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P PP P P P Exam I Exam II Reminder: Exam I → Thursday Today: A. Urinary System B. Respiratory System Mariners Baseball: Travel Day... Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Glomerular Filtration: 1) Blood pressure = driving force 2) Molecules filtered < 3 nm diameter 3) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): • Regulation of GFR: a) Myogenic control (intrinsic) b) Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism (intrinsic) c) Sympathetic nervous system (extrinsic) d) Renin-angtiotensin mechanism (extrinsic) • Juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure • If BP ↓, release renin into blood (↑ BP) Next: Tampa Bay Devil Rays Chapters 26: Urinary System Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Urine Formation: Filtration Reabsorption Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Tubular Reabsorption: • Return of fluid from renal tubules to blood • ~ 80% of water & solutes reabsorbed at proximal tubule 1) Active processes: • Chemicals moved against gradient • Requires ATP (pumps in epithelial cell membranes) • Substances = Glucose, amino acids, most cations (e.g. Na+) 2) Passive processes: • Chemicals move down gradients (diffusion) • Gradients established across epithelial membranes Chapters 26: Urinary System Assisting movement into blood: • Highly permeable basement membrane • Low blood pressure and high [protein] in capillary Transport Maximum (Tm) Ø Diabetes Solvent Drag Obligatory water reabsorption (Figure 26.12) Chapters 26: Urinary System Proximal Convoluted Tubule Glucose (100%) Amino acids (100%) Na+ (~ 70%) Water (~ 70%) HCO3- (~ 90%) Cl- (~ 50%) Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Tubular Reabsorption: Non-reabsorbed Substances: • End products of protein / nucleic acid metabolism Urinary System Physiology: Tubular Reabsorption: Absorptive Capabilities of Tubules: Loop of Henle Distal Convoluted Tubule & Collecting Duct Na+ (~ 25%) Water (~ 25%) Cl- (~ 35%) Na+ (hormone dependent) Water (hormone dependent) Cl- (hormone dependent) Chapters 26: Urinary System • Urea*, creatinine, uric acid* • Not reabsorbed because: (1) Lack protein carriers (2) Not lipid soluble (3) Too large to pass through membrane pores Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Tubular Secretion: • Movement of material from capillary / tubule cells to filtrate • Function: 1) Eliminating substances not in filtrate (e.g. antibiotics) 2) Eliminating substances reabsorbed (e.g. urea) Urinary System Physiology: Urine Formation: Filtration 3) Eliminating excess K+ (collecting ducts) 4) Balancing pH (proximal / distal tubules) Reabsorption Secretion Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume: Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume: Osmolality = # of solute particles dissolved in 1 L of water ? Units: osmol = 1 mole of non-ionizing substance in 1 L of water • 1 mole glucose dissolved in 1 L water = 1 osmol • 1 mole of NaCl dissolved in 1 L water = 2 osmol milliosmol (mosm) = 0.001 osmol Chapters 26: Urinary System Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume: Urinary System Physiology: Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume: low mosm hypo-osmotic high mosm hyper-osmotic low mosm hypo-osmotic high mosm hyper-osmotic Water Water Chapters 26: Urinary System Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Urinary System Physiology: Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume: Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume: Osmolarity of interstitial fluid (mosm) 300 300 Bowman’s Capsule Cortex Proximal Convoluted Tubule Distal Convoluted Tubule 400 Water Collecting Duct 600 Outer medulla Descending Loop of Henle 800 1000 1) Descending limb of loop of Henle permeable to water but not solutes Ascending Loop of Henle Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume: Chapters 26: Urinary System Osmolarity of interstitial fluid (mosm) Urinary System Physiology: 300 Osmolarity of interstitial fluid (mosm) Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume: 100 300 Cortex 1200 1200 100 300 300 Cortex 100 400 600 Outer medulla 400 600 Outer medulla 800 2) Ascending limb of loop of Henle actively pumps out NaCl but is impermeable to water NaCl 1200 1000 1200 Urea 3) Collecting ducts in medulla are permeable to urea (maintains interstitial gradient) 800 1000 100 1200 1200 Chapters 26: Urinary System Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume: Urinary System Physiology: Osmolarity of interstitial fluid (mosm) Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume: Formation of Dilute Urine (~ 100 mosm): • 15 - 19 ml fluid / min produced (~ 22.5 L urine/day) • Collecting ducts impermeable to water • Diuretics = Chemicals that enhance urinary output • Caffeine, alcohol Formation of Concentrated Urine (~ 1200 mosm): 100 300 300 Cortex 100 400 600 Outer medulla • 1.0 ml fluid/min produced (~ 1.5 L urine/day) • Hormonally controlled (facultative water reabsorption) 1) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) 800 1000 100 1200 Chapters 26: Urinary System Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume: Water channels open in distal tubule and collecting duct ↑ ADH (posterior pituitary) Alcohol ↓ urine volume ↑ urine concentration peritubular capillary ADH ADH Activation of osmoreceptors in hypothalamus 1200 ADH ~300 mosm water ADH ~100 mosm Formation of Dilute Urine (~ 100 mosm): • 15 - 19 ml fluid / min produced (~ 22.5 L urine/day) • Collecting ducts impermeable to water • Diuretics = Chemicals that enhance urinary output • Caffeine, alcohol Formation of Concentrated Urine (~ 1200 mosm): • 1.0 ml fluid/min produced (~ 1.5 L urine/day) • Hormonally controlled (facultative water reabsorption) 1) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) 2) Aldosterone ↑ osmolarity of blood Chapters 26: Urinary System ↑ Aldosterone (adrenal cortex) Chapters 26: Urinary System ↑ reaborption of Na+ ↑ reabsorption of water ↑ secretion of K+ ↓ urine volume ↑ urine concentration Angiotensinogen converted to Angiotensin II peritubular capillary Ald. Ald. Ald. Renin released (Juxtaglomerular cells) Ald. K+ ↓ blood volume (↓ BP) ↓ [Na+] ↑ [K+] Na+ Water Urinary System Physiology: Composition of Urine: • 95% water • 5% solutes • Nitrogenous wastes (urea > creatinine > uric acid) • Ions (Na+; K+; phosphates; sulfates) Physical Characteristics of Urine: 1) Color & Transparency • Dilute = clear / pale yellow; Conc. = deep yellow (urochrome) 2) Odor • Fresh = slight odor; Old = ammonia odor (bacterial metabolism) 3) pH • Acidic (pH ~ 6) Chapters 26: Urinary System Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Urinary System Anatomy: Ureters: Micturition: (urination) • Tubes conveying urine from kidneys to bladder • 3 layers (mucosa (TE), muscularis, adventitia) • Peristalsis Ø Kidney Stones Urinary Bladder: • Collapsible, muscular sack → urine storage (retroperitoneal - TE) • Maximum capacity ~ 1 L Urethra: • Tube conveying urine from bladder to external environment • transitional, simple columnar, stratified squamous • internal sphincter (involuntary); external sphincter (voluntary) Chapters 26: Urinary System Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Urinary System Physiology: Micturition: (urination) Micturition: (urination) Ureter Bladder Internal urethral sphincter (invol.) Urogenita l diaphrag m External urethral sphincter (vol.) Chapters 26: Urinary System Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Urinary System Physiology: Micturition: (urination) Micturition: (urination) Chapters 26: Urinary System Chapters 26: Urinary System Urinary System Physiology: Micturition: (urination) Sensory Input (spinal cord) Micturition: (urination) Sensory Input (spinal cord) Stretch (~200 ml) Stretch (~200 ml) Parasympathetic Efferent Output Parasympathetic Efferent Output (pelvic splanchnic nerve) (pelvic splanchnic nerve) (-) (-) Chapters 26: Urinary System (-) Chapters 23: Respiratory System Brain Urinary System Physiology: Respiratory System: Micturition: (urination) Sensory Input (spinal cord) A. Functional Anatomy B. Mechanisms of Breathing C. Gas Exchange D. Gas Transport E. Control of Respiration Stretch (~200 ml) Glucose Glycolysis ATP Acetyl CoA Parasympathetic Efferent Output (-) Brain Urinary System Physiology: (pelvic splanchnic nerve) (-) Supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide e- CO2 Kreb Cycle Electron Transport Chain H2O O2 Chapters 23: Respiratory System Respiratory System: Respiration includes: 1) Pulmonary ventilation (pumping air in/out of lungs) 2) External respiration (gas exchange @ blood-gas barrier) 3) Transport of respiratory gases (blood) 4) Internal respiration (gas exchange @ tissues) Chapters 23: Respiratory System Respiratory System: A. Functional Anatomy B. Mechanisms of Breathing C. Gas Exchange D. Gas Transport E. Control of Respiration Supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide Chapters 23: Respiratory System O.S.U. 2) Nasal cavity (PCCE) 2 3 • moisten/warms air 4 • filters air 1 Uvula Nasopharynx (PCCE) Oral Cavity (StSE) Oropharynx (StSE) Laryngopharynx (StSE) Larynx (HC) 6 5 • resonance chamber 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Chapters 23: Respiratory System (Figures 23.1 - 23.7) 1) External nares 7 8 9 12 12 10 11 (Figures 23.1 - 23.7) 9) Trachea (PCCE) with rings (HC) 10) Right lung (3 lobes) 11) Left lung (2 lobes) 1 12) Primary Bronchi (right & left) (PCCE) 13) Secondary bronchi (PCCE) 14) Tertiary bronchi (PCCE) 15) Diaphragm 10 13 13 14 14 O.S.U. 2 3 4 6 5 7 8 9 12 12 11 • provide open airway • channel air/food (epiglottis) • voice production (vocal cords) 15 15 Chapters 23: Respiratory System Functional Anatomy: The Bronchial Tree: The trachea bifurcates (divides in two) to form: • Primary (1º) bronchi • Secondary (2º) bronchi • Tertiary (3º) bronchi Ø Bifurcation continues up to 23 orders Naming of pathways: • > 1 mm diameter = bronchi • < 1 mm diameter = bronchioles • < 0.5 mm diameter = terminal bronchioles Chapters 23: Respiratory System Functional Anatomy: The Bronchial Tree: Order of bronchi / bronchiole low high Cartilage: rings plates / gone Epithelium: columnar cilia Smooth muscle increases cuboidal no cilia Chapters 23: Respiratory System Chapters 23: Respiratory System Functional Anatomy: 16) Wall of thoracic cavity 17) Parietal pleura 18) Pleural cavity (pleural fluid) 19) Visceral pleura O.S.U. 16 17 18 19 2 3 4 1 6 5 7 16 17 18 19 8 9 12 12 10 11 13 14 15 Chapters 23: Respiratory System Chapters 23: Respiratory System Conducting Zone Functional Anatomy: 20) Terminal bronchiole (SCE) 21) Respiratory bronchiole (SCE) 22) Air sac (SSE) 23) Alveolus (SSE) O.S.U. 16 17 18 19 2 3 4 1 6 5 7 23 20 • Alveolar pores • Alveolar macrophages 8 9 12 23 12 10 11 20 24 22 21 13 26 14 25 27 Respiratory Zone 15 24) Pulmonary capillary 25) Pulmonary venule (high O2) 26) Pulmonary arteriole (low O2) 24 22 21 26 25 Chapters 23: Respiratory System 23 20 24 22 21 26 25 Diffusion is the force that drives gas exchange in the lungs: O2 and CO2 move from [high] to [low] Chapters 23: Respiratory System Functional Anatomy: 23 20 24 22 21 26 25 27 27) Red blood cell 28) Capillary endothelium 29) Fused basement membranes • Capillary & alveolus 30) Epithelium of alveolus 28 29 30