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Fig. 42-3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Heart Heart Today’s topics: • (Finish Kidneys) Blood Hemolymph • Circulatory System – Open vs closed – How the heart works – Capillaries Small branch vessels In each organ Interstitial fluid Pores Dorsal vessel (main heart) • Respiration – Partial pressures of gasses – Lungs vs Gills – Other respiratory systems Tubular heart Open circulatory system • Birds • insects Ventral vessels Closed circulatory system 8 April 2009 Single Loop Gill capillaries Double Loop Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Aorta 9 3 Ventricle Capillaries of head and forelimbs 7 Capillaries of right lung Gill circulation Artery Heart Auxiliary hearts Capillaries of left lung 3 2 4 Why do we have two different loops? Atrium Systemic circulation Vein 11 Pulmonary vein 1 Right atrium Pulmonary vein 5 Left atrium 10 Right ventricle Left ventricle Inferior vena cava Aorta 8 Systemic capillaries Amphibians Reptiles Lung and skin capillaries Pulmocutaneous circuit Atrium (A) Ventricle (V) Systemic capillaries Lung capillaries Lung capillaries Right systemic aorta Atrium (A) Left Right Systemic circuit Mammals and Birds Pulmonary circuit A V Right Systemic capillaries Aorta 4-chambered heart Pulmonary artery 1. Right atrium 3. Left atrium Pulmonary circuit A A V Left Capillaries of abdominal organs and hind limbs Left systemic aorta A V V Right Left Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries Reptiles and Amphibians have 3 chambered hearts and different circulation patterns. Semilunar valve Semilunar valve Atrioventricular valve Atrioventricular valve 2. Right ventricle 4. Left ventricle 1 Fig. 42-8-3 2 Atrial systole; ventricular diastole Semilunar valves closed Internal Pacemaker cells create heart rhythm 1 Pacemaker generates wave of signals to contract. 3 Signals pass 2 Signals are delayed at AV node. 4 Signals spread to heart apex. throughout ventricles. 0.1 sec AV valves open 0.4 sec 1 Atrial and ventricular diastole Semilunar valves open 0.3 sec SA node (pacemaker) ECG AV valves closed 3 Ventricular systole; atrial diastole Sphincters relaxed Blood pressure causes fluid to leak out of capillaries Thoroughfare channel Precapillary sphincters Body tissue INTERSTITIAL FLUID Capillary Net fluid movement out Net fluid movement in Capillaries Arteriole Venule Direction of flow Osmosis brings (most) fluid back in Fig. 42-18-4 Sphincters contracted Red blood cell Collagen fibers Platelet releases chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky Platelet plug Fibrin clot Clotting factors from: Platelets Damaged cells Plasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K) Arteriole Venule Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin 5 !m 2 Respiratory System Partial pressures Terminal bronchiole • Atmospheric pressure = 760 mm Hg • Air is 21% O2 Alveoli • Partial pressure O2 = 0.21*760 = 160 mm Hg SEM Colorized 50 !m SEM At top of Mt. Everest, atmospheric pressure is only 250. Therefore PO2 = ______ 50 !m Fig. 42-22 Respiration in Aquatic Species Fluid flow through gill filament Oxygen-poor blood Anatomy of gills Oxygen-rich blood Gill arch Lamella Gill arch Gill filament organization Blood vessels Water flow Operculum Water flow between lamellae Blood flow through capillaries in lamella Countercurrent exchange PO2 (mm Hg) in water 150 120 90 60 30 Gill filaments Fig. 42-23 Net diffusion of O2 from water to blood 140 110 80 50 20 PO2 (mm Hg) in blood Fig. 42-26 Air sacs Tracheae Air Anterior air sacs External opening Tracheoles Mitochondria Muscle fiber Posterior air sacs Air Trachea Lungs Lungs Body cell Air sac Tracheole Air tubes (parabronchi) in lung INHALATION Air sacs fill 1 mm EXHALATION Air sacs empty; lungs fill Trachea Air Body wall 2.5 !m 3