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Chapter 3 Parts of the body 1. Find the meaning of the English phrases related to the body parts, then label the picture with the appropriate Latin names of the parts. Latin English phrase corpus corporal punishment cervix cervical vertebrae truncus trunk facies facial cream caput capital punishment extremitas superior upper extremity extremitas inferior lower extremity Meaning in English 1) a cream used on the face 2) upper limb, parts furthest from the center, i.e. arms and hands 3) physical punishment, e.g. hitting the body 4) part of the spine at the neck 5) lower limb, parts furthest from the center, i.e. legs and feet 6) punishment by death, e.g. by beheading 7) the main part of the body apart from the head, neck and limbs 2.Find the missing words, then label the picture with the appropriate Latin names. Latin English phrases of Latin origin Missing words oculus Ocular muscles control the movement of the ____________. frontal os __________ hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean. temporal nasus ___________ sprays are administered into the nostrils of the nose. buccal auris An aural comprehension test measures ___________ skills. eyes bucca The ____________ surface of the teeth faces the inside of cheeks. nasal occiput The ____________ lobe is in the posterior part of the brain. chin frons The ____________ lobe is the part of the brain brain behind the forehead. nuchal tempora The ____________ lobe is the part of the brain at the temples. occipital mentum Mental foramina are holes of the mandible at the ________. oral nucha Trapezius muscle is attached to the superior ________ line at the nape. listening 3. Match the parts of the sentences and then label the pictures with the Latin names. Latin English phrases of Latin origin thorax Thoracic cavity includes abdomen Abdominal muscles, e.g. “six-pack abs” are pelvis Pelvic cavity contains inguen Inguinal region includes pubes Pubic region is umbilicus Umbilical cord connects coxa Os coxae is mamma Mammary glands are situated dorsum Dorsal direction points lumbus Lumbar spine is located End part of the sentence a) in the breasts. b) at the lower back or loin. c) a depression at the groin. d) the hip bone. e) the heart and the lungs. f) muscles of the belly region. g) towards the back. h) urinary and inner reproductive organs. i) the fetus’ navel to the placenta. j) covered by hair in adults. 4. Find the missing words, then label the picture with the appropriate Latin names. Latin English phrases of Latin origin carpus The 8 carpal bones are found in the ______________. Missing words thumb antebrachium Antebrachial region is situated in the _______________. palma pollex Flexor pollicis longus muscle is a flexor muscle of the ____________. indexfinger cubitus Cubital fossa is the common site for IV injections at the __________. arm manus A manual is a small reference book that can be held in __________. forearm digitus Fingers or toes are sometimes referred to as ___________. hand brachium Brachial artery is situated in the ______________. digits index The 2nd finger is commonly called ______________. elbow ___________ ____________ manus is the front side of the hand. dorsum ___________ ____________ manus is the back side of the hand. hand ___________ Metacarpal bones are found in the middle part of the ____________ wrist 5. Based on the labelled picture fill in the blanks in the sentences and give the Latin names of the body parts. Latin English phrases of Latin origin Missing words _________ Femoral veins supply the muscles of the _____________ knee ___________ Gluteus maximus muscle is the largest muscle of the _____________. sole ___________ Triceps surae muscle is the three-headed muscle of the ___________. big toe ___________ Popliteal fossa is a depression at the back of ______________. knee ___________ Planta pedis is the bottom or ___________ of the foot. calf of leg ___________ Crural bones are the two bones of the _____________. ankle ___________ Regio genus is the region of the _______________ thigh ___________ Extensor hallucis muscle is the muscle of the ______________. buttock ___________ Malleolus medialis is the medial part of the _______________. lower leg 6. Match the pairs. English Latin arm 1. cervix chest 2. sura cheek 3. mentum knee 4. nucha chin 5. dorsum nape 6. brachium calf of leg 7. bucca back 8. thorax neck 9. calx heel 10. genu 7. Give the Latin eqivalents of the English words. English Latin groin __________________ lower leg __________________ palm __________________ loin __________________ ear __________________ breast __________________ buttock __________________ wrist __________________ elbow __________________ back of head __________________ 8. Group the words according to the categories. poples, pes, facies, lumbus, cervix, caput, coxa, cubitus, umbilicus, axilla, planta, vola, nucha, digitus medius, oculus, occiput, mamilla, abdomen, genu, metatarsus, carpus Head and neck Trunk Upper limb 9. Odd one out. hallux – poples – axilla - calx _________________ genu – sura – umbilicus – malleolus _________________ nucha – bucca – cervix – collum _________________ cubitus – lumbus – palma – pollex _________________ cor – pulmo – thorax – lien _________________ 10. Describe the position. Umbilicus is situated at the ____________________ part of the abdomen. Pollex is situated at the ______________ part of the manus. Caput is situated ____________________ to the collum or cervix. Calx is situated at the _________________ part of the pes. Malleolus is situated _____________________ to genu. Lower limb Vocabulary 2-3 – Body parts Latin English abdomen, abdominis n. acromion, acromii n. antebrachium, antebrachii n. arteria, arteriae f. auris, auris f. axilla, axillae f brachium, brachii n. bucca, buccae f. calx, calcis, f. capillus, capilli m. caput, capitis n. carpus, carpi m. cervix, cervicis f. collum, colli n. cor, cordis n corpus, corporis n. coxa, coxae f. crus, cruris, n. cubitus, cubiti m. cutis, cutis, f. dens, dentis m digiti manus digiti pedis digitus anularis digitus medius digitus minimus digitus, digiti m. dorsum manus dorsum pedis dorsum, dorsi n. extremitas inferior extremitas superior extremitas, -tatis f facies, faciei f. femina, ae f femur, femoris n. frons, frontis f. genu, genus n. gluteus, glutei m hallux, hallucis m. hepar, hepatis n homo, hominis m. index, indicis m. inguen, inguinis n. belly, abdomen tip of shoulder forearm artery ear armpit arm cheek heel hair head wrist neck neck heart body hip lower leg elbow skin tooth fingers of the hand toes ring finger middle finger little finger finger back of hand back of foot, instep back lower limb upper limb limb, extremity face, surface woman, female person thigh forehead knee buttock big toe liver man, human index finger, 2nd finger groin Latin intestinum tenue intestinum crassum lien, lienis m lumbus, lumbi m. malleolus, malleoli m. mamilla, mamillae f. mamma, mammae f. manus, manus f. membrum inferius membrum superius membrum, membri n. mentum, menti n. metacarpus, metacarpi m. metatarsus, metatarsi m. musculus, musculi m. nasus, nasi m. nervus, nervi m. nucha, nuchae f. occiput, occipitis n. oculus, oculi m. olecranon, olecrani n. os, oris n. os, ossis n palma, palmae f. pectus, pectoris n. pelvis, pelvis f. pes, pedis m. planta, plantae f. pollex, pollicis m. poples, poplitis f. pubes, pubis f. pulmo, pulmonis m ren, renis m supercilium, -cilii n. sura, surae f. tarsus, tarsi m. tempora, orum n.(plur.) thorax, thoracis m. truncus, trunci m. umbilicus, umbilici m. vena, venae f. ventriculus, ventriculi m vir, viri m vola, volae f. English small intestine, bowel large intestine, bowel spleen loin ankle nipple breast hand lower limb upper limb limb, extremity chin middle part of hand middle part of foot muscle nose nerve back of neck back of head eye point of elbow mouth bone palm upper part of chest pelvis foot sole thumb back of knee front part of hip bone lung kidney eyebrows calf of leg posterior part of foot temple chest trunk, torso belly button, navel vein stomach, ventricle man, male palm Grammar 1 Basic elements of Latin grammar Number: Singular and plural forms Greek and Latin are more highly inflected languages than English. Latin, like English, has two categories of grammatical number, singular and plural. (Abbr.: Sing., Plur.) Inflection or declension Both in English and in Latin words may change their forms to indicate some change in sense or use, as, who, whose; farmer, farmer’s; woman, women. This is called inflection. The inflection of a noun, adjective, or pronoun is called its declension, that of a verb its conjugation. Nominative or subject case In the declension of nouns nominative or subject case generally marks the subject of a verb, the noun "that is doing something" is in the nominative, and the nominative is the first word in the dictionary form of the noun. Genitive or possessive case. The genitive form or case of a noun denotes possession or some similar relation, usually one that can be expressed in English with the preposition of. Many standard medical phrases consist of two nouns, one in the nominative case and one in the genitive case: E.g.: os coxae, ‘bone of hip’; cavum oris ‘cavity of the mouth’, We may as well mention such examples from everyday English as: E.g.: A.D., Anno Domini, ‘in the year … of the Lord’; C.V., Curriculum Vitae, ‘course of life’; Ph.D., Philosophiae Doctor, ‘teacher of philosophy’. Singular genitive form of nouns is the second word in the dictionary form of them and may be formed in various ways depending on the class or declension to which the noun belongs. 