Download Chapter 16 Review: The Digestive System

Chapter 18 Review: Urinary System
Know the following:
 Identify the components of the urinary system and list their functions.
 Describe the structural features of the kidneys.
 Describe the structure of the nephron and the processes involved in urine formation.
 Trace the path of blood flow through a kidney.
 List and describe the factors that influence filtration pressure and the rate of filtrate
formation.
 Describe the changes that occur in the tubular fluid as it moves through the nephron
and exits as urine.
 Describe the structures and functions of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
 Discuss the process of urination and how it is controlled.
 Explain how the urinary system interacts with other body systems to maintain
homeostasis.
Answer the following:
1. What are the essential functions of the urinary system?
2. Trace the pathway of a drop of urine from the time it leaves the kidney until it is
urinated from the body. (Use arrows to show direction.)
3. What three concentric layers of connective tissue protect and anchor the kidneys?
4. Trace the pathway of a drop of filtrate from the time it goes through the filtration
membrane in the glomerulus until it enters the collecting tubules as concentrated urine.
(Use arrows to indicate direction of flow.)
5. What vital functions of the kidneys are performed by the nephrons?
6. What physical barriers are involved with passage of materials during the filtration
process? Cite one structural characteristic of each barrier.
7. What two hormones are secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
8. What known functions result from sympathetic innervation of the kidneys?
9. What are the three processes involved in urine formation.
10. What control mechanisms are involved with regulation of the glomerular filtration rate
(GFR)?
11. What four hormones affect urine production? Describe the role of each.
12. What two major effects does ADH have on homeostatic regulation of water volume in
the body?
13. How do pulmonary and renal mechanisms support the chemical buffer system?
14. What three different, interrelated types of homeostasis are involved in the maintenance
of normal volume and composition in the ECF and ICF?
15. What hormones mediate physiological adjustments that affect fluid and electrolyte
balance?
16. What adjustments control the rate of tubular secretion of potassium ions along the DCT
of the nephron?
17. What two primary steps are involved in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations?
18. Write the chemical equations to show how carbon dioxide interacts with water in
solution to form molecules of carbonic acid. Continue the equation to show the
dissociation of carbonic acid molecules to produce hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions.
19. What chemical buffer systems represent the first line of defense against pH shift? What
two physiological buffers represent the second line of defense against pH shift?
20. How do pulmonary and renal mechanisms support the chemical buffer systems?
21. What is the difference between hypercapnia and hypocapnia?
22. What are the three major causes of metabolic acidosis?