Download Classification - davis.k12.ut.us

2/10/2014
Why Classify?
– 2 million species of organisms alive today.
2-100 million more species yet to be discovered.
1.5
Purpose of classifying?
Organize living things into groups that have
biological meaning.
2- To given organisms a scientific name.
1-

Classification
Aristotle (384 BC)
o Was the first to classify organisms
• Plant (Herbs, Shrubs, Trees)
• Animal (Animals with red blood – Land, Water, Air)
o Think about the era that Aristotle lived
• No transportation
• No microscopes
• No X-box
• No cell phones
Science
of classifying living things.
Classification
system too:
o Group organisms
o Name organisms (universal name)
Because
there are so many different
varieties of organisms in today's world, there
has to be a way to organize them in to
categories.
o Taxonomy is the discipline that scientists
use to put living organisms into universally
accepted categories
o Taxon is a named group of organisms,
such as phylum, genus, or species
When
identifying an organism, familiar
names — like human, fruit fly, or maple tree,
cats, dogs — are most likely the names you
use.
However, each
type of organism has a
scientific name — humans are called Homo
sapiens, for example.
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Jelly
fish
Sea stars
Sea jellies
Mountain Lion
Puma
Panther
Cougar
Felis concolor
Armadillium vulgare
Golden rod
Mother-in-laws tongue
Swedish botanist
(studied plants)
Developed a binomial
nomenclature (2 name)
system to identify
specific organisms.
He decided to use Latin,
Latin
since that was the basic
scientific language.
Snake plant
Bowstring
Devils tongue
Birds nest
Sansevieria trifasciata
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In
this system each species is
assigned a two part scientific
name:
o Felis catus
o Canis familiaris
o Carcharodon carcharias
Always
in Latin
o First word is the Genus (Always capitalized)
Ursus arctos
Ursus maritimus
o Second word is the species (not capitalized)
o Scientific name = Genus species
A
scientist can determine the relationship between
organisms.
Panthera leo
Panthera tigris
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Ursus arctos
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Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ailuropoda
Species: melanoleuca
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Species: arctos
These 7 from
Kingdom to
Species
Linnaeus’s
system of classification uses SEVEN
levels.
They are from largest to smallest.
General to specific characteristic’s.
*
You must know them
D
Do
D
K
Keep
K
P
People
P
C
Coming
C
O
Over
O
F
For
F
G
Good
G
S
Spaghetti
Grizzly bear Black bear
Animialia
↓
Chordata
↓
Mammalia
↓
Primate
↓
Hominidae
↓
Homo
↓
sapien
S
Giant
panda
Do
Kings
Play
Chess
On
Fat
Green
Stools
Red fox
Abert
squirrel
Coral Sea star
snake
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
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Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species.
Also known as the phylogenic species concept defines a
species as a cluster of organisms that is distinct from other
clusters and shows evidence of a pattern of ancestry and
descent.
Characters
To classify a species, scientists construct patterns of
descent by using characters.
Characters can be morphological or biochemical.
Cladistics reconstructs phylogenies based on shared
characters.
Scientists consider two main types of characters when
doing cladistic analysis.
An ancestral character is found within the entire line of
descent of a group of organisms.
Derived characters are present members of one group of
the line but not in the common ancestor.
Clade is a branch of the cladogram. These are to groups
used in the cladogram
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Concept Map
Section 18-3
Living
Things
Prokaryotic cells
and differing
Cell wall
structures
are characterized by
Eukaryotic
cells
Important
characteristics
which place them in
such as
Domain
Eukarya
Archaea are thought to be more ancient than bacteria and
yet more closely related to our eukaryote ancestors.
Archaea are diverse in shape and nutrition requirements.
They are called extremophiles because they can live in
extreme environments.
which is subdivided into
which place them in
Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
which coincides with
which coincides with
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom
Animalia
Go to
Section:
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Protists are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular,
colonial, or multicellular.
Protists are classified into three different groups—plantlike,
animal-like, and funguslike.
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Fungi
Plantae
Members of Kingdom Fungi are heterotrophic, lack motility,
and have cell walls.
a tool that allows the
user to determine the
identity of items in the
natural world, such as
trees, wildflowers,
mammals, reptiles,
birds,rocks, and fish.
Animalia
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls with
peptidoglycan
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
cellulose in
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Cell walls of
chitin
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
No cell walls
or chloroplasts
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Unicellular
Unicellular
Most unicellular;
some colonial;
some
multicellular
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli
Methanogens,
halophiles
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Mushrooms,
yeasts
Mosses, ferns,
flowering
plants
Sponges,
worms,
insects, fishes,
mammals
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURES
A fungus is a unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that
absorbs nutrients from organic materials in its environment.
Is
Eukarya
Protista
A series of paired statements
that describe physical
characteristics of different
organisms.
Offering two alternatives at
each juncture, and the choice
of one of those alternatives
determines the next step.
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o 1. Simple leaf (not divided into leaflets): 2
o 1. Compound leaf (leaf divided into leaflets): 5
• 2. Leaves evergreen: 3
• 2. Leaves not evergreen: 4
•
•
•
•
3. Mature plant a large tree — Southern live oak Quercus virginiana
3. Mature plant a small shrub — Quercus minima
4. Leaf narrow, about 4-6 times as long as broad — Willow oak Quercus phellos
4. Leaf broad, about 2-3 times as long as broad — Shingle oak Quercus
imbricaria
• 5. Lobes or teeth bristle-tipped: 6
• 5. Lobes or teeth rounded or blunt-pointed, no bristles: 7
•
•
•
•
6. Leaves mostly with 3 lobes — Blackjack oak Quercus marilandica
6. Leaves mostly with 7-9 lobes — Northern red oak Quercus rubra
7. Leaves with 5-9 deep lobes — White oak Quercus alba
7. Leaves with 21-27 shallow lobes — Swamp chestnut oak Quercus prinus
1a. Hind limbs absent, then Siren
Siren intermedia
1b. Hind limbs present, then go to 2
2a. External gill present in adults, then
Mud puppy Necturus maculosus
2b. External gills absent, then go to 3
3a. Large size (over 7 cm), then go to 4
3b. Small size (under 7 cm), then go to 5
4a. Darker on top, lighter on bottom. Slimy
Plethodon glutinosus
4b. Lighter on top, darker on bottom, then go
to 8
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