Download Dictionary of Optometry and Visual Science v. Michel Millodot

Dictionary of Optometry and
Visual Science v. Michel Millodot
Kursus synstræning på hjerneskadede 2017
NeuroOptometrist Karsten Haarh
Sidste og 7ende udgave dec. 2008
ISBN: 9780702029585
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Preface to the seventh edition

About the dictionary

Abbreviations, acronyms and symbols

Common prefixes and suffixes

Linguistic origin of common terms

Greek alphabet
OPBYGNING

Entries are listed alphabetically. This is easy when the entry consists of a single word.
However, in optometry and visual science a great number of terms are compounds made
up of more than one word. In almost all instances compound entries made up of one or
more adjectives appear under the noun (e.g. crystalline lens capsule and confocal
scanning laser ophthalmoscope appear at capsule and ophthalmoscope, respectively).
There are a few exceptions to this rule, especially eponymous terms in which the noun is
almost the only one listed (e.g. Mallett fixation disparity unit, Krukenberg spindle,
Landolt ring, Necker cube, Scheimpflug photography, Wilbrand’s knee appear at the name
of the individual; but Graves’ disease or Marfan’s syndrome appear in the list of diseases
and syndromes, respectively). Also when the noun is almost the only one listed while the
adjective forms part of a long list of entries (e.g. corneal stroma and retinal pigment
epithelium) are placed in the list of the words corneal and retinal, respectively. A few
entries are placed under the most important word (e.g. back optic zone radius and
resting potential of the eye) are placed at optic and potential, respectively. In any case
most compound terms are listed under the alternative entry and cross-referred to where
they are defined.

Many entries have subentries, in bold letters, on subjects that are related to the main
entry. In many instances they are defined there rather than repeating the definition
elsewhere. The entries often end with the common synonyms (Syn.) and sometimes with
a Note. Synonyms are very common in the vocabulary of optometry. I have, however,
retained the most common synonyms. They also vary from country to country. For
example, stimulus deprivation amblyopia is the preferred term in the UK, whereas image
degradation amblyopia is favoured in the USA. Some synonyms also appear within a
definition and are then given in brackets.

Cross-references (See) accompany many entries as they help the reader obtain additional
information that is either directly or indirectly linked to them and to continue in the path
of learning. Cross-references as main entries merely refer to another entry where it is
more conveniently defined or it may be a synonym or a subentry of an entry defined
elsewhere.

The names of medicinal drugs are given using the Recommended International
Nonproprietary Name (rINN), which are those used in the British National Formulary.

Abbreviations and symbols are assembled in a table at the beginning of the dictionary.
They have become very fashionable in the last few years, perhaps because of the
widespread use of personal computers. Not all that exist are listed here; it has been
necessary to try to distinguish between those that seem ephemeral and those that are
destined to endure. And there is the added complication of existing differences between
the common usage in different countries.

Prefixes and suffixes are frequently used in the formation of words. Thus a list of
prefixes and suffixes employed in this dictionary appears at the beginning of the
dictionary. It was also felt that the linguistic origin of a few of the most common terms
used in the language of this discipline may be of interest. This is also given at the
beginning of the dictionary.
Amblyopi (amblyopia)

A condition characterized by reduced visual acuity due to a lesion in the eye or in
the visual pathway, which hinders the normal development of vision, and which is
not correctable by spectacles or contact lenses. The usual clinical criterion is 6/9
(or 20/30) or less in one eye, or a two-line difference or more, on the acuity chart
between the two eyes. Amblyopia may occur as a result of: suppression in the
deviated eye in strabismus (strabismic amblyopia; formerly called amblyopia ex
anopsia, which amounts to about 20% of all cases); a blurred image in the more
ametropic eye in uncorrected anisometropia (anisometropic amblyopia which
amounts to about 50% of all cases); bilateral blurred images in uncorrected
refractive errors (isoametropic amblyopia); a blurred image in one of the
meridians of high uncorrected astigmatism (meridional amblyopia); any of the
above three is also called refractive amblyopia; opacities in the ocular media
(e.g. congenital cataract, severe ptosis) in infants (stimulus deprivation
amblyopia or visual deprivation amblyopia or image degradation amblyopia)
after the lesion has been removed; continuous occlusion of an eye as may occur in
occlusion treatment (occlusion amblyopia); arsenic, lead or quinine poisoning
(toxic amblyopia) or the more specific types of toxic amblyopia such as those
caused by excessive use of alcohol (alcohol amblyopia), methanol (methanol
amblyopia), quinine (quinine amblyopia) or tobacco (tobacco amblyopia),
although the latter three may actually be due to nutritional deficiencies
(nutritional amblyopia); psychological origin (hysterical amblyopia) or of
unknown origin (idiopathic amblyopia).

Many of these amblyopias are functional, i.e. in which no organic lesion
exists as in hysterical, refractive (e.g. meridional amblyopia), isoametropic,
strabismic or stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Others are organic, i.e. they
are due to some pathological (e.g. congenital cataract) or anatomical
anomalies (e.g. malorientation of retinal receptors), as in nutritional or toxic.
However, there may be cases in which a functional amblyopia is due in part to
some accompanying undetected pathology or structural defects (e.g. a
change in retinal fibre layer thickness). Amblyopia occurs in 2–4% of the
population. There is usually a reduction in the amplitude of accommodation
in amblyopic eyes. Treatment of amblyopia depends on the type. However,
the younger the patient, the more likely that the treatment will be
successful. Typically, the principal treatment is occlusion of the fixating eye
(or the eye with the best acuity) by patching or blurring with atropine sulfate
to force the other eye to take up fixation, after full refractive correction and
treatment of the underlying pathology. Other procedures (alternatives or
supplemental to patching) include penalization, kicking a ball towards a
specific target, playing catch a ball, bar reading, pleoptics (when there is
eccentric fixation as well), and any other procedures which require fixation
like drawing, duplicating letter sequences on a typewriter, cutting out
patterns, etc. See cheiroscope; disc, pinhole; fixation, eccentric; Glasgow
acuity cards; occlusion treatment; penalization; period, critical;
phenomenon, crowding; pleoptics; suppression; test, bar reading; test,
neutral density filter.
Skelen (Squint) - Strabismus
squint See strabismus.

The condition in which the lines of sight of the two eyes are not directed towards
the same fixation point when the subject is actively fixating an object. Thus the
image of the fixation point is not formed on the fovea of the deviated eye and
there may be diplopia, although in most cases the diplopic image is suppressed
and vision is essentially monocular. The prevalence of concomitant strabismus in
children is 2%– 5% and is far more common than paretic strabismus. Management
depends on the type of strabismus. However, in all cases the refractive errors
must be accurately corrected. If the deviation still prevails, orthoptics and,
sometimes, pharmacological (e.g. miotics in accommodative esotropia) treatment
is attempted but in many cases surgery is necessary (except where
accommodation is faulty or when the deviation is small), usually followed by some
orthoptics treatment aimed at developing fusion and stereopsis. Syn.
heterotropia; squint (this term is commonly used by the general public); tropia.

See angle of anomaly; angle of strabismus; botulinum toxin; chemodenervation;
eye, deviating; eye, fixating; hypertropia; method, Bruckner’s; method,
Hirschberg’s; method, Javal’s; method, Krimsky’s; microtropia; movement,
phi; point, zero; pointing, past-; retinal correspondence, abnormal;
suppression; syndrome, Apert’s; syndrome, Brown’s superior oblique tendon
sheath; syndrome, Crouzon’s; syndrome, Duane’s; syndrome, Marfan’s; test,
cover; test, three-step; theories of strabismus.

accommodative s. Convergent strabismus resulting from abnormal demand
on accommodation due to an uncorrected hyperopia accompanied by
excessive convergence and insufficient relative fusional divergence. The AC/A
ratio (accommodative convergence to accommodation) is normal but the child
has high hyperopia (refractive accommodative esotropia). It may also occur
in cases in which the AC/A ratio is high and accommodation is accompanied by
excessive convergence in a child with a very small amount of hyperopia (nonrefractive accommodative esotropia). Accommodative strabismus is usually
an acquired deviation first presenting in the first decade of life. Children do
not usually notice diplopia, but instead develop suppression and later
amblyopia. Management consists of full hyperopic correction and amblyopia
treatment. Syn. accommodative esotropia.

See refraction, cycloplegic; strabismus, acquired non-accommodative.
Binoculær (binocular)

binocular Pertaining to both eyes.

binocular balance See balance, binocular.

binocular disparity See acuity, stereoscopic visual; disparity, retinal;
perception, depth.

binocular fusion See fusion, sensory.binocular indirect ophthalmoscope; lock;
lustre; parallax; rivalry See under the nouns.

binocular single vision See vision, binocular single.

binocular vision See vision, binocular.

binocular visual field See field, binocular visual.