1. Observe and translate the following phrases. os coxae the bone _of the hip musculus digiti the muscle _____________________ musculus biceps brachii the biceps muscle _______________ musculus latissimus dorsi the broadest muscle ______________ dorsum pedis the back side ____________________ caput femoris the head _______________________ musculus longus capitis the long muscle ___________________ palma manus the front side _____________________ articulatio genus the joint _______________________ musculus faciei the muscle __________________ coxa, coxae f __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ 2. Try to answer the questions. Underline the possessive/Genitive forms in the previous phrases, then write their full dictionary form on the right side. What is the word order in the possessive phrases? Which part of the dictionary form is the possessive/genitive? How many possible endings can you find? The dictionary form of the nouns Latin dictionaries as well as the Vocabulary part of each chapter contain each Latin root word in the dictionary form providing us three important pieces of information about a noun: 1. Nominative singular form 2. Genitive singular form (or ending) 3. Gender: m. / f. / n. E.g.: coxa, coxae (-ae), f. ‘hip’; musculus, musculi m., ‘muscle’; cranium, cranii, n. ‘skull’ 1. The nominative singular form: coxa ‘hip’; 2. The genitive singular form: coxae ‘of the hip’; 3. The gender of the noun f. ‘feminine’ musculus ‘muscle’; cranium ‘skull’ musculi ‘of the muscle’ cranii ‘of the skull’ m. ‘masculine’ n. ‘neuter’ Declensions On the basis of the genitive singular ending (or suffix) of a Latin noun each of them can be classed into one of the five different declensions or classes. It is also important to keep in mind that the part of the noun without this genitive suffix can technically be termed as a root (or base) to which both plural endings and adjective-forming suffixes join. Sing. Gen. suffix -ae -i Declension Dictionary form 1. declension 2. declension E.g. vena, venae f. E.g. nasus, nasi m.; brachium, brachii n.; E.g. cervix, cervicis f.; caput, capitis n.; corpus, corporis n. E.g. manus, manus f.; genu, genus n. Eg. facies, faciei f. -is 3. declension -ūs 4. declension -ēi 5. declension Table of suffixes I. II. III. Gender f m n Sing. Nom. -a -us/-er -um/-on Sing. Gen. -ae -i m/f IV. n various -is V. m n f -us -u -es -us -ei Grammar exercises 1. Put each word into the appropriate declension class on the basis of its dictionary form. I. II. III. IV. V. Sing. Gen.: -ae Sing. Gen.: -i Sing. Gen..: -is Sing. Gen.: -us Sing. Gen. -ei cubitus, cubiti m. caries, cariei f; cor, cordis n.; mens, mentis f.; frons, frontis f.; nodus, nodi m.; lingua, linguae f; cancer, cancri m.; bacillus, bacilli m.; fundus, fundi m.; meatus, meatus m. res, rei f.; fascia, fasciae f.; pectus, pectoris n.; ovum, ovi n.; dens, dentis m; tonsilla, tonsillae f.; fornix, fornicis f.; genu, genus n.; paries, parietis m.; fetus, fetus m.; foramen, foraminis n.; labium, labii n 2. Fill in the blanks of the table with the missing forms. Use the vocabulary. Sing. Nom. . Sing. Gen. Sing. Nom. sura occiput mamma femur lumbus extremitas mentum pelvis pollex ren Sing. Gen. buccae frontis umbilici oris hepatis genus cutis manus pubis faciei 3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate English meaning or the Sing. Genitive form of each body part on the basis of the English explanation. English term Latin (Terminologia Anatomica) abdominal cavity (cavity of the belly) cavum abdominis ___________ cavity (cavity of the ________) cavum nasi _______ cavity (cavity of the ________) cavum pelvis biceps m. of the __________ biceps brachii muscle abductor muscle of the_________ abductor pollicis muscle adductor muscle of the _________ adductor hallucis muscle biceps muscle of the _________ biceps femoris muscle depressor muscle of the __________ depressor supercilii muscle extensor muscle of the __________ extensor indicis muscle Radial flexor muscle of the ___________ flexor carpi radialis muscle the broadest muscle of the ___________ latissimus dorsi muscle straight muscle of ___________ rectus abdominis muscle biceps muscle of the ___________ biceps femoris muscle depressor muscle of the corner of the ______ depressor anguli oris muscle lumbrical (worm-like) muscle of the _______ lumbricalis manus muscle lumbrical (worm-like) muscle of the foot lumbricalis __________ muscle orbicular (circular) muscle of the mouth orbicularis __________ muscle orbicular (circular) muscle of the eye orbicularis __________ muscle transverse muscle of the chest transversus ______ muscle triceps muscle of the calf triceps ____________muscle long muscle of head longus __________muscle hip joint articulatio __________ elbow joint articulatio __________ knee joint articulatio __________ thoracic cavity (cavity of the chest) cavum ____________ oral cavity (cavity of the mouth) cavum _____________ bones of the hand ossa_________________ bones of the forearm ossa ___________________ carpal bones ossa ___________________
