Download Human body systems

CELLS/TISSUE/ORGANS/ORGAN SYSTEM
• CELLS ARE THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE
• TISSUES ARE MADE OF CELLS
• ORGANS ARE MADE OF TISSUES
• ORGAN SYSTEMS ARE MADE OF ORGANS
• THESE WORK TOGETHER TO HELP TO PROVIDE ALL CELLS WITH NUTRIENTS, OXYGEN, AND WASTE
REMOVAL.
HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
• EACH SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF ORGANS AND TISSUES WHICH PERFORM SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
• THESE SYSTEMS INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER TO KEEP THE BODY ALIVE AND HEALTHY
• CELLS  TISSUES  ORGANS  ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANISM
THE SKIN
• SKIN – THE LARGEST ORGAN OF THE BODY THAT COVERS AND PROTECTS THE BODY FROM INJURY,
INFECTION, AND WATER LOSS.
• PROTECTING THE BODY – FORMS A BARRIER TO KEEP DISEASE CAUSING MICROORGANISMS AND HARMFUL
SUBSTANCES OUT AND KEEPS WATER IN.
• MAINTAINING TEMPERATURE – SKIN IS COMPOSED OF MANY BLOOD VESSELS THAT CAN EXPAND TO ALLOW
MORE BLOOD FLOW. SKIN ALSO CONTAINS SWEAT GLANDS, WHICH PRODUCE PERSPIRATION TO COOL YOUR
SKIN.
• ELIMINATING WASTES – PERSPIRATION ALSO CONTAINS DISSOLVED WASTES FROM THE BREAKDOWN OF
PROTEINS.
• SKIN IS MADE UP OF TWO LAYERS OF TISSUE:
• THE EPIDERMIS
• THIN, OUTER LAYER OF SKIN, WHICH DOES NOT CONTAIN NERVES
OR BLOOD VESSELS
• OUTER MOST CELLS ARE DEAD
• CELLS PRODUCE MELANIN, WHICH IS A PIGMENT THAT GIVES
SKIN COLOR.
• THE DERMIS
• INNER LAYER OF SKIN BETWEEN EPIDERMIS AND FAT
• THICKER THAN EPIDERMIS
• CONTAINS SWEAT GLANDS, HAIRS AND OIL GLANDS
• PERSPIRATION LEAVES SKIN THROUGH PORES AND STRANDS OF HAIR GROWN IN FOLLICLES
•SKIN IS ABLE TO PRODUCE NEW CELLS AND REPAIR ITSELF WHEN
INJURED
•SCABS FORM TO PREVENT BACTERIA FROM ENTERING
•SKIN CELLS BENEATH SCAB MULTIPLY TO FILL IN GAP OF THE
TORN SKIN
•SKIN GRAFTS, PIECES OF SKIN USED FROM ONE PART OF BODY
TO REPAIR ANOTHER IN THE CASE OF SEVERE SKIN DAMAGE.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
•MUSCLE – AN ORGAN THAT CAN RELAX AND CONTRACT,
PROVIDING THE FORCE TO MOVE YOUR BODY
•VOLUNTARY MUSCLE – MUSCLES YOU ARE ABLE TO CONTROL
•INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE – MUSCLES YOU CANNOT CONTROL
• THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE:
• SKELETAL MUSCLE – ATTACHED TO BONES OF SKELETON; HAVE TENDONS, OR STRONG
CONNECTIVE TISSUE ATTACHING MUSCLE TO BONE; CLASSIFIED AS VOLUNTARY.
• SMOOTH MUSCLE – FOUND IN INTERNAL ORGANS; INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES THAT REACT
MORE SLOWLY AND TIRE MORE SLOWLY.
• CARDIAC MUSCLE – FOUND ONLY IN THE HEART; INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE THAT DOES NOT
GET TIRED; CONTRACTS REPEATEDLY – CONTRACTIONS ARE YOUR HEARTBEATS.
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
• BECAUSE MUSCLE CELLS CAN ONLY CONTRACT, NOT
EXTEND, SKELETAL MUSCLES MUST WORK IN PAIRS.
WHILE ONE MUSCLE CONTRACTS, THE OTHER
MUSCLE IN THE PAIR RELAXES TO ITS ORIGINAL
LENGTH.
• MUSCLE TISSUE IS MADE UP OF FIBERS, OR FUSED
MUSCLE CELLS. EACH FIBER IS MADE UP OF SMALLER
UNITS CALLED MYOFIBRILS, WHICH ARE MADE UP OF
EVEN SMALLER PROTEIN FILAMENTS CALLED MYOSIN
(THICK) AND ACTIN (THIN).
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• SKELETON – MADE UP OF ALL THE BONES IN YOUR
BODY; HAS FIVE MAJOR FUNCTIONS
• GIVES SHAPE AND SUPPORT TO YOUR BODY
• BONES PROTECT YOUR INTERNAL ORGANS
• MAJOR MUSCLES ARE ATTACHED TO YOUR
BONES
• BLOOD CELLS ARE FORMED IN RED MARROW AT
CENTER OF BONES
• CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS ARE
STORED FOR LATER USE BY THE BODY
• BONE STRUCTURE – BONES ARE ALIVE, THEREFORE THEY GROW AND
DEVELOP
• PERIOSTEUM – TOUGH MEMBRANE COVERING BONES SURFACE
• COMPACT BONE – HARD, STRONG LAYER UNDER PERIOSTEUM
• SPONGY BONE – FOUND TOWARDS ENDS OF LONG BONES; WITH
MANY SMALL SPACES WITHIN IT
• MARROW – SOFT, CONNECTIVE TISSUE FOUND WITHIN
SPACES, TWO TYPES RED AND YELLOW – RED PRODUCES
BLOOD CELLS, YELLOW STORES FAT AS ENERGY RESERVE.
• CARTILAGE – RUBBERY LAYER OF TISSUE FOUND AT THE ENDS OF
BONES WHERE THEY FORM JOINTS.
• JOINTS – ANY PLACE WHERE TWO OR MORE BONES COME
TOGETHER, HELD IN PLACE BY TOUGH BAND OF TISSUE –
LIGAMENT
• THE DIFFERENT JOINTS ARE CLASSIFIED BY THE TYPE OF
MOVEMENT THEY ALLOW
• IMMOVEABLE JOINTS – ALLOWS LITTLE OR NO
MOVEMENT
• PIVOT JOINT – ONE BONE ROTATES AROUND ANOTHER
• BALL AND SOCKET – ROUNDED END OF ONE BONE FITS
INTO CUP-LIKE STRUCTURE OF ANOTHER
• HINGE JOINTS – BACK AND FORTH MOVEMENT
• GLIDING JOINT – ONE PART OF BONE SLIDES OVER
ANOTHER
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS TWO DIVISIONS THAT WORK TOGETHER:
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) – CONSISTS OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD AND IS THE
CONTROL CENTER OF THE BODY.
• BRAIN – LOCATED IN THE SKULL HAS 3 MAIN REGIONS:
• CEREBRUM – LARGEST PART, CONTROLS MOVEMENT, THE SENSES, SPEECH AND ABSTRACT
THOUGHT
• CEREBELLUM – COORDINATES ACTIONS OF MUSCLES AND HELPS MAINTAIN BALANCE
• BRAIN STEM – CONTROLS INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS SUCH AS BREATHING AND HEART RATE
• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) – CONSISTS OF A NETWORK OF NERVES THAT BRANCH OUT
FROM THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND CONNECT IT TO THE REST OF THE BODY.
• REFLEX – AUTOMATIC RESPONSE THAT OCCURS VERY RAPIDLY AND WITHOUT
CONSCIOUS CONTROL; HELPS TO PROTECT THE BODY.
• THE BODY HAS 5 SENSES:
• VISION – LIGHT ENTERS YOUR EYES AND STIMULATES THE RODS AND
CONES, OR CELLS FOUND IN YOUR RETINA  THEY SEND IMPULSES TO THE
OPTIC NERVE, THE BRAIN INTERPRETS THE IMAGE YOU “SEE”
• HEARING – EARS PICK UP SOUND WAVES CAUSED BY VIBRATIONS THAT
YOUR BRAIN INTERPRETS.
• SMELL & TASTE – WORK CLOSELY TOGETHER – DEPEND ON CHEMICALS
THAT TRIGGER RESPONSES IN RECEPTORS IN THE NOSE AND MOUTH.
• TOUCH – SENSORY RECEPTORS PICK UP CHANGES IN TOUCH, PRESSURE,
PAIN AND TEMPERATURE AND SEND IMPULSES TO BRAIN OR SPINAL CORD.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – MAIN FUNCTION IS TO
DISASSEMBLE THE FOOD YOU EAT INTO MOLECULES
YOUR BODY CAN USE AS ENERGY.
