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Unit 6 Learning Plan: I Can: 1. Distinguish general differences between principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning (e.g., contingencies). 2. Describe basic classical conditioning phenomena, such as acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination, and higher-order learning. 3. Predict the effects of operant conditioning (e.g., positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, schedules of reinforcement). 4. Predict how practice, schedules of reinforcement, and motivation will influence quality of learning. 5. Interpret graphs that exhibit the results of learning experiments. 6. Provide examples of how biological constraints create learning predispositions. 7. Describe the essential characteristics of insight learning, latent learning, and social learning. 8. Apply learning principles to explain emotional learning, taste aversion, superstitious behavior, and learned helplessness. 9. Suggest how behavior modification, biofeedback, coping strategies, and self- control can be used to address behavioral problems. 10. Identify key contributors in the psychology of learning (e.g., Albert Bandura, John Garcia, Ivan Pavlov, Robert Rescorla, B.F. Skinner, Edward Thorndike, Edward Tolman, John B. Watson). Know what they found…. Self assessment-throughout the unit, from the beginning to end, rate how you feel about your proficiency with each of the learning targets on a scale of 1-5; 1-I have no understanding of this idea or concept 2- I do not feel comfortable with this idea or concept 3-I have an understanding of the idea or concept, but I am not proficient 4- I am comfortable and proficient with the idea or concept 5- I am a psychology Jedi Master I Can Activity Distinguish general differences between principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning (e.g., contingencies). Describe basic classical conditioning phenomena, such as acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination, and higher-order learning CC Practice 1 &2, Classical conditioning reading (3 of them), Operant Conditioning practice, Operant conditioning chart, Predict the effects of operant conditioning (e.g., positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, schedules of reinforcement) Reinforcement practice, Predict how practice, schedules of reinforcement, and motivation will influence quality of learning schedules of reinforcement Psychological principles of learning, Formative Assessment Summative Assessment Interpret graphs that exhibit the results of learning experiments Provide examples of how biological constraints create learning predispositions Describe the essential characteristics of insight learning, latent learning, and social learning Apply learning principles to explain emotional learning, taste aversion, superstitious behavior, and learned helplessness Suggest how behavior modification, biofeedback, coping strategies, and self- control can be used to address behavioral problems Identify key contributors in the psychology of learning (e.g., Albert Bandura, John Garcia, Ivan Pavlov, Robert Rescorla, B.F. Skinner, Edward Thorndike, Edward Tolman, John B. Watson) Contingency Model PowerPoint (Rescorla), Observational Learning (Watson), This unit has an FRQ practice sheet (below), go through them all. We will cover on how we will write them and practice them throughout the unit. We will have an FRQ for every test from this point on. Psychological Principles of Learning Unit 6 Note guide: “Learning is the eye of the mind”-Thomas Drake I. What is learning? II. How Do We Learn? III. The 4 Premier Learning Theories 1. Classical Conditioning 2. Operant Conditioning 3. Social Learning 4. Cognitive Approach IV. Classical Conditioning in Detail A. General Information B. Ivan Pavlov - The Founding Father C. Terms and Letters • (S) Stimulus = • (R) Response = • Acquisition = • (UCS) Unconditioned Stimulus = • (UCR) Unconditioned Response = • (CS) Conditioned Stimulus = • (CR) Conditioned Response = D. The Three Step Process Before During After E. The Rules of Classical Conditioning F. John B. Watson’s Contributions • Baby Albert Experiment = 1. Stimulus Generalization = 2. Extinction = 3. Spontaneous Recovery = 4. Discrimination = G. Mary Cover Jones’ Contributions V. Operant Conditioning in Detail A. General Information a. People: Green Box on the bottom of page 215. Be familiar with all and the ideas of each. B. Classical vs. Operant Conditioning C. B. F. Skinner - The Founding Father D. Operant Conditioning Processes / Terms 1. Reinforcement 2. Primary Reinforcement 3. Secondary Reinforcement 4. Positive Reinforcement 5. Negative Reinforcement 6. Punishment 7. Generalization 8. Discrimination 9. Extinction 10. Shaping 11. Chaining E. Schedules of Reinforcement 1. Continuous Reinforcement 2. Partial Reinforcement • Variable Ratio Schedule • Fixed Ratio Schedule • Variable Interval Schedule • Fixed Interval Schedule VI. Social Learning Theory in Detail A. Definition and General Information B. Alfred Bandura - The Founding Father C. The Bo Bo Doll Experiment D. 4 Processes Necessary for Social/Observational Learning to Take Place 1. Attention 2. Memory 3. Imitation 4. Motivation VII. The Cognitive Approach in Detail A. General Information B. Complexities of Conditioning C. E.C. Tolman and Cognitive maps What is Behaviorism? Perspective in psychology that our thoughts and behaviors are a result of either classical cond., operant conditioning or observational learning. Generally, free will is an illusion. We are pigeons in a cage. Who was Ivan Pavlov? Russian doctor – trained dog to drool to a bell. What is classical conditioning? Learning by association. Dog associates bell with food, so dog drools to bell. Explains phobias, fetishes. What’s Little Albert experiment? John Watson used classical conditioning to make baby afraid of rat (while making a scary sound). Baby generalized this fear. What is stimulus generalization? In classical conditioning, we get conditioned to respond to stimuli similar to original stimulus. (instead of fearing just a white rat, L. Albert became afraid of all white furry things.) What is stimulus discrimination? We know better. Dogs may drool to a bell, but not a gong. What is UCS? What is UCR? What is CS? What is CR? What is acquisition? The “acquiring” of an association btwn 2 things. What is extinction? The association goes away (dog doesn’t drool to bell anymore What is spontaneous recovery? Association returns for some reason. Dog drools again to bell. What is operant conditioning? We learn through reinforcements and punishments. Who was B.F. Skinner? Father of operant conditioning. Studied pigeons and other animals. Famous for Skinner Box What is reinforcement? Anything that leads to an increase in behavior. Positive reinforcement – money leads to performance Negative reinforcement – take away pain to extract information What is punishment? Anything that reduces a behavior. Positive punishment – give pain to reduce bad behavior Negative punishment – take away car to reduce bad driving What are schedules of reinforcement? Continuous reinforcement – reward every time. variable - ratio reinforcement – reward unpredictably (the best!) Who was Albert Bandura? Behaviorist – famous for Bobo doll experiment – social learning theory (observational learning) Monkey see monkey do. Instinctual drift? Animals will revert back to their instinctual behavior even if trained to do tricks. FRQ: 1. The police chief of New City publicly states that she sees a direct relationship between teenage arrests in New City for violent crimes and the popularity among New City teens of especially violent television shows and video games. Definitions without application do not score. a) Design a basic correlational study to research this claimed relationship. Then, address how learning is involved in each of the following design elements as they apply to this study. Operational definition of variables Selection of participants Two ethical considerations Law of effect Conditioned reinforcers Reinforcement schedules Extrinsic motivation Albert Bandura’s research b) The police chief concludes that watching violent television shows and playing violent video games leads to teens’ committing violent crimes in New City. Do you support her conclusion? Explain your response using the psychological research we have investigated. 2. The Smith-Garcia’s are planning for their first baby. Both parents-to-be have had a psychology course and are looking forward to applying the principles they learned from theories and research that address child development. Definitions without application do not score. a) Summarize one main point or finding of the following researchers: Pavlov’s classical conditioning Skinner’s operant conditioning John Garcia’s Taste Aversion studies Rizzolatti’s mirror neuron’s and the theory of mind b) Provide a specific example of actions the Smith-Garcias might take to raise their child to produce positive outcomes using each of the theories or examples below to address the corresponding psychological concept. Skinner’s operant conditioning: tantrum management John Watson: Protecting ‘Baby Smith-Garcia’ from dangerous garden rodents Bandura: Observational Learning ‘Toddler Smith-Garcia’ doesn’t whine when it is time to go to bed “Child Smith-Garcia” enjoys reading books 3. Many people are concerned about the effects of the use of physical punishment to modify undesirable behavior of children. a) Basing your argument on psychological knowledge, apply each of the following in an argument against the physical use of punishment. Definitions without application do not score. Modeling Latent learning Classical conditioning of fear Learned helplessness b) How would psychologists use the following processes to modify children’s undesirable behavior? Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Extinction Biological predispositions Token economies