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Starting Materials for Solid State Chemistry
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
Research Group TOM, Department of Chemical Engineering (Steinfurt)
Münster University of Applied Sciences
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 1
Lithium Li
Li: [He]2s1
Chemical composition
LiAl[SiO3]2
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
3
6.941 g/mol
181 °C
1342 °C
0.53 g/cm3
Starting materials
Li
LiClO4
Li2C2O4
Li2CO3
LiF
LiNO3
Li2O
Li2O2
Li3PO4
Li2SO4
Properties relevant for solid state chemistry
hard to handle, prone to oxidation
explosive
decomposes to Li2O, CO, and CO2
decomposes to Li2O and CO2
water insoluble, fluxing
water soluble, may take up some water
take up of H2O and CO2
instable
water insoluble
water soluble, may take up some water
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
Mineral name
Spodumene
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 2
Beryllium Be
Be: [He]2s2
Chemical composition
Be3Al2Si6O18
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
4
9.012 g/mol
1287 °C
2469 °C
1.85 g/cm3
Starting materials
Be
Be(acac)3
Be(NO3)2
BeCl2
BeCO3
BeO
BeSO4
Properties relevant for solid state chemistry
very toxic, prone to oxidation
very toxic
water soluble, decomposes to Be4O(NO3)6
hygroscopic
decomposes to BeO and CO2
take up of H2O and CO2
water soluble
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
Mineral name
Beryll
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 3
Boron B
B: [He]2s22p1
Chemical composition
Na2[B4O6(OH)2] · 3 H2O
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
5
10.811 g/mol
2076 °C
3927 °C
2.35 g/cm3
Starting materials
α-B
BBr3
BCl3
BF3
BF3O(C2H5)2
B2O3
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
low reactivity
hygroscopic
hygroscopic
gas, high reactivity
reacts violently with H2O
take up of H2O and CO2
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
Mineral name
Karnit
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 4
Carbon C
C: [He]2s22p2
Chemical composition
C(sp3)
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
6
12.0107 g/mol
3550 °C (d)
4800 °C (d)
3.51 g/cm3 (d)
Starting materials
Activated C
Amorphous C
Graphite
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
reaction with strong oxidants
flameable in air
inreactive
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
Mineral name
Diamond (d)
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 5
Nitrogen N
N: [He]2s22p3
Chemical composition
Si3N4
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
7
14.007 g/mol
-210 °C
-196 °C
1.12 g/dm3
Starting materials
N2
LiN3
NaN3
NH3
NH4NO2
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
low reactivity
instable, decompses to Li and N2
instable, decompses to Na and N2
decomposes to N2 and H2
explosive
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
Mineral name
Silicon nitride
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 6
Oxygen O
O: [He]2s22p4
Chemical composition
ß-PbO2
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
8
15.999 g/mol
-218 °C
-183 °C
1.33 g/dm3
Starting materials
O2
Li2O2
Na2O2
KO2
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
low reactivity
reacts with CO2 to Li2CO3 and O2
reacts with CO2 to Na2CO3 and O2
decomposes in water to KOH and O2
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
Mineral name
Plattnerite
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 7
Fluorine F
O: [He]2s22p5
Chemical composition
CaF2
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
9
18.998 g/mol
-220 °C
-188 °C
1.58 g/cm3
Starting materials
F2
CF4
LiF
MnF4
NaF
NaHF2
NH4F
KF
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
low reactivity
decomposes at high temp. to CF2 and F2
somewhat hygroscopic
decomposes at high temp. to MnF2 and F2
somewhat hygroscopic
decomposes at high temp. to NaF and HF
decomposes at high temp. to NH3 and HF
somewhat hygroscopic
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
Mineral name
Fluorite
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 8
Sodium Na
Na: [Ne]3s1
