Download Individual aspect of sport performance

Individual aspect of sport performance
(d) Apply theoretical principles to practical examples to show how you would change a
negative attitude into a positive one. [6]
6 marks for 6 of:
(must use practical examples)
1 Persuasion/verbal encouragement
2 More likely if high status
3 Cognitive dissonance/changing an element of the attitudinal triadic model
4 Change the beliefs/educate the performer/change the cognitive element/explain early
failure/attribution retraining
5 Change the affective component/seek to change the emotional response/make the activity
fun/increase self esteem/build confidence
6 Make the activity safe/perceived to be safe/familiarity with activity
7 Give success/make the tasks easier
8 Give role models
9 Give rewards/praise/positive feedback/positive reinforcement
10 Change the behavioural component
11 Propaganda
12 Change motives
2 (a) Achievement motivation involves both personality and situational factors.
Describe how each of these factors encourage a ‘need to achieve’ personality. [5]
2 (a) 5 marks from 5 of:
(Personality sub max 3)
1 Innate personality characteristics / natural traits / enduring
2 Drive to achieve success / high achievers
3 Outcome orientated / approach behaviour / competitive
4 Want a challenge/ excitement / takes risks
5 Persistent on task / sticks to the job in hand
6 Take responsibility for actions / like feedback / likes evaluation
7 Not afraid of failure
(Situational factors sub max 2)
7 Competition affects achievement motivation
8 Probability of success
9 Incentive value of success / high level match
10 Home / Away effects / familiarity / hostility / new situations / unexpected
11 Level of danger (perceived)
12 Presence of others / encouragement / praise from others
2 (a) What are attitudes and how might they influence behaviour in sport? [5]
2 (a) 5 marks for 5 from:
1 mark max for definition
1 They are predispositions (towards an attitude object). / Mixture of cognitive / beliefs / and
affective / feelings and behaviours / actions.
4 marks max for influences:
4 marks for 4 from:
2 positive attitudes (can) lead to more determined / positive behaviour / persistence in
participation
3 negative attitudes (can) lead to less determination / negative (or examples of) behaviour / giving
up easily
4 if you believe in the value of something you are more likely to be positive / if you do not believe
then you are more likely to be negative
5 if you have desirable affective responses / emotions / you like what you do / see then you are
more likely to have a positive / approach behaviour / if you have negative emotions more likely to
have negative / dysfunctional behaviour
6 influenced more by role models’ attitudes/perceived attitudes / those that you observe have
high status then more likely to copy their attitudes
7 attitudes are affected by outcomes and the better the outcome the more positive the attitude /
if successful / have positive outcomes more likely to have positive attitudes and therefore
positive/approach behaviours
(b) Describe two theories of personality and sport. [4]
(b) 4 marks for 4 from (max of 2 marks per theory):
(Trait)
1 trait / genetic approach shows that we are born with our personality characteristics
2 traits are enduring / we express our personalities consistently
3 type a trait shows high levels of personal anxiety
4 type B shows low levels of personal anxiety
(Interactionist)
5 interactionist approach involves traits combining/interacting with the environment / B = f (P, E)
6 when the situation changes – so does personality
7 the environment triggers / acts as a cue for the appearance of a trait
(Social Learning)
8 we learn/copy our personalities from others
9 if significant / role model then personality characteristics more likely to be copied / imitated
10 socialisation / early learning from parents / carers can affect the characteristics we copy
11 characteristics are copied if it enables us to adopt the norms and values of our culture / to fit in
/ to be accepted by others / into a group
(c) Explain three limitations of personality profiling in sport. [3]
(c) 3 marks for:
Mark first three responses only (limitations of profiling)
1 profiling results too vague / do not link cause and effect
2 results cannot be generalised (to the behaviours of others) / lacks external validity / sample not
representative / inaccurate
3 results lack ecological validity / are not true to real life / do not relate to sports performance
4 profiling too subjective / results explained differently by different people / unreliable
interpretations
5 links between personality and sports performance/sport choice/task persistence too tenuous
(sceptical approach)
6 too many demand characteristics / behaviour of performer may be altered due to profiling /
internally invalid / may lie
(b) A performer’s need to achieve is often viewed as necessary for good sports
performance.
Describe the features of a ‘need to achieve’ performer.
4 marks for 4 of:
1. Shows approach behaviour
2. Is more competitive
3. Likes a challenge
4. Shows persistence / determination / does not give up easily
5. Likes / seeks feedback from others
6. Takes risks / is confident / (aspires to) mastery orientation
7. Not afraid to fail / views failure as a route to success
8. Attributes success internally or to stable factors
9. Attributes failures to unstable or to controllable factors
(g) ‘Trait’, ‘social learning’ and ‘interactionist’ are three different personality theories.
Describe these three theories of personality and explain how they affect sports
performance.
6 marks for 6 of:
2 marks max for each theory (explanations must relate to sports performance):
(Trait perspectives)
1. Natural / innate / stable / enduring / generalised behaviours
2. In sport you will display similar behaviours in all situations.
(Social Learning)
3. We observe and copy behaviour / copy significant others/role models.
4. In sport this can be positive if others show functional behaviour / can be negative if they
show dysfunctional behaviour.
(Interactionist)
5. Characteristics determined by interaction between traits and situation / interaction with the
environment.
6. Behaviour changes depending on the perception of the demands of the
situation/environment / in sport you may be competitive because the situation demands
that you are.