Download Page 1 Exam I Exam II Today: A. Urinary System B. Respiratory

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Today:
A. Urinary System
B. Respiratory System
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Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Glomerular Filtration:
1) Blood pressure = driving force
2) Molecules filtered < 3 nm diameter
3) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR):
• Regulation of GFR:
a) Myogenic control (intrinsic)
b) Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism (intrinsic)
c) Sympathetic nervous system (extrinsic)
d) Renin-angtiotensin mechanism (extrinsic)
• Juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure
• If BP ↓, release renin into blood (↑ BP)
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Chapters 26: Urinary System
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Urine Formation:
Filtration
Reabsorption
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Tubular Reabsorption:
• Return of fluid from renal tubules to blood
• ~ 80% of water & solutes reabsorbed at proximal tubule
1) Active processes:
• Chemicals moved against gradient
• Requires ATP (pumps in epithelial cell membranes)
• Substances = Glucose, amino acids, most cations (e.g. Na+)
2) Passive processes:
• Chemicals move down gradients (diffusion)
• Gradients established across epithelial membranes
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Assisting movement into
blood:
• Highly permeable
basement membrane
• Low blood pressure and
high [protein] in capillary
Transport Maximum (Tm)
Ø Diabetes
Solvent Drag
Obligatory water reabsorption
(Figure 26.12)
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Proximal
Convoluted
Tubule
Glucose (100%)
Amino acids (100%)
Na+ (~ 70%)
Water (~ 70%)
HCO3- (~ 90%)
Cl- (~ 50%)
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Tubular Reabsorption:
Non-reabsorbed Substances:
• End products of protein / nucleic acid metabolism
Urinary System Physiology:
Tubular Reabsorption:
Absorptive Capabilities of Tubules:
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted
Tubule & Collecting Duct
Na+ (~ 25%)
Water (~ 25%)
Cl- (~ 35%)
Na+ (hormone dependent)
Water (hormone dependent)
Cl- (hormone dependent)
Chapters 26: Urinary System
• Urea*, creatinine, uric acid*
• Not reabsorbed because:
(1) Lack protein carriers
(2) Not lipid soluble
(3) Too large to pass through membrane pores
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Tubular Secretion:
• Movement of material from capillary / tubule cells to filtrate
• Function:
1) Eliminating substances not in filtrate (e.g. antibiotics)
2) Eliminating substances reabsorbed (e.g. urea)
Urinary System Physiology:
Urine Formation:
Filtration
3) Eliminating excess K+ (collecting ducts)
4) Balancing pH (proximal / distal tubules)
Reabsorption
Secretion
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume:
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume:
Osmolality = # of solute particles dissolved in 1 L of water
?
Units:
osmol = 1 mole of non-ionizing substance in 1 L of water
• 1 mole glucose dissolved in 1 L water = 1 osmol
• 1 mole of NaCl dissolved in 1 L water = 2 osmol
milliosmol (mosm) = 0.001 osmol
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume:
Urinary System Physiology:
Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume:
low mosm
hypo-osmotic
high mosm
hyper-osmotic
low mosm
hypo-osmotic
high mosm
hyper-osmotic
Water
Water
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Urinary System Physiology:
Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume:
Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume:
Osmolarity
of interstitial
fluid (mosm)
300
300
Bowman’s
Capsule
Cortex
Proximal