Chemical composition
Na[AlSi3O8]
Mineral name
Albit
Atomic number
Rel. Atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
11
22.989769 g/mol
97.72 °C
890.0 °C
0.968 g/cm3
Starting materials
Na
NaCl
Na2CO3
NaH
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
reacts violently with H2O, flameble
water soluble
soluble in H2O
sensitive to moisture, intolerante with
alcohol, acids and oxygen
air sensitive, incompatible with strong acids
oxidant, water soluble, may take up some water
decay in H2O
incompatible with Tin, Lead and Zinc
NaI
NaNO3
Na2O
Na2SiO3
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 9
Magnesium Mg
Mg: [Ne]3s2
Chemical composition
CaMg[CO3]2
Mineral name
Dolomit
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
12
24.305 g/mol
650 °C
1110 °C
1.738 g/cm3
Starting materials
Mg
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
reacts violently with H2O, avoidable conditions are high
temperatures and open flames
rather soluble in water, decomposes to MgO at 540 °C
hygroscopic
instable
oxidant, water soluble, may take up some water
insoluble in H2O, air sensitive
hygroscopic
MgCO3
MgCl2 .6H2O
MgI2
Mg(NO3)2 .6H2O
MgO
MgSO4.7H2O
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 10
Aluminium Al
Al: [Ne]3s22p1
Chemical composition
γ-Al(OH)3, γ/α-AlO(OH)
Mineral name
Bauxite
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
13
26.9815385 g/mol
660.32 °C
2470 °C
2.70 g/cm3
Starting materials
Al
AlCl3
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
oxidizes to Al2O3
soluble in H2O, incompatibility with alcohol and
strong oxidizers
soluble in H2O
caustic, sensitive to hydrolysis
water insoluble, irreconcilability with strong acids and bases
with bases convicted to aluminates, unsoluble in neutral water,
incompatibility with strong acids
irritant, soluble in water
AlF3
AlN
Al2O3
Al(OH)3
Al2(SO4)3
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 11
Silicon Si
Si: [Ne]3s22p3
Chemical composition
(Ba,Ca,Na,K,NH4)(Al,B,Si)4O8
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
14
28.085
1414 °C
3265 °C
2.329 g/cm3
Starting materials
Si
SiCl4
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
low reactivity
low boiling point, highly reaction with water,
irreconcilability with strong acids and bases
low reactivity
low reactivity
decay in water
decay in water
decay in water
Si3N4
SiO2
Si(OCH3)4 (TMOS)
Si(OC2H5)4 (TEOS)
Si(OC3H7)4 (TPOS)
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
Mineral name
Feldspar
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 12
Potassium K
K: [Ar]4s1
Chemical composition
KCl
Mineral name
Sylvin
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
19
39.0983 g/mol
63.38 °C
774 °C
0.856 g/cm3
Starting materials
K
KCl
K2CO3
K2SO4
KNO3
KOH
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
reacts violently with H2O
soluble in H2O, hygroscopic
soluble in H2O
soluble in H2O
oxidant
exothermic reaction with H2O, reacts violently with
metals and halogens
soluble in H2O
strong oxidiser, decomposes to KCl and O2 upon heating
KSCN
KClO4
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 13
Calcium Ca
Ca: [Ar]4s2
Chemical composition
CaCO3
Mineral name
Calcit
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
20
40.078 g/mol
842 °C
1484 °C
1.55 g/cm3
Starting materials
Ca
CaCO3
CaCl2 .6H2O
CaF2
Ca(NO3)2·4H2O
CaO
CaSO4.2H2O
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
intense reaction with water, prone to oxidation
insoluble in water, decomposes to CaO at 900 °C
soluble in water
prone to defect formation
oxidant
reacts with water to Ca(OH)2, picks up CO2
hygroscopic, little soluble in water
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 14
Scandium Sc
Sc: [Ar]3d14s2
Chemical composition
(Sc,Y)2Si2O7
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
21
44.955908 g/mol
1541 °C
2730 °C
2.985 g/cm3
Starting materials
Sc
Sc2O3
Sc(NO3)3 ·H2O
Sc2(SO4)3·5H2O
ScCl3
Sc2(C2O4)3·xH2O
ScF3
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
flammeable
low reactivity
oxidant
soluble in water
hygroscopic
toxic
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
Mineral name
Thortveitit
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 15
Titanium Ti
Ti: [Ar]3d24s2
Chemical composition
FeTiO3
Mineral name
Ilmenit
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
22
47.867 g/mol
1668 °C
3260 °C
4.50 g/cm3
Starting materials
Ti
TiO2 (anatase)
TiBr4
Ti(OCH2CH2CH2CH3)4
TiCl2
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
insoluble in water
low reactivity
reacts violently with water
flammable, irritand (Titanium(IV)-butoxide)
spontaneously combustable, heavy reaction with water,
to handle under inter gas
flammable, avoid the contact with air, high reactivity
TiCl3
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 16
Vanadium V
V: [Ar]3d34s2
Atomic number
23
Rel. atomic mass
50.9415 g/mol
Melting point
1910 °C
Boiling point
3407 °C
Density
6.11 g/cm3
Chemical composition
Pb5(VO4)3Cl
Mineral name
Vanadinite
Source: Didier Descouens
Starting materials
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
V
oxdises slowly to green vanadium oxide
KVO3
water soluble, decomposes to V2O5
NH4VO3
water soluble, decomposes to V2O5
V2O5
water soluble, incompatible with strong acids
VCl3
hydrolysis in water
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 17
Chromium Cr
Cr: [Ar]3d44s2
Chemical composition
FeCr2O4
Mineral name
Chromite
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
24
51.9961 g/mol
1907 °C
2482 °C
7.14 g/cm3
Starting materials
Cr
CrO3 (Chrom(VI)-oxide)
Cr2O3 (Chrome(III)-oxide)
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
oxdises slowly to green chromium oxide
water soluble, toxic, instable, irritant
unsoluble in water and diluted acids, melting point 2435 °C
Cr2(SO4)3·H2O
CrCl3·6H2O
Cr(NO3)3·9 H2O
corrosive
corrosive
oxidising material, not compliable to reducing agents, inaccurate
composition
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 18
Manganese Mn
Mn: [Ar]3d54s2
Chemical composition
Mineral name
γ-MnO(OH)2
Manganite
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
25
54.938044 g/mol
1246 °C
2100 °C
7.43 g/cm3
Starting materials
Mn
MnO2
MnO
Mn2O3
Mn3O4
MnCl2·4H2O
MnCO3
Mn(ClO4)·xH2O
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
oxdises slowly to green manganese oxide
decomposes chlorides and reducing agents
irritant
soluble in water, not compliable to alkaline materials
decomposes in acids
strong oxidiser, explosive
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 19
Iron Fe
Fe: [Ar]3d64s2
Chemical composition
Fe3O4
Mineral name
Magnetite
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
26
55.845 g/mol
1538 °C
2862 °C
7.874 g/cm3
Starting materials
Fe
FeO
Fe2O3
Fe3O4
FeF3
FeCl3
FeCl2
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
flammable, insoluble in water
non-stochiometric
intolerance with strong acids and peroxides
intolerance with strong acids and peroxides
intolerance with strong bases, corrosive
intolerance with alkali metals and strong oxidants
air-sensitive, intolerance with strong oxidants and
sodium/potassium
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 20
Cobalt Co
Chemical composition
CoAsS
Co: [Ar]3d74s2
Mineral name
Cobaltite
Atomic number
27
Rel. atomic mass
58.933194 g/mol
Melting point
1495 °C
Boiling point
2900 °C
Density
8.9 g/cm3
Starting materials
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
Co
flammable, reacts facilitated with acids (hydrogen created)
CoO
low solubility in water, toxic, intolerance with strong oxidants
Co3O4
low solubility in water, toxic, intolerance with reducting
agents
CoF3
corrosive, intolerance with org. materials and red. Agents
Co(NO3)2
soluble in water, oxidising
Co(CH3COO)2
soluble in water, toxic
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 21
Nickel Ni
Ni: [Ar]3d84s2
Chemical composition
(Ni,Fe)9S8
Mineral name
Pentlandite
Atomic number
Rel. Atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
28
58.6934 g/mol
1455 °C
2730 °C
8.908 g/cm3
Starting materials
Ni
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
toxic, intolerance with oxygen, hydrogen, acids, fluor,
org. solvents and aluminium
toxic, soluble in water, intolerance with peroxides
toxic, unsoluble in water, intolerance with strong acids
toxic, intolerance with strong acids
toxic, intolarance with org. materials, metal powder strong
reducting agents
NiCl2
NiO
Ni(OH)2
Ni(NO3)2·6H2O
NiBr2
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
toxic, intolerance with strong acids and oxidising agents
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 22
Copper Cu
Cu: [Ar]3d104s1
Chemical composition
Cu(OH)2.CuCO3
Mineral name
Malachite
Atomic number
Rel. Atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
29
63.546 g/mol
1455 °C
2730 °C
8.92 g/cm3
Starting materials
Cu
Cu2O
CuO
CuCl2
Cu(OH)2
Cu(NO3)2·6H2O
CuSO4
CuSO4·5H2O
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
soft metal, difficult to mill
toxic, instable in water
toxic, unsoluble in water
toxic, soluble in water
toxic, intolerance with strong acids
toxic, decomposes to CuO upon heating
emetic, decomposes to CuO and SO3 above 340 °C
decomposes to CuSO4·3H2O at 95 °C & to CuSO4·H2O at 116 °C
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 23
Zinc Zn
Zn: [Ar]3d104s2
Chemical composition
ZnS
Mineral name
Sphalerite
Atomic number
Rel. Atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
30
65.38 g/mol
420 °C
907 °C
7.14 g/cm3
Starting materials
Zn
ZnO
Zn(OH)2
ZnS
Zn(NO3)2
ZnSO4
ZnSO4·7H2O
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
prone to oxidation
dissolves in strong acids and bases
dissolves in strong bases
decomposes in strong acids
decomposes to ZnO upon heating
decomposes to ZnO, O2, and SO3 above 680 °C
decomposes to ZnSO4·6H2O at 39 °C, to CuSO4·H2O at 70 °C,
and then to ZnSO4at 240 °C
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 24
Gallium Ga
Ga: [Ar]3d104s24p1
Chemical composition
Ga(OH)3
Atomic number
Rel. Atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
31
69.723 g/mol
30 °C
2204 °C
5.91 g/cm3
Starting materials
Ga
Ga2O3
Ga(OH)3
GaF3
GaCl3
Ga(NO3)3
Ga2(SO4)3
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
prone to oxidation
dissolves in strong acids and bases
decomposes to GaO(OH) at 170 °C
insoluble in water, sublimes at 800 °C
reacts heavily with water
decomposes to Ga2O3 at 110 °C
decomposes to Ga2O3 and SO3
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
Mineral name
Soehngeite
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 25
Germanium Ge
Ge: [Ar]3d104s24p2
Chemical composition
Cu26Fe4Ge4S3
Mineral name
Germanite
Atomic number
Rel. Atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
32
72.64 g/mol
938 °C
2820 °C
5.32 g/cm3
Starting materials
Ge
GeO2
GeF4
GeCl4
K2GeF6
Bi4Ge3O12
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
prone to oxidation
dissolves in strong bases
gaseous compound
colourless liquid, reacts heavily with water
soluble in hot water
insoluble, very stable oxide, shows strong scintillation
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 26
Rubidium Rb
Rb: [Kr]5s1
Chemical composition
RbCl
Mineral name
by-component
in Carnallite
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
38
85.468 g/mol
39 °C
688 °C
1.53 g/cm3
Starting materials
Rb
RbCl
Rb2CO3
Rb2SO4
RbNO3
RbOH
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
reacts violently with H2O
soluble in H2O, hygroscopic
soluble in H2O
soluble in H2O
oxidant, soluble in H2O
exothermic reaction with H2O, reacts violently with
metals and halogens
strong oxidiser, decomposes to RbCl and O2 upon heating
RbClO4
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 27
Strontium Sr
Sr: [Kr]5s2
Chemical composition
SrCO3
Mineral name
Strontianit
Atomic number
Rel. atomic mass
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
38
87.62 g/mol
777 °C
1412 °C
2.63 g/cm3
Starting materials
Sr
SrCO3
SrCl2·6H2O
SrF2
Sr(NO3)2·4H2O
SrO
SrSO4
Problem areas in solid state chemistry
intense reaction with water, prone to oxidation
insoluble in water, decomposes to SrO at 1270 °C
soluble in water
prone to defect formation
oxidant, may pick up some water
Reacts with water to Sr(OH)2, picks up CO2, melts at 2430 °C
insoluble in water, decomposes to
Starting Materials
Prof. Dr. Thomas Jüstel
T OM
Tai l or ed Opt i cal Mat er i al s
FH Münster
Sheet Nr. 28