• ONLY SMALL MOLECULES CAN PASS THROUGH THE
CELL MEMBRANE AND INTO THE CELL SO IT CAN BE
USED.
• EX: WE BREAK STARCH ( A LARGE MOLECULES)
DOWN INTO GLUCOSE (A SMALL MOLECULE THAT
CAN CROSS CELL MEMBRANES) SO OUR CELLS CAN
DO RESPIRATION AND MAKE ENERGY!
•PROTEINS  AMINO ACIDS
•STARCH  GLUCOSE
•LIPIDS  FATTY ACIDS
•CARBOHYDRATES  SIMPLE SUGARS
STEPS OF DIGESTION:
INGESTION  DIGESTIONS  ABSORPTION  EXCRETION
•TYPES OF DIGESTION:
•MECHANICAL – PHYSICALLY BREAKING
FOOD DOWN INTO SMALLER PIECES
•THIS CREATES MORE SURFACE AREA,
SO ENZYMES CAN GET TO MORE
MOLECULES
•CHEMICAL – USE OF CHEMICALS AND
ENZYMES TO BREAK FOOD INTO
SUBSTANCES THAT CAN BE ABSORBED
• THE MOUTH – FOOD ENTERS TO BEGIN THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS…
 TEETH ARE USED FOR MECHANICAL DIGESTION TO BREAK THE FOOD INTO SMALLER PIECES,
SO IT CAN BE EASILY SWALLOWED.
 SALIVA CONTAINS AN ENZYME (AMYLASE) USED IN CHEMICAL DIGESTION, WHICH BREAKS
DOWN STARCHES INTO SIMPLE SUGARS
 THE TONGUE IS YOUR STRONGEST MUSCLE USED TO MANIPULATE FOOD DURING
MASTICATION
• THE ESOPHAGUS – MUSCULAR TUBE MOVES FOOD TO THE STOMACH USING PERISTALSIS, OR
WAVES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS.
 PERISTALSIS IS THE MOTION THAT PUSHES THE FOOD DOWN THE TUBE. THE TUBE PINCHES
OFF ABOVE THE FOOD PUSHING IT TOWARD THE STOMACH
 YOU HAVE AN EPIGLOTTIS THAT COVERS YOUR ESOPHAGUS WHILE YOU ARE BREATHING AND
COVERS YOUR TRACHEA WHILE YOU ARE SWALLOWING
 THIS PREVENTS FOOD FROM “GOING DOWN THE WRONG TUBE”
• THE STOMACH – FOOD IS DIGESTED MECHANICALLY BY
PERISTALSIS AND CHEMICALLY BY DIGESTIVE ENZYME PEPSIN AND
HYDROCHLORIC ACID.
• THE SMALL INTESTINE – MOST CHEMICAL DIGESTION TAKES PLACE
HERE ALONG WITH ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS, WHICH IS
INCREASED BY VILLI, OR SMALL PROJECTIONS THAT INCREASE
SURFACE AREA.
• THE LIVER – DURING DIGESTION THE LIVER PRODUCES BILE, A
SUBSTANCE THAT BREAKS UP FAT PARTICLES, WHICH IS
STORED IN THE GALL BLADDER.
• THE PANCREAS – PRODUCE ENZYMES THAT FLOW INTO SMALL
INTESTINE THAT HELP BREAK DOWN STARCHES, PROTEINS,
AND FATS.
WHEN THE FOOD ARRIVES IN THE LARGE INTESTINE IT IS NUTRIENT FREE
THE LARGE INTESTINE PULLS ANY EXCESS WATER OUT OF THE REMAINING
INDIGESTIBLE MATERIAL CREATING FECES
THE LARGE INTESTINE IS FILLED WITH BACTERIA THAT HELP OUR DIGESTION PROCESS
WHEN THE LARGE INTESTINE IS NOT REMOVING ENOUGH WATER, DIARRHEA WILL
RESULT
WHEN THE LARGE INTESTINE REMOVES TOO MUCH WATER, CONSTIPATION WILL
OCCUR
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM – MAIN FUNCTION IS TO SUPPLY OXYGEN TO THE
BODY AND REMOVE CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER.
BREATHING
VS.
RESPIRATION
ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• THE NOSE – AIR ENTERS THE BODY THROUGH THE NOSE INTO THE NASAL
CAVITIES, WHICH ARE LINED WITH CELLS CALLED CILIA, OR TINY, HAIR-LIKE
PROJECTIONS THAT MOVE TOGETHER IN A SWEEPING MOTION.
• IT CLEANS, WARMS, AND MOISTENS THE AIR
• IT IS LINED WITH GLANDS, WHICH SECRETE MUCUS. THE MUCUS IS STORED
IN SINUSES UNTIL IT CAN BE SWALLOWED.
• THE PHARYNX – AIR ENTERS THE PHARYNX, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE
THROAT; TUBE-LIKE PASSAGEWAY ALSO USED BY FOOD AND LIQUID.
(CONTAINS LARYNX – CONTAINS THE VOCAL CHORDS)
• THE TRACHEA – TUBE HELD OPEN BY RINGS OF
CARTILAGE CALLED THE WINDPIPE; LINED
WITH CILIA AND MUCOUS.
• MICROSCOPIC MATERIALS ARE TRAPPED
IN MUCUS. CILIA MOVE THESE BACK UP
TO THE PHARYNX FOR REMOVAL
• EPIGLOTTIS – SMALL FLAP OF TISSUE THAT
FOLDS OVER TRACHEA, WHICH PREVENTS
FOOD OR LIQUID FROM ENTERING.
• THE BRONCHI & LUNGS – BRONCHI ARE
PASSAGES THAT DIRECT AIR INTO THE
LUNGS. THE LUNGS ARE THE MAIN ORGANS
OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
• BRONCHIOLES ARE THE SMALLEST TUBES
OF BRONCHI, WHICH END IN CLUSTERS
CALLED ALVEOLI, WHICH ARE TINY SACS
OF LUNG TISSUE SPECIALIZED FOR THE
MOVEMENT OF GASES BETWEEN AIR AND
BLOOD.
• DIAPHRAGM - LARGE SHEET OF MUSCLE
AT THE BOTTOM OF THE RIB CAGE
• WHEN THE DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS IT
INCREASES THE AREA IN YOUR LUNGS
CAUSING YOU TO INHALE
• WHEN YOUR DIAPHRAGM RELAXES IT
DECREASES THE AREA IN YOUR LUNGS
PUSHING THE AIR OUT (EXHALE)
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
• EXCRETORY SYSTEM – SYSTEM THAT ELIMINATES UREA,
EXCESS WATER AND OTHER WASTES FROM YOUR BODY.
• THE STRUCTURES OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM INCLUDE:
• THE KIDNEYS – MAJOR ORGANS OF THE EXCRETORY
SYSTEM THAT REMOVE WASTES BUT KEEP MATERIALS
YOUR BODY NEEDS.
• EACH KIDNEY CONTAINS ABOUT A MILLION
NEPHRONS, TINY FILTERING ‘FACTORIES’ THAT
REMOVE WASTE FROM BLOOD AND PRODUCE
URINE.
• THE NEPHRONS FILTER WASTE IN STAGES:
• BLOOD FLOWS FROM ARTERY INTO A NEPHRON IN THE
KIDNEY
• BLOOD REACHES CLUSTER OF CAPILLARIES – UREA,
WATER, GLUCOSE, AND OTHER MATERIALS ARE FILTERED
FROM THE BLOOD.
• REMOVED MATERIALS PASS INTO A LONG TWISTING TUBE
SURROUNDED BY CAPILLARIES.
• AS FILTERED MATERIALS FLOW THROUGH TUBE, WATER
AND GLUCOSE ARE REABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD; UREA
STAYS IN THE TUBE.
• AFTER REABSORBING PROCESS IS COMPLETE, LIQUID
THAT REMAINS IS CALLED URINE.
• URETERS – URINE FLOWS FROM THE
KIDNEY THROUGH THESE NARROW TUBES
AND CARRY URINE TO THE URINARY
BLADDER.
• URINARY BLADDER – SAC-LIKE
MUSCULAR ORGAN THAT STORES URINE
• URETHRA – SMALL TUBE IN WHICH URINE
LEAVES THE BODY
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM –
(CIRCULATORY SYSTEM) CARRIES
NEEDED SUBSTANCES TO CELLS AND
CARRIES WASTE PRODUCTS AWAY
FROM CELLS; BLOOD ALSO CONTAINS
CELLS THAT FIGHT DISEASES.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM INCLUDES:
• THE HEART – HOLLOW, MUSCULAR ORGAN THAT PUMPS
BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY – EACH HEART BEAT PUSHES
BLOOD THROUGH THE BLOOD VESSELS.
• HAS 4 CHAMBERS – ATRIUMS ARE THE UPPER TWO
CHAMBERS; VENTRICLES ARE THE LOWER TWO CHAMBERS
• SEPTUM IS A WALL THAT SEPARATES THE RIGHT SIDE FROM
THE LEFT
• PACEMAKER – A GROUP OF CELLS LOCATED IN THE RIGHT
ATRIUM THAT SENDS OUT A SIGNAL TO MAKE THE HEART
CONTRACT
• VALVES – SEPARATE ATRIA FROM VENTRICLE AND PREVENT
BLOOD FROM FLOWING BACKWARD (LUB-DUB IS OPEN/CLOSE
OF VALVES)
• BLOOD VESSELS – CARRY BLOOD TO EVERY PART OF YOUR BODY
• ARTERIES – BLOOD VESSELS THAT MOVE BLOOD AWAY FROM HEART
• VEINS – CARRY BLOOD BACK TO HEART
• CAPILLARIES – MICROSCOPIC BLOOD VESSELS THAT CONNECT ARTERIES TO VEINS
• BLOOD PRESSURE – FORCE OF BLOOD ON THE WALLS OF BLOOD VESSELS
• PATTERN OF BLOOD FLOW  THROUGH TWO “LOOPS” WITH HEART AT CENTER
• LOOP ONE: BLOOD TRAVELS FROM THE HEART TO THE LUNGS AND THEN BACK TO THE HEART
• LOOP TWO: BLOOD IS PUMPED FROM THE HEART THROUGHOUT THE BODY AND THEN RETURNS
AGAIN TO THE HEART.
BLOOD
• FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD INCLUDE:
• BLOOD CARRIES OXYGEN FROM LUNGS TO BODY CELLS; CARRIES
CARBON DIOXIDE FROM CELLS TO LUNGS TO BE EXHALED.
• CARRIES WASTE PRODUCTS FROM CELLS TO YOUR KIDNEYS TO BE
REMOVED.
• TRANSPORTS NUTRIENTS TO CELLS
• CELLS AND MOLECULES IN BLOOD FIGHT INFECTIONS AND HEAL
WOUNDS.
• PARTS OF BLOOD INCLUDE:
• PLASMA – LIQUID PART OF BLOOD MADE MOSTLY OF WATER; NUTRIENTS,
MINERALS, AND OXYGEN ARE DISSOLVED.
• RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES) – CONTAIN HEMOGLOBIN, A CHEMICAL THAT
CARRIES OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE; SUPPLIES THE BODY WITH OXYGEN.
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES) – FIGHT BACTERIA AND VIRUSES BY ENTERING
INFECTED TISSUE, DESTROYING BACTERIA/VIRUS AND ABSORB DEAD CELLS.
• PLATELETS – IRREGULARLY SHAPED CELL FRAGMENTS THAT HELP CLOT BLOOD.
• BLOOD TYPES – CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION TAGS IN
THE BLOOD
• 4 BLOOD TYPES: A, B, AB, AND O – DETERMINED
BY PROTEINS KNOWN AS MARKER MOLECULES
ON RED BLOOD CELLS; ALSO DETERMINE THE
BLOOD YOU CAN RECEIVE IN TRANSFUSION.
• LYMPHATIC SYSTEM – COLLECTS LYMPH, OR TISSUE
FLUID THAT CONTAINS WATER AND DISSOLVED
SUBSTANCES AND RETURNS IT TO THE BLOOD.
• LYMPH NODES – FILTER LYMPH, TRAPPING
BACTERIA AND DISEASE – CAUSING
MICROORGANISMS IN THE FLUID.
ENDOCRINE & REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
• ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – PRODUCES CHEMICALS THAT CONTROL MANY OF THE BODY’S DAILY ACTIVITIES;
REGULATES LONG-TERM CHANGES SUCH AS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.
• ENDOCRINE GLANDS – PRODUCE AND RELEASE HORMONES, CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, DIRECTLY INTO THE
BLOODSTREAM.
• HORMONES ONLY INTERACT WITH TARGET CELLS, OR THOSE THAT RECOGNIZE THE HORMONES CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE
• INCLUDE THE HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, THYROID, PARATHYROID, ADRENAL, THYMUS, AND PANCREAS
• IN THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, THE MALE AND FEMALE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR PRODUCING
SEX CELLS NECESSARY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRING.