Download Athletic Injuries and Taping

Module 3 of Sports Medicine course
REC 1030
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Musculoskeletal system – Bones, muscles and
joints
Bones – body’s infrastructure
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Supports the body
Protects vital organs
Attachment surfaces
Leverage
Mineral storage
Production of blood cells
◦ This is just a review I hope.
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Muscles – fibrous, elastic tissues that move
bones
◦ Quick to heal, as they have abundant blood supply.
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Ligaments – Band of tissues that typically
connect bones to bones.
◦ Hold the joint together
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Tendons– fibrous, elastic tissues that
attaches muscles to bones.
◦ Protects against muscles overload
◦ Stretch receptor
◦ Golgi Tendon Organ
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Cartilage – gristly type of tissue found on the
ends of bones. Helps absorb the shock of
bones hitting each other and reduces the
friction of bones rubbing together
Bursae – small, fluid-filled sacs located
between bones, muscles, tendons and other
tissues
Joints – Places where bones join
◦ Made up of ligaments, tendons, cartilage and
bursae.
◦ What are the 6 types of synovial joints
A classification system is essential for
prevention, identification and treatment
 Categorized according to the length of time it
took to develop
1. Acute – occurring suddenly –
2. Chronic – developing or lasting over a
period of time
3. Recurrent – healed injuries but leave the
structure weakened or stretched
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Injuries must also be classified according to
the body structure that is damaged.
1. Soft Tissue – nerves, blood vessels,
muscles, skin, organs, tendons, ligaments,
bursae, etc.
2. Hard Tissue – Bones
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This is the easiest to remember.
Injuries that occur
suddenly to soft tissue.
1. Contusion
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Bruise
Result from direct blow –
tissues and capillaries are
damaged & lose fluid or
blood
Causes pain and
discoloration
Superficial in nature, but
can be deep or to bone,
causing loss of function.
Contusion to vital organs
can be life threatening
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Abrasions
◦ Friction or scraping
injury to the outer
layer of tissue
◦ Turf burns or
strawberries
◦ Cornea & outer layer
of eye can be
scratched by dust of
other objects.
◦ Superficial injury
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Puncture
◦ Narrow stab wound
to skin and/or
internal organs
◦ Skin punctures do
not bleed much, but
still need treatment
◦ Deep skin punctures
bleed heavily and
need proper medical
attention.
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Sprains
◦ Ligaments are
stretched, torn or both
◦ Caused by direct blow
or twisting
◦ Joint can lose stability
◦ Once damaged, a
ligament may not
regain original length,
but may heal
lengthened or
stretched.
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Strains
◦ Muscle or tendon is forcefully “pulled” or stretched
◦ Is a stretching or tearing injury
◦ If severe, can disrupt a muscle or tendon’s ability to
more the bones
◦ Occurs in the belly (middle) of the muscle
◦ Injury depends on the amount of fibers (torn)
involved.
◦ Muscles will repair quickly but with some scar
tissue and will be prone to re-injury
◦ Muscle soreness can result of over exertion.
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Cuts – 3 types
◦ Laceration
 Jagged soft tissue cuts
 Deeper than abrasions
& cause steady bleeding
◦ Incision
 Smooth cuts caused by
sharp glass or metal
objects
 Bleeds heavily and
quickly
◦ Avulsions
 Complete tissue tear.
 Earring ripped out
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Cartilage
Tear
◦ If bones of a
joint are
twisted and
compressed,
they may
pinch and tear
the cartilage
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Dislocation &
Subluxations
◦ When a joint is hit
or twisted, the
bones move out of
place
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Dislocation
◦ Bones stay out of
place
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Subluxation
◦ Bones “pop out”
then “pop” back in
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Chronic injuries to the muscles, tendons, &
bursa are caused by repeated blows, over
stretching or over use
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Chronic Muscle
Strain
◦ Muscle is repeatedly
overworked or overstretched
◦ Develops over weeks,
or months, and can
last as long
◦ Differs from acute
strains, as they are
not caused by one
specific episode
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Tendonitis
◦ Tendons can be
irritated by repeated
over-stretching or
overuse
◦ Occurs in tight or
weak tendons
◦ Patella, Achilles are
prone to irritation,
can be overstressed
by repeated running
and jumping
activities.
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Bursitis
◦ Can be swollen and
sore if they suffer
repeated blows or
irritation
◦ Common in elbow,
knee and shoulder
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Rest
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Ice
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Compression
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Elevation
◦ Reduce or stop using
injured area for 48 hours
◦ 20 minutes on, 4-8 times a
day.
◦ Cold pack, snow, frozen
peas, crushed ice
◦ Wrap in a tensor bandage,
air cast, special boots or
splints
◦ Reduces swelling
◦ Keep the injured area
elevated above the level of
the heart. Pillow or chair
will do the trick
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Bodies natural
processes in response
to an injury
Inflammation occurs
immediately following
trauma and continues
for sometime afterward
Inflammation may
include blood fluid
leaving damaged tissue
and the presence of
white blood cells, or
anti-bacterial proteins
Healing time required
depends on the
amount of tissue
damaged
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Signs and Symptoms of
Inflammation
◦ Swelling
◦ Redness
◦ Heat
◦ Pain
◦ Malfunction of body part
The repair process can
be influenced by good,
immediate care, good
nutrition, modified
activity and a prescribed
rehabilitation program
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Fractures: Bones that are twisted or hit too
hard can break or fracture.
Hard Tissue injuries refer to those injuries
that occur to bone.
There are different types of bone injuries,
usually characterized by the type of fracture
The recovery time is closely associated with
the type and severity of the fracture.
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Closed Fracture –
Most common that
occur in sport –
most will have
noticeable
deformity (but
some will show no
deformity at all)
There are 2 types of
closed fractures:
1. Avulsion Fracture
2. Epiphyseal
(growth plate)
Fracture
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Avulsion Fracture:
◦ Sprained ligaments
pull off a piece of
bone.
◦ Frequently occurs in
the ankles
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Growth plates at
the ends of bones
are soft and prone
to injury
Fractures to the
growth plate can
affect the bone
growth
Common in the
elbow of baseball
pitchers
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Rare in sports, but
are easily detected
Deformity and an
open wound.
2 Injuries in one
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These injuries are subject to repeated wear &
tear over time that can lead to cracking
Most common types of chronic bone injury
are stress fractures & Arthritis
Most common in those sports where the
athlete is repeating the action all the time.
Eg. Runners, gymnasts, golfers, tennis
players.
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Stress Fracture
◦ Bone suffers
repeated stress or
shock.
◦ Producing the same
motion, or landing
on the ground
multiple times over
and over.
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Arthritis: is a form of
joint disorder that
involves inflammation
of one or more joints
Over 100 forms of
arthritis
Most common form –
osteoarthritis
(degenerative joint
disease)
Caused by:
◦ Trauma
◦ Infection
◦ Age