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The Confederacy and the United States in 1861 John C. Calhoun • Nationalist in 1810s and 20s • Champion of the South 1830s-50s • “Father of Southern Nationalism” and Secessionism Rise of Secessionism • 1832 Nullification Crisis • 1850 Crisis – Calhoun: Give South more Autonomy – Nashville Convention – Discusses possible solutions; many are pro-secession • Fire-eaters (Every State for himself) vs. Cooperationists (only leave Union together!) • Radicals build networks in 1850s. The Confederate States of America The New Confederacy • 7 State Confederacy: – Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, Mississippi, Texas, Louisiana and Florida – 4,969,141 total people • 2,312,352 slaves • 2,646,789 free. Confederate Constitutional Convention— Montgomery, Alabama, February-March 1861 • 50 delegates—49 owned slaves, 21 owned 20 or more. • The Radicals are sidelined. • February 18, 1861—Jefferson Davis is chosen as interim President for a one year term Confederate Constitutional Convention— Montgomery, Alabama, February-March 1861 • Opposed to party politics • Convention dominated by wealthy aristocrats and the Confederate Constitution protects their interests – Central goal of new Constitution: PROTECT SLAVERY The Confederate Constitution: Intro • CC = modified version of US Constitution • No Right of Secession Included! The Confederate Constitution: Slavery • You may take your slaves anywhere in Confederacy without losing them • Strong Fugitive Slave Law • Congress can't confiscate slaves • Slavery exists in all territories The Confederate Constitution: States Rights • • • • States can impeach federals States can tax ships No suing states No spending federal money on industry and other internal improvements • All laws must have a single subject The Confederate Constitution: The Presidency • • • • • 1 6 year term President had a line-item veto Cabinet members could sit in Congress President could fire them at will Otherwise, he could only fire for 'cause' • Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy • Born in Kentucky Jefferson Davis, Confederate President • West Point (1824-8) • US Army (1828-35) – Fort Building – Black Hawk's War (1832) – Leaves to marry Sarah Knox Taylor, but she dies • Mississippi Planter and Politician (183546) Jefferson Davis, Confederate President • Mexican War service—Mississippi Rifles (1846-8) – Battle of Buena Vista • Southern Nationalist (1848-60) – Secretary of War (1853-7) – Senator from Mississippi (1857-61) Jefferson Davis as leader • A fierce, honest, honorable advocate for his beliefs • Stiff, stubborn, inflexible, poor at compromise • Very loyal • TOO LOYAL • But probably the best choice (the alternatives were worse) Upper vs. Lower South • 9,103,332 total residents (3,521,110 slaves and 5,582,222 free (almost all White) – Lower South: 4,969,141 total people (2,312,352 slaves and 2,646,789 free.), lots of cotton land – Upper South: 4,144,191 total people (1,208,758 slaves and 2,935,433 free men), almost all the industry – 1 million men between 14 and 45 (military age) Richmond in 1861 • • 38,000 in 1860; 130-150,000 by 1865 Farm produce and market – – – • Cotton depot and import center 52 tobacco processors 12 flour mills Iron manufacturing capital of the South: – – 4 rolling mills, 14 founderies, 50 iron and metal works Tredegar Iron Works: 900 workers Confederate Resources: Intro • North vs. South: • • • • • • • Wealth: 25% Farmland: 25% Railroad Mileage: 29% Factory Production: 9% Population: 29% Northern Soldiers: 2.1 million (50% avail) Southern Soldiers: 900,000 (90% avail) Other Confederate Resources • • • • Cotton Military Experience State and Federal Armories Slaves State and Federal Regulation of Economic Production • Confederate government controlled key resources—Iron, salt, copper, railroads • Food Production was a problem; masters tended keep growing cotton • Slave Labor could not be forced by central government; many slaves effectively wasted Civil Liberties and States’ Rights • • • • • Suspension of Habeas Corpus The Draft (20% of soldiers) Confederate/State relations State Self-Defense North Carolina and Georgia had obstructionist leaders—Vance and Brown Summation • Built for Peace; Doomed to War • Erosion of Ideals • Built on Slavery Basic Military Structure • ARMY- composed of several corps, commanded by a general – CORPS- composed of three divisions, commanded by a general • DIVISION- composed of three to four brigades, commanded by a general – BRIGADE- composed of four to six regiments, commanded by a general » » REGIMENT- composed of ten companies, commanded by a colonel COMPANY- 100 officers and men, commanded by a captain. Winfield Scott's Anaconda Strategy The Blockade Union Military Strategy • The Virginia Front – Protect Washington – Attack Richmond • Lack of Strategic Direction--The West – Every Commander on his own • Simultaneous Onslaught – Grant's Strategy – Coordinate multiple attacks at key points to overwhelm Confederate resources The Union Army • Command Issues • Political Officers vs. West Pointers • Volunteer Army – Ground Down By War – The Draft • $300 substitutes angered many • Bounty Jumping! – Democratic Spirit Confederate Strategy: Foreign Intervention • Hope that Europe needs cotton would = Europe comes to our aid! • Europeans did allow Confederates to build ships • Why no intervention? – British public hates slavery – French busy invading Mexico – Both wary of war with Union Conf. Strategy: OffensiveDefensive War • • • • Interior Lines Communications Problems States’ Demands Loss of Manpower The Confederate Army • Regulars – Volunteers – Draftees – Superior Cavalry – Restocking of Units – West Pointers vs. Amateur Officers • Bushwhackers and Irregulars Napoleonic Tactics • Limits of the Musket – Massed Fire – Short-Range • Line and Column • Converging Column • Cavalry Shock The Ascendency of Defense • Rifles and Repeating Rifles – Faster Rates of Fire – Longer Killing Range – Defense now stronger – But Cavalry also stronger • Excessive Offense Naval Innovations • Stephen Mallory and Confederate Innovation • The Ironclad • Steam-Driven Vessels • Commerce Raiding • Riverine Warfare The War Begins: 1861 • Both sides expect easy victory • Short-Term Volunteers – Armies volunteer for only 3 months! First Battle of Bull Run First Battle of Bull Run • Irwin McDowell (35,000) vs. Pierre Beauregard (20,000) • McDowell strikes first • Reinforcements from Johnson win the battle • Union forces crushed • But Confederates too messed up to follow up • Union: 2,896 Casualties (460 dead, 1124 wounded, 1312 captured/missing) • Confederate: 1,982 (387 dead, 1582 wounded, 13 missing) In for the long haul • Bull Run shows no easy victory to be expected • Winfield Scott resigns; George McClellan is now General-in-Chief Battle for the Border States • • • • • • Kentucky: Attempted Neutrality Fails Missouri: Descent into Chaos Maryland: Pro-Union Triumph Delaware: Not a Contender West Virginia: Seceding From Secession East Tennessee: Failure of Unionism