotton, and sugarcane. Rice is the major crop in Sri Lanka. China, Mongolia, and North Korea Southeast Asia In China, rice is dominant in the southern portions, while wheat is dominant in the north. Single and double-crop rice is grown in southeast China, in the Sichuan basin, and north of the Yangtze River. Winter wheat is cultivated in the North China plain, in the Sichuan basin and north into Shaanxi, and in the Manchurian plain; spring wheat is grown in the Manchurian plain and north of the Paddy is the dominant crop in this region. Thailand has two seasons of rice cultivation, with the main season rice being grown mostly in the eastern portions of the country, and the second-season rice grown in the central plains and northern region along the Chao Phraya River. In Vietnam, rice is grown in the Red River delta, in the Mekong delta, and along the Annamite Middle East Former Soviet Union An extensive wheat (and barley) belt extends from Poland through Byelorussia and Ukraine to eastern Siberia. Winter wheat is grown in the western portions of this belt, stretching from Ukraine to the Ural Mountains, and south to the Volga valley and northern Caucasus. Spring wheat cultivation extends eastward from the Volga valley, across the Urals, through the Virgin Lands into eastern Siberia, and southward into coastlands. Rice is also cultivated in Cambodia along the Mekong and Tonle Sap, almost everywhere in the Philippines and South Korea, and in Indonesia. In addition, there are major regions of corn cultivation in central Thailand, the Philippines, and in Indonesia. Sugarcane is grown in Thailand and the Philippines. Subsistence agriculture is practiced in Laos and there is little large-scale cultivation. In Indonesia, rice, cassava, corn, peanuts, rubber and cocoa are the major crops, with the majority of the cultivation in Java. Rubber is the major crop in Malaysia, along with palms, rice, coconuts, and pepper. Japan Rice is the major crop, with most of the cultivation concentrated in the northern portions of the main island of Honshu, and some cultivation in Kyushu and Hokkaido. Oceania Winter wheat is dominant in both southeastern and southwestern Australia, along with some winter barley. In addition, cotton, sorghum, and sugarcane are grown in the eastern portions of the country. New Zealand is mostly in dairy farming, and majority of the cultivated land is in planted pastures. Fodder crops or roots are the main crops, followed by cereal grains (importantly wheat), peas, and orchards and vineyards, grown mainly on the Canterbury plains in the eastern part of the south island. Some maize is also grown in the north island.