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Cell Energy ATP, Photosynthesis, and Respiration The Energy Molecule- ATP n n Energy in the body is used to maintain homeostasis Homeostasis- maintaining a constant internal environment even though external conditions change Examples of Homeostasis n Body temperature regulation When it is cold we shiver When it is hot we sweat Examples of Homeostasis n Glucose regulation in the blood The Energy Molecule- ATP n ATP is the molecule in the body that stores energy in the bonds between phosphate groups. When a bond between the phosphate groups is broken, energy is released. The Energy Molecule- ATP n Parts of an ATP molecule n n ATP stands for the molecule adenosine triphosphate. ATP contains one base, one sugar, and 3 phosphate groups Base-adenine Sugarribose P P P The Energy Molecule-ATP n ADP- Adenosine Diphosphate- 2 phosphate groups Base-adenine n Sugarribose P P AMP – Adenosine Monophosphate – 1 phosphate group Base-adenine Sugarribose P The Energy Molecule-ATP n Cycling of ATP ATP loses a phosphate-energy is released ATP gains a phosphate through cellular respiration-stores energy The Energy Molecule-ATP Photosynