Download U.S. History Final Study Guide

 Name_______________________ U.S. History Final Study Guide 1. All Southerners supported slavery. a. Fact
b. Misconception 2. The Abolitionist Movement existed in both the North and the South. a. Fact
b. Misconception Read the excerpts below and answer the following questions. The North and South were different culturally and economically. The fertile soil and warm climate made the South ideal for large farms and crops like tobacco and cotton. Agriculture was profitable and few Southerners saw a need for industrial development. Most people lived on farms. Social status was important, and with three tiers of social status (aristocracy, middle class and slaves) everyone knew his or her place. The Northern soil and climate favored small farms rather than large plantations, and industry grew rapidly. This industry was fueled by abundant natural resources. Large cities were established, and many people live in urban areas. The North was a land of much opportunity and entrepreneurism. Most immigrants settled in the North. Protective tariffs, or import duties on manufactured goods, were a point of dissension between the North and South. 3. How were the North and South different economically? Read the excerpt below and answer the following questions. "Next day many customers called to examine Freeman's "new lot." The latter gentleman was very loquacious, dwelling at much length upon our several good points and qualities. He would make us hold up our heads, walk briskly back and forth, while customers would feel of our hands and arms and bodies, turn us about, ask us what we could do, make us open our mouths and show our teeth, precisely as a jockey examines a horse which he is about to barter for or purchase. Sometimes a man or woman was taken back to the small house in the yard, stripped, and inspected more minutely. Scars upon a slave's back were considered evidence of a rebellious or unruly spirit, and hurt his sale."​
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Solomon Northup, from Twelve Years a Slave: Narrative of Solomon Northup, a Citizen of New­York, Kidnapped in Washington City in 1841, and Rescued in 1853 (electronic edition, UNC, 1997) 4. According to Solomon Northup, slaves were treated as if they were what? Excerpt from Olaudah Equiano’s Journey: The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time, and some of us had been permitted to stay on the deck for the fresh air; but now that the whole ship's cargo were confined together, it became absolutely pestilential. The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died. The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. 5. According to Equiano, what is the main cause of death during the Middle Passage? The Cotton Gin: ​
Read the excerpts below and answer the following questions. Eli Whitney patented his cotton engine, or “gin,” in 1794. A mechanical device to separate cotton fibers from cotton seed, it dramatically lowered the cost of producing cotton fiber. Formerly, workers (usually slaves) had separated the seeds from the lint by hand, painstaking work that required hours of work to produce a pound of lint. By mechanizing the process, the gin could produce more than 50 pounds of lint per day. Cotton fabric, formerly quite expensive due to the high cost of production, became dramatically cheaper, and cotton clothing became commonplace. In the early decades of the 19th century, Southern farmers changed more and more of their farming into highly profitable cotton production, and large­scale plantation agriculture became common in the Deep South states of Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana. 6. What is the major effect of the development of the cotton gin as stated by the text above? After the invention of the cotton gin, developed by Eli Whitney, the yield of raw cotton doubled each decade after 1800. Demand was fueled by other inventions of the Industrial Revolution, such as the machines to spin and weave it, otherwise known as textile factories, and the steamboat to transport it. By mid­century America was growing three quarters of the world's supply of cotton, most of it shipped to England or New England where it was manufactured into cloth. During this time tobacco fell in value, rice exports at best stayed steady, and sugar began to thrive, but only in Louisiana. At mid­century the South provided three­fifths of America's exports ­­ most of it in cotton. 7. What other inventions were important to the Industrial Revolution of the United States? Read the excerpt below and answer the following question. The Confessions of Nat Turner: The Leader of the Late Insurrections in Southampton, Va. As Fully and Voluntarily Made to Thomas R. Gray Nathaniel Turner: As I child, I knew I surely would be a prophet, as the Lord had showed me visions of things that had happened before my birth. My father and mother said I was intended for some great purpose. I was a child of uncommon intelligence and I knew I was never meant to be a slave. To a mind like mine, restless, curious and observant of everything that was happening, religion became the subject that occupied all of my thoughts. Thomas R. Gray: Nat Turner is a complete fanatic. The calm way he spoke of his late actions, the expression of his fiend­like face when excited by enthusiasm, still bearing the stains of the blood of helpless innocence about him. I looked on him and my blood curdled in my veins. Source: These confessions were narrated to lawyer Thomas R. Gray in prison where Nat Turner was held after his capture on October 30, 1831. His confessions were published on November 5, 1831 for his trial. 8. How did Thomas Gray describe Nat Turner in his conclusion? Three answers Read the excerpt below and answer the following question. Douglass was born into slavery as Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey to an African slave mother and white father in Tuckahoe, Maryland in the month of February, 1818. He was separated from his mother when he was only a few weeks old and was raised by his grandparents. When he was six years old, his grandmother took him, without warning, to his master’s plantation to live. At age eight, he was sent to live with his master’s relatives, Hugh and Sophia Auld. Sophia started to teach him to read and write as a child, in violation of state laws. He escaped slavery at age 20, married, and later moved to Massachusetts. He adopted the name “Douglass” and began to speak on behalf of abolitionism. Eventually, he embarked upon a three­ year speaking tour of northern cities, building public support for the abolitionist cause, by educating audiences about the evils of slavery with his powerful rhetorical style of speech. 9. Why was it a violation of state laws to educate slaves? Three answers Read the excerpt below and answer the following question. Frederick Douglass sought to embody three keys for success in life: ● Believe in yourself ● Educate yourself and prepare for any opportunity ● Use the power of spoken and written language to effect positive change for yourself and society
Douglass said, ​
"What is possible for me is possible for you." B
​y taking these keys to leading a successful life and making them his own, Frederick Douglass created a life of honor, respect, and compassion that would never have been possible without the fundamental liberties he worked so tirelessly to attain. Frederick Douglass’ life of remarkable service is a testimony to the influence that one person can have on the lives of others. 10. What did Douglass mean by “What is possible for me is possible for you.”? Read Excerpt from Escaping Slavery in the United States during the Early 1800’s, answer question below. During the era of slavery in the United States, many slaves fled to freedom in the North. In order to reduce the numbers of escaping slaves, slave owners kept slaves illiterate and totally ignorant of geography. They even tried to keep slaves from learning how to tell directions. Nevertheless, slaves knew perfectly well freedom lay to the north, and they knew how to locate north. They used the North Star, or as it is properly named, Polaris. Polaris lies almost directly north in the sky. Slaves fled using the simple direction “walk towards the North Star.” However, unable to plan a route, they risked walking into impassable or dangerous terrain. 11. What did the slave owners do to reduce slaves from escaping? Three answers. Read the text and answer the questions below. In the early 1800s, the Mississippi river was a center of trade for British, French, and American frontiersman. US President Thomas Jefferson believed it was important for the US to control the Mississippi river and the French port city of New Orleans. In 1801, Jefferson sent James Madison to France to negotiate buying New Orleans from the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon you needed money for a war against Great Britain. As a result, Napoleon offered to sell the entire Louisiana territory, giving up all French claims to land in North America. Thomas Jefferson believed expanding the nation’s land westward would make the United States economy stronger, so he accepted Napoleon’s offer. In 1803, Congress purchased the Louisiana territory for 15 million, doubling the land area of the United States. This land purchase opened the door to westward expansion, a defining theme of the 1800’s in which the U.S. gained and settled land across the American West. 12.Why was Thomas Jefferson interested in expanding the boundaries of the United States? 13. How did the Louisiana Purchase affect the United States? Three answers. Read the text and answer the questions below. In 1804, Thomas Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to lead an expedition of nine men into Louisiana territory. Jefferson instructed Lewis and Clark to explore the Columbia River, which he thought might be a good trade route from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean. During their journey, Lewis and Clark kept detailed journals describing the geography of the American west. They described plant, animal life, people in the eastern U.S. had never seen before. They also wrote about their experiences with Native Americans they met on a journey. Lewis and Clark's descriptions of abundant land, trees, and natural resources in the Oregon territory (Oregon, Nevada, and Washington State) caused excitement in the East about the prospect of moving westward. Settlers desiring to move west saw the Louisiana and Oregon territories as a new frontier, a place to begin a new life and make a living off the land’s many natural resources. 14. Why did Thomas Jefferson order the Lewis and Clark expedition? Two answers. Read the text and answer the questions. Although Americans believe the west was wild, untamed, and uncivilized, in the early 1800’s many Americans began to move west, drawn by the desire of the new life and riches. Americans found the idea of spreading West quite natural. Many believed it was America’s natural right, given to the nation by God, to expand United States across North America. This belief that the U.S. should stretch from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean became known as Manifest Destiny. Americans believe that they were meant to take his land and build a great American civilization. In part, Manifest Destiny came from the opinion of Americans that their life that was superior to that of Native Americans. Americans believe that Native Americans, like the west were uncivilized, wild, and had no rules or government. Many of the first settlers to cross the Mississippi river were missionaries who wanted to teach Native Americans to become more like white Americans, including how to farm, how to dress, and how to worship as Christians. More and more Americans followed, traveling west to settle the land, farm, build new towns, start new businesses, and mine for gold. By 1840, approximately 40 percent of all Americans lives west of the Appalachian Mountains. 15. What are the ideas, as stated by the text, that led to American’s belief in Manifest Destiny? Three answers. 16. How did the ideas of Manifest Destiny affect the Native Americans? Three answers. Read short summary answer question below. What were the Causes of the Texas Revolution? In 1821 the Mexicans won their independence from Spain in 1821 and founded the Mexican Republic. Soon after this event immigrants from the United States settled in the northeastern part of the new republic ­ which was called Texas. Why did the Texas Revolution start? The causes of the rebellion of the Americans leading to the Texas Revolution were: ● Cultural differences between the Mexicans and the Americans ○ Language ­ Americans unwilling to speak Spanish ○ Religion ­ Americans unwilling to accept the Roman Catholic ○ Judicial system ­ Mexican system 'guilty until proved innocent' as opposed to American system of 'innocent until proved guilty' ○ Slavery ­ the Mexicans opposed slavery, whereas many Americans had been raised in the slave states of the south ● Role of the Mexican military to collect taxes ● The autocracy of Santa Anna and the bureaucracy of the government ● Changes in the government to a less democratic system ○ The Mexican constitution based on in favor of states’ rights, as opposed to federal control was overturned ● The Americans retained trading links with the U.S. ● Many Americans believed that Texas, and other parts of Mexico, should belong to the U.S. 17. What were the cultural differences that caused the Texas Revolution? Read and annotate short summary and answer question below. In the 1820’s Mexico won its independence from Spain. The new Mexican government, led by Santa Anna, wanted to settle the large areas of land in what is now Texas. To settle the land more quickly, Mexico offered large grants of land to Americans. Many Americans were eager for cheap land and settled in Mexico alongside the native Tejanos (Mexican Settlers) Americans and Tejanos lived in peace for a time, but problems soon arose. Mexico outlawed slavery in 1929, but many American settlers brought slaves to Mexico to work on ranches. By the 1830’s, Americans and their slaves outnumbered the Tejanos in Texas. Americans refused to follow the Mexican government ban on slavery. In 1836, Steven E. Austin and other Texan leaders, claimed Texas and declared independence from Mexico. To stop them, Santa Anna March the Mexican army to Texas. Santa Anna attacked a small group of Texan rebels at a Ford called the Alamo. After 13 days of battle, Santa Anna's army captured the Alamo, killing the 150+ Americans within the fort. Weeks later, a military group of Texans killed more than 600 Mexican soldiers and captured Santa Anna, shouting, Remember the Alamo! Santa Anna was forced to sign the treaty of Valesco, which gave Texas its independence. Texan leaders hope to join the United States, but Texas did not become a US state until 1845. In the nine years between Texas independence and being admitted as a US state, Texas was its own country! 18.What are the THREE causes of tension between Mexicans and Americans as stated by the text? Read the text and answer the question. The War of 1812 is sometimes called the second war for independence in the U.S. since it was fought against British colonial Canada, which allied Tecumseh, the Shawnee leader of a confederation of native tribes. The Americans initially saw themselves both as defenders of their own country and as liberators of the Canadian settlers, but after the first handful of battles fought on the Canadian border in Michigan and near Niagara Falls, it became clear that the Canadians did not want to be "liberated." Instead, the war unified the Canadians and is viewed with great patriotic pride to this day. The war lasted for three years and was fought on three fronts: the lower Canadian Frontier along the Great Lakes, along the border with Upper Canada— now Quebec—and along the Atlantic Coast. Although both countries invaded each other, borders at the end of the war remained the same. There was no clear victor, although both the U.S. and Britain would claim victory. Learn more about the War Of 1812 The War of 1812 did have a clear loser, however: the native tribes. Tecumseh’s confederation was greatly weakened when he was killed on October 5, 1813, at the Battle of the Thames. The confederation completely dissolved at the end of the war when the British retreated back into Canada, breaking their promises to help the tribes defend their lands against U.S. settlement. Prior to the war, many settlers in Ohio, the Indiana Territory, and the Illinois Territory had been threatened by Indian raids; following the war, the tribes were either restricted to ever­shrinking tribal lands or pushed further west, opening new lands for the United States’ westward expansion. 19. How did the War of 1812 contribute to the United States western expansion? Three answers. Read and annotate text. Answer question below. In the War of 1812, the United States took on the greatest naval power in the world, Great Britain, in a conflict that would have an immense impact on the young country’s future. Causes of the war included British attempts to restrict U.S. trade, the Royal Navy’s impressment of American seamen and America’s desire to expand its territory. The United States suffered many costly defeats at the hands of British, Canadian and Native American troops over the course of the War of 1812, including the capture and burning of the nation’s capital, Washington, D.C., in August 1814. Nonetheless, American troops were able to repulse British invasions in New York, Baltimore and New Orleans, boosting national confidence and fostering a new spirit of patriotism. The ratification of the Treaty of Ghent on February 17, 1815, ended the war but left many of the most contentious questions unresolved. Nonetheless, many in the United States celebrated the War of 1812 as a “second war of independence,” beginning an era of partisan agreement and national pride. 20. According to the text what are the causes of the War of 1812? Three answers Read text on the Monroe Doctrine, answer the questions below. President James Monroe’s 1823 annual message to Congress included a warning to European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. This portion of the address is known as the Monroe Doctrine. The United States was wary of European intervention in Florida, the Pacific Northwest, and Latin America. In 1821, Russia claimed control of the entire Pacific coast from Alaska to Oregon and closed the area to foreign shipping. This development coincided with rumors that Spain, with the help of European allies, was planning to reconquer its former Latin American colonies. European intervention threatened British as well as American interests. Britain had a flourishing trade with Latin America, which would decline if Spain regained its New World colonies, and had claims to territory in the Oregon country of the Pacific Northwest. In 1823, British Foreign Minister George Canning proposed that the United States and Britain jointly announce their opposition to further European intervention in the Americas. 21. Why did European intervention threaten the British and American trade? Two Answers 22. According to the map above, how did the Treaty of Guadalupe­Hidalgo affect westward expansion?
Read and annotate text. Answer the questions below. For thousands of years California belonged to the giant Redwoods, the birds and animals, and the Native Americans who lived along its coast and riverbanks. Then about 500 years ago, the first Europeans arrived in claim this beautiful land for God and for Spain. 300 years later, in 1821, Spain lost its control in California became part of a new independent country called Mexico. During the next few years settlers from the United States began to arrive, some by ship, others by land. These first visitors from the states found the coast of California quiet and nearly empty. But this would soon change. In 1846, war broke out between Mexico and United States. As a result, on February 2, 1848, Mexican California became an official part of the United States. At almost the same time, in fact within one week, the first gold flakes and nuggets were found in the Sierra Nevada mountains. The cry of gold rang up and down the coast. By summer of 1848 about 4000 miners ­ Indians, Californios, Americans, and Oregonians­ were excitedly digging in the riverbeds of the Sierra Nevada. That spring and summer, news of the Goldstrike made its way back to the states. But it was not until December 5, 1848, that President James Polk, in a speech to Congress, declared that the stories of gold in California were true. Carried by newspapers, Polk’s words sped their way down country lanes and into farmhouse kitchens across America. The idea of traveling to California and picking up a “pocketful of rocks” was almost too much to resist. In fact, the decision to pick up and go to California was not an easy one. First, family would be left behind. Second, it cost money for travel and supplies. Third, California was a long way away. Going, digging, and returning could easily take a couple of years. From eastern cities like Massachusetts, there were three possible routes ­ by sea round the tip of South America; by sea with a mid­point hike across Panama; or by land across the American Great Plains. In 1849, most gold seekers from the United States went by land. Part of the reason was cost. Part of the reason was that travel on ocean was scary. In 1849, Over 29,000 took the land route to California in search of gold and riches. 23. What were THREE reasons that made it difficult to decide to go to California? Read text and annotate. Answer questions below. Native Americans in the Southeast used the natural resources of the land long before European settlers came to America. They gathered fruits and nuts. They hunted game and fished. They planted beans, squash, and corn and used plants to make medicine. They believed that land was something to share. Many Native American tribes focused on the importance of community and sharing ownership of land. They did not believe that one person could own land. European settlers came to America with different beliefs about the land. Like the Native Americans, white settlers used the natural resources of the land to survive. However, they also believed that individuals should own land for the use of production and profit. Settlers thought the land should be used to grow cotton, tobacco, indigo, and other crops. As more settlers came, vast plantations and farms were established. Slowly, the European settlers encroached on Indian land, taking more and more of it by tricking, bribing, or forcing Native Americans away from their homelands. In the late 1820’s, gold was discovered in northern Georgia on Cherokee lands. Treasure seekers flooded the area. More and more settlers wanted the Native Americans removed from the land. The U.S. government began to make plans for Indian Removal. 24. How did settlers in the Southeast want to use the land for? Three answers. 25. How did the discovery of gold on Cherokee lands affect the Cherokee people? Two answers. Read text and annotate. Answer questions below. “I saw the helpless Cherokees arrested and dragged from their homes, and driven at the bayonet point into the stockades. And in the chill of a drizzling rain on an October morning I saw them loaded like cattle or sheep into six hundred and forty­five wagons and started toward the west. One can never forget the sadness and solemnity of that morning. Chief John Ross led in prayer and when the bugle sounded and the wagons started rolling many of the children rose to their feet and waved their little hands good­by to their mountain homes, knowing they were leaving them forever. Many of these helpless people did not have blankets and many of them had been driven from home barefooted. On the morning of November the 17th we encountered a terrific sleet and snow storm with freezing temperatures and from that day until we reached the end of the fateful journey on March the 26th, 1839, the sufferings of the Cherokees were awful. The trail of the exiles was a trail of death. They had to sleep in the wagons and on the ground without fire. And I have known as many as twenty­two of them to die in one night of pneumonia due to ill treatment, cold, and exposure. Among this number was the beautiful Christian wife of Chief John Ross. This noble hearted woman died a martyr to childhood, giving her only blanket for the protection of a sick child. She rode thinly clad through a blinding sleet and snow storm, developed pneumonia and died in the still hours of a bleak winter night, with her head resting on Lieutenant Greggs saddle blanket. 26. How did most people die on the trail of tears as stated by the author? Three answers Read text and answer question below. The Missouri Compromise In the growth years following the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Congress was compelled to establish a policy to guide the expansion of slavery into the new western territory. Missouri’s application for statehood as a slave state sparked a bitter national debate. In addition to the deeper moral issue posed by the growth of slavery, the addition of pro­slavery Missouri legislators would give the pro­slavery faction a Congressional majority. Ultimately, Congress reached a series of agreements that became known as the Missouri Compromise. Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state, preserving the Congressional balance. A line was also drawn through the unincorporated western territories along the 36⁰
30 parallel, dividing north and south as free and slave. 27. What agreements did Congress make that became know as Missouri Compromise? Three answers. Read text and answer question below. Compromise of 1850 Necessary to determine whether slavery would be allowed in states created by the territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican­American War. California was admitted as a free state, while the Territory of New Mexico (including present­day Arizona and part of Nevada) allowed slavery. The Compromise also included a measure banning the slave trade (but not slavery itself) within the District of Columbia, as well as a new and more forceful Fugitive Slave Law. 28. What agreements did the Compromise of 1850 entail? Three answers Read text and answer question below. Nat Turner’s Rebellion 1831 In August of 1831, a slave named Nat Turner incited an uprising that spread through several plantations in southern Virginia. Turner and approximately seventy cohorts killed around sixty white people. The deployment of militia infantry and artillery suppressed the rebellion after two days of terror. Fifty­five slaves, including Turner, were tried and executed for their role in the insurrection. Nearly two hundred more were lynched by frenzied mobs. Although small­scale slave uprisings were fairly common in the American South, Nat Turner’s rebellion was the bloodiest. Virginia lawmakers reacted to the crisis by rolling back what few civil rights slaves and free black people possessed at the time. Education was prohibited and the right to assemble was severely limited. 29. How did the Virginia lawmakers react to Nat Turner’s Rebellion? Three answers Read text and answer question below. The Wilmot Proviso 1846­1850 The Wilmot Proviso was a piece of legislation proposed by David Wilmot at the close of the Mexican­American War. If passed, the Proviso would have outlawed slavery in territory acquired by the United States as a result of the war, which included most of the Southwest and extended all the way to California. Wilmot spent two years fighting for his plan. He offered it as a rider on existing bills, introduced it to Congress on its own, and even tried to attach it to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. All attempts failed. Nevertheless, the intensity of the debate surrounding the Proviso prompted the first serious discussions of secession. 30. What was the Wilmot Proviso? Read text and answer question below. Uncle Tom’s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe’s fictional exploration of slave life was a cultural sensation. Northerners felt as if their eyes had been opened to the horrors of slavery, while Southerners protested that Stowe’s work was slanderous. Uncle Tom’s Cabin was the second­best­selling book in America in the 19th century, second only to the Bible. Its popularity brought the issue of slavery to life for those few who remained unmoved after decades of legislative conflict and widened the division between North and South. 31. What were TWO effects of the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin? Read text and answer question below. Bleeding Kansas 1854­1861 The Kansas­Nebraska Act of 1854, narrowly passed while Congressmen brandished weapons and uttered death threats in the House chambers, overturned parts of the Missouri Compromise by allowing the settlers in the two territories to determine whether or not to permit slavery by a popular vote. Pro­ and anti­slavery agitators flocked to Kansas, hoping to shift the decision by sheer weight of numbers. The two factions struggled for five years with sporadic outbreaks of bloodshed that claimed fifty­six lives. Although both territories eventually ratified anti­slavery constitutions, the violence shocked and troubled the nation. 32. What were THREE effects of the Kansas­Nebraska Act? Read text and answer question below. Dred Scott v. Sanford Dred Scott was a Virginia slave who tried to sue for his freedom in court. The case eventually rose to the level of the Supreme Court, where the justices found that, as a slave, Dred Scott was a piece of property that had none of the legal rights or recognitions afforded to a human being. The Dred Scott Decision threatened to entirely recast the political landscape that had thus far managed to prevent civil war. The classification of slaves as mere property made the federal government’s authority to regulate the institution much more ambiguous. Southerners renewed their challenges to the agreed­upon territorial limitations on slavery and polarization intensified. 33.What was the decision of Dred Scott v. Sanford? Read text and answer question below. John Brown’s Raid John Brown cut his teeth as a killer as an anti­slavery “Jayhawker” during Bleeding Kansas. In mid­October of 1859, the crusading abolitionist organized a small band of white allies and free blacks and raided a government arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. He hoped to seize weapons and distribute them to Southern slaves in order to spark a wracking series of slave uprisings. Although Brown captured the arsenal, he was quickly surrounded and forced to surrender by soldiers under the command of Colonel Robert E. Lee. He was tried for treason and, upon his execution, became a martyr for the abolitionist cause. Southerners, on the other hand, began to militarize in preparation for future raids. 34. How was John Brown perceived by people during 1859? Two answers. Read text and answer question below. Abraham Lincoln’s Election Abraham Lincoln was elected by a considerable margin in 1860 despite not being included on many Southern ballots. As a Republican, his party’s anti­slavery outlook struck fear into many Southerners. On December 20, 1860, a little over a month after the polls closed, South Carolina seceded from the Union. Six more states followed by the spring of 1861. 35. Why were Southerners against Abraham Lincoln’s election and cause South Carolina secede? Make observations of map and answer question below. 36. Compare how many free states vs. slaves there were before the Civil War. Why did the Northern states have an advantage politically? Read the text and answer the questions below. Fort Sumter At 4:30 in the morning, April 12, 1861, the Federal Arsenal at Fort Sumter (at the entrance of Charleston, South Carolina, harbor) was fired upon by Southern artillery under the command of General P.G.T. Beauregard. After a day and a half of relentless bombardment (with no battle casualties on either side), the Federal troops under Major Robert Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter. The Civil War commenced. Wrote poet Walt Whitman, “All the past we leave behind with Fort Sumter.” 37. What was the direct effect of the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter? Reflect on the chart and readings below. Bull Run/ Manassas The First Battle of Bull Run was the first major battle of the Civil War. Although the Union forces outnumbered the Confederates, the experience of the Confederate soldiers proved the difference as the Confederates won the battle. The battle, also known as the First Battle of Manassas the name given to it by the Confederacy, took place on July 21, 1861 just outside of Washington D.C. in Virginia. Many people in the North thought it would be an easy Union victory resulting in a quick end to the war. People of the North were so sure they would win the battle, many of them took picnics and watched from a nearby hill. 38. What factors led to the North having high confidence to end the war quickly? Read the text and answer the questions below. Antietam The Army of the Potomac, under the command of George McClellan, mounted a series of powerful assaults against Robert E. Lee’s forces near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862. The morning assault and vicious Confederate counterattacks swept back and forth through Miller’s Cornfield and the West Woods. Later, towards the center of the battlefield, Union assaults against the Sunken Road pierced the Confederate center after a terrible struggle. Late in the day, the third and final major assault by the Union army pushed over a bullet­strewn stone bridge at Antietam Creek. Just as the Federal forces began to collapse the Confederate right, the timely arrival of A.P. Hill’s division from Harpers Ferry helped to drive the Army of the Potomac back once more. The bloodiest single day in American military history ended in a draw, but the Confederate retreat gave Abraham Lincoln the “victory” he desired before issuing the Emancipation Proclamation. 39. What was the direct effect of the battle of Antietam? Read the text and answer the questions below. Gettysburg Having concentrated his army around the small town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Gen. Robert E. Lee awaited the approach of Union Gen. George G. Meade’s forces. On the third day of the battle, after being cut down by a massive artillery bombardment in the afternoon, Lee attacked the Union center on Cemetery Ridge and was repulsed in what is now known as Pickett’s Charge. Lee's second invasion of the North had failed, and had resulted in heavy casualties; an estimated 51,000 soldiers were killed, wounded, captured, or listed as missing after Gettysburg. The Battle of Gettysburg has often been referred to as the “High Water Mark of the Rebellion.” Many consider it to be a turning point in the Civil War because the Union victory placed the Confederacy on the defensive and ended Gen. Robert E. Lee’s most ambitious and final attempt to invade Union territory. The Confederates never again reached the military strength they held at Gettysburg, yet the Civil War raged on for two more years. 40. What two effects did the battle of Gettysburg have on the momentum of the Civil War? Three Answers Read the the text and answer the questions below. Sherman's March to the Sea Sherman's March to the Sea was undertaken between November 15 to December 10, 1864. Sherman had demonstrated his ruthlessness by destroying the mills and factories of Atlanta. Sherman and his army then set out for the sea, marching steadily through Georgia. He had 60,000 soldiers with him. His men were all veterans of bloody battles and marched towards the sea as if they were on a holiday. Spreading out over a line of many miles, they took everything that was edible. Along Sherman's March to the Sea they destroyed railroads. They pulled up the rails, heated them in the middle of fires made from burning railroad sleepers, and then twisted them around the nearest trees. They were nicknamed "Sherman's neckties". Sherman's men succeeded in cutting a gap 60 miles long in the railroad communication between the already half­starved Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and the destroyed the storehouses of southern Georgia. His battle­hardened, merciless men were totally ruthless in the destruction of the properties in the South, causing an estimated $100 million in damages. As they continued along Sherman's March to the Sea they adopted John Brown's Body Lies A­Mouldering in the Grave as their anthem. 41. How do you think Sherman’s march to the sea affected the Confederacy? Three answers Read the text and answer the questions below. Surrender at Appomattox Historic surrender at about 8:30 on the morning of April 9, 1865, Lee rides into Appomattox Court House for the agreed­upon meeting with Grant, despite Lee’s earlier comment that he “would rather die a thousand deaths (than surrender)!” Lee arrives at the McLean house first and waits for General Grant, who arrives a half hour later. Lee is in full uniform, resplendent some say, while Grant is in a simple private uniform except for his general’s stars. Observers will later report that the Union leader’s uniform has splotches of mud on it, while Lee’s is spotlessly clean. The generals chat for a few minutes, discussing their acquaintance during the Mexican War in 1848—when they served on the same side. Grant then proposes his terms of surrender. These terms require the Confederates to relinquish their weapons, give their word they won’t fight again, and go home. They would be allowed to keep the horses and personal arms they have. The Southerners would also be given 25,000 rations. The generals sign the surrender document, shake hands, and leave the house’s parlor. It is about 3:45 p.m. Riding back to his lines of soldiers, Lee is swarmed by his adoring men, now exhausted with grief and war weariness. Many hardened Reb veterans weep as Lee tries to comfort them with phrases such as “You have done all your duty ... Leave the results to God ...” The next day, April 10, Lee issues his eloquent farewell to his army. On the next morning, Lee has his usual spartan breakfast, mounts his horse Traveller, and, with a Union honor guard, rides for home, away from Appomattox. 42. What were the terms of the surrender at Appomattox? Read the text and answer the questions below Women’s contribution In this conflict the role of women increased dramatically. Several hundred women fought as soldiers for both sides, although almost all disguised themselves as men. Many women, including Clara Barton, Harriet Tubman, and Dorothea Dix, eased suffering by working in hospitals as nurses and caregivers. In a different role, a few women—Belle Boyd and Rose O’Neal Greenhow, for example—became spies. 43. What were the major contributions of women in the Civil War? Read the text and answer the questions below African American Contributions African Americans played an incalculable part in the war effort for the Union. Former slave Frederick Douglass counseled President Lincoln on such issues as the formation of black regiments for the Union such as the 54th Massachusetts which fought valiantly throughout the war. Thousands of nameless former slaves and free blacks worked and fought against the Confederacy so that their freedom became a full reality. Thousands more escaped to freedom during the confusion of war and joined the Union military as soldiers, stretcher runners, and gravediggers. They also worked as laborers, nurses and orderlies in hospitals. African Americans were a large part of the work force that worked in iron factories and railroad lines. Thus, African Americans had key roles in the Civil War, and many fought on battlefields from Maryland to Mississippi. 44. What were the major contributions of the African Americans during the Civil War? Read the text and answer the questions below. Lincoln’s death For many Civil War scholars, President Abraham Lincoln is the centerpiece of this epic human drama. Considered a “baboon” and a silly storyteller at first, Lincoln grew in stature. As the war neared its climax, he achieved greatness in his contemporaries’ eyes. His Gettysburg Address, dedicating that battlefield in November 1863, remains one of the greatest speeches in the English language. His leadership and decisionmaking during the war were highlighted by his issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863. It freed the slaves in rebellious states and inspired the Union to a new noble cause. In a sense, he was also a casualty of the war. On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth, a popular southern actor, shot the president while he watched a play at Ford’s Theater in the capital. Lincoln died of the head wound nine hours later, only six days after Appomattox. 45. How did people’s perception of Abraham LIncoln change throughout the Civil War? Read the text and answer the questions below. First Modern Warfare By accident almost, the American Civil War begun that early April morning was unique. Technology as a result of the Industrial Revolution made Napoleonic warfare obsolete. By the 1860s, armies facing armies on large battlefields would give way to what became modern warfare, and the Civil War would see the “firsts” we associate with total war. First seen or successfully utilized between 1861 and 1865 were repeating rifles, ironclad ships, trench warfare, submarines, hospital ships, workable machine guns, military telegrams, aerial reconnaissance, national conscription, income tax, and photographers chronicling the carnage where it happened. 46. What were several “firsts” that came out of the Civil War? Read the text and answer the questions below. Generals As in every war, generals played an important role in devising strategy, organizing procedure, and inspiring their troops. Unique perhaps to this war was that so many generals and other high­ranking officers were educated at the same academy—West Point—and received experience in the same conflict—the Mexican War of 1847–1848. Interestingly, they sat in the same classrooms at the Hudson River institution and fought side by side at Chapultepec. Later, they were to oppose each other across creeks and battlefields in their own country. Many men elevated to generals failed, but some emerged military heroes. On the Union side, Ulysses Grant, though a failure before the war—and criticized during it—came to be “Lincoln’s general” and later a president. George B. McClellan, William T. Sherman, Phil Sheridan, and others became able and famous warriors for the Union. While the Union generals were ultimately victorious, it was their Confederate counterparts who captured the imagination of subsequent generations. Names like Stonewall Jackson, J.E.B. Stuart, and, of course, the revered Robert E. Lee send images of bold and dashing leaders in combat against numerically superior Union armies. 47. Who was the most successful Union General? Reconstruction 13th Amendment: 1865 Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 48. According to the 13th Amendment what practice became illegal? 14th Amendment: 1868 Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States . . . are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 49. According the 14th amendment what new rights were given to all United States Citizens? 15th Amendment: 1870 Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. According to the 15th Amendment, what categories cannot be used to prevent citizens from voting?