Convoluted
Tubule
Distal
Convoluted
Tubule
400
Water
Collecting
Duct
600
Outer medulla
Descending
Loop of Henle
800
1000
1) Descending limb
of loop of Henle
permeable to water
but not solutes
Ascending
Loop of Henle
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume:
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Osmolarity
of interstitial
fluid (mosm)
Urinary System Physiology:
300
Osmolarity
of interstitial
fluid (mosm)
Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume:
100
300
Cortex
1200
1200
100
300
300
Cortex
100
400
600
Outer medulla
400
600
Outer medulla
800
2) Ascending limb
of loop of Henle
actively pumps out
NaCl but is
impermeable to
water
NaCl
1200
1000
1200
Urea
3) Collecting ducts
in medulla are
permeable to urea
(maintains interstitial
gradient)
800
1000
100
1200
1200
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume:
Urinary System Physiology:
Osmolarity
of interstitial
fluid (mosm)
Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume:
Formation of Dilute Urine (~ 100 mosm):
• 15 - 19 ml fluid / min produced (~ 22.5 L urine/day)
• Collecting ducts impermeable to water
• Diuretics = Chemicals that enhance urinary output
• Caffeine, alcohol
Formation of Concentrated Urine (~ 1200 mosm):
100
300
300
Cortex
100
400
600
Outer medulla
• 1.0 ml fluid/min produced (~ 1.5 L urine/day)
• Hormonally controlled (facultative water reabsorption)
1) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
800
1000
100
1200
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume:
Water channels open
in distal tubule and
collecting duct
↑ ADH
(posterior pituitary)
Alcohol
↓ urine volume
↑ urine concentration
peritubular capillary
ADH
ADH
Activation of osmoreceptors
in hypothalamus
1200
ADH
~300 mosm
water
ADH
~100 mosm
Formation of Dilute Urine (~ 100 mosm):
• 15 - 19 ml fluid / min produced (~ 22.5 L urine/day)
• Collecting ducts impermeable to water
• Diuretics = Chemicals that enhance urinary output
• Caffeine, alcohol
Formation of Concentrated Urine (~ 1200 mosm):
• 1.0 ml fluid/min produced (~ 1.5 L urine/day)
• Hormonally controlled (facultative water reabsorption)
1) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
2) Aldosterone
↑ osmolarity of blood
Chapters 26: Urinary System
↑ Aldosterone
(adrenal cortex)
Chapters 26: Urinary System
↑ reaborption of Na+
↑ reabsorption of water
↑ secretion of K+
↓ urine volume
↑ urine concentration
Angiotensinogen
converted to
Angiotensin II
peritubular capillary
Ald.
Ald.
Ald.
Renin released
(Juxtaglomerular cells)
Ald.
K+
↓ blood volume (↓ BP)
↓ [Na+]
↑ [K+]
Na+
Water
Urinary System Physiology:
Composition of Urine:
• 95% water
• 5% solutes
• Nitrogenous wastes (urea > creatinine > uric acid)
• Ions (Na+; K+; phosphates; sulfates)
Physical Characteristics of Urine:
1) Color & Transparency
• Dilute = clear / pale yellow; Conc. = deep yellow (urochrome)
2) Odor
• Fresh = slight odor; Old = ammonia odor (bacterial metabolism)
3) pH
• Acidic (pH ~ 6)
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Urinary System Anatomy:
Ureters:
Micturition:
(urination)
• Tubes conveying urine from kidneys to bladder
• 3 layers (mucosa (TE), muscularis, adventitia)
• Peristalsis
Ø Kidney Stones
Urinary Bladder:
• Collapsible, muscular sack → urine storage (retroperitoneal - TE)
• Maximum capacity ~ 1 L
Urethra:
• Tube conveying urine from bladder to external environment
• transitional, simple columnar, stratified squamous
• internal sphincter (involuntary); external sphincter (voluntary)
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Urinary System Physiology:
Micturition:
(urination)
Micturition:
(urination)
Ureter
Bladder
Internal urethral
sphincter (invol.)
Urogenita
l diaphrag
m
External urethral
sphincter (vol.)
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Urinary System Physiology:
Micturition:
(urination)
Micturition:
(urination)
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Chapters 26: Urinary System
Urinary System Physiology:
Micturition:
(urination)
Sensory Input
(spinal cord)
Micturition:
(urination)
Sensory Input
(spinal cord)
Stretch
(~200 ml)
Stretch
(~200 ml)
Parasympathetic
Efferent Output
Parasympathetic
Efferent Output
(pelvic splanchnic nerve)
(pelvic splanchnic nerve)
(-)
(-)
Chapters 26: Urinary System
(-)
Chapters 23: Respiratory System
Brain
Urinary System Physiology:
Respiratory System:
Micturition:
(urination)
Sensory Input
(spinal cord)
A. Functional Anatomy
B. Mechanisms of Breathing
C. Gas Exchange
D. Gas Transport
E. Control of Respiration
Stretch
(~200 ml)
Glucose
Glycolysis
ATP
Acetyl CoA
Parasympathetic
Efferent Output
(-)
Brain
Urinary System Physiology:
(pelvic splanchnic nerve)
(-)
Supplies the body
with oxygen and
disposes of carbon
dioxide
e-
CO2
Kreb
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
H2O
O2
Chapters 23: Respiratory System
Respiratory System:
Respiration includes:
1) Pulmonary ventilation (pumping air in/out of lungs)
2) External respiration (gas exchange @ blood-gas barrier)
3) Transport of respiratory gases (blood)
4) Internal respiration (gas exchange @ tissues)
Chapters 23: Respiratory System
Respiratory System:
A. Functional Anatomy
B. Mechanisms of Breathing
C. Gas Exchange
D. Gas Transport
E. Control of Respiration
Supplies the body
with oxygen and
disposes of carbon
dioxide
Chapters 23: Respiratory System
O.S.U.
2) Nasal cavity (PCCE)
2
3
• moisten/warms air
4
• filters air
1
Uvula
Nasopharynx (PCCE)
Oral Cavity (StSE)
Oropharynx (StSE)
Laryngopharynx (StSE)
Larynx (HC)
6
5
• resonance chamber
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Chapters 23: Respiratory System
(Figures 23.1 - 23.7)
1) External nares
7
8
9
12
12
10
11
(Figures 23.1 - 23.7)
9) Trachea (PCCE) with rings (HC)
10) Right lung (3 lobes)
11) Left lung (2 lobes)
1
12) Primary Bronchi (right & left) (PCCE)
13) Secondary bronchi (PCCE)
14) Tertiary bronchi (PCCE)
15) Diaphragm
10
13
13
14
14
O.S.U.
2
3
4
6
5
7
8
9
12
12
11
• provide open airway
• channel air/food (epiglottis)
• voice production (vocal cords)
15
15
Chapters 23: Respiratory System
Functional Anatomy:
The Bronchial Tree:
The trachea bifurcates (divides in two) to form:
• Primary (1º) bronchi
• Secondary (2º) bronchi
• Tertiary (3º) bronchi
Ø Bifurcation continues up to 23 orders
Naming of pathways:
• > 1 mm diameter = bronchi
• < 1 mm diameter = bronchioles
• < 0.5 mm diameter = terminal bronchioles
Chapters 23: Respiratory System
Functional Anatomy:
The Bronchial Tree:
Order of bronchi / bronchiole
low
high
Cartilage:
rings
plates / gone
Epithelium:
columnar
cilia
Smooth muscle increases
cuboidal
no cilia
Chapters 23: Respiratory System
Chapters 23: Respiratory System
Functional Anatomy:
16) Wall of thoracic cavity
17) Parietal pleura
18) Pleural cavity (pleural fluid)
19) Visceral pleura
O.S.U.
16
17
18
19
2
3
4
1
6
5
7
16
17
18
19
8
9
12
12
10
11
13
14
15
Chapters 23: Respiratory System
Chapters 23: Respiratory System
Conducting Zone
Functional Anatomy:
20) Terminal bronchiole (SCE)
21) Respiratory bronchiole (SCE)
22) Air sac (SSE)
23) Alveolus (SSE)
O.S.U.
16
17
18
19
2
3
4
1
6
5
7
23
20
• Alveolar pores
• Alveolar macrophages
8
9
12
23
12
10
11
20
24
22
21
13
26
14
25
27
Respiratory Zone
15
24) Pulmonary capillary
25) Pulmonary venule (high O2)
26) Pulmonary arteriole (low O2)
24
22
21
26
25
Chapters 23: Respiratory System
23
20
24
22
21
26
25
Diffusion is the force that drives gas exchange in the lungs:
O2 and CO2 move from [high] to [low]
Chapters 23: Respiratory System
Functional Anatomy:
23
20
24
22
21
26
25
27
27) Red blood cell
28) Capillary endothelium
29) Fused basement membranes
• Capillary & alveolus
30) Epithelium of alveolus
28
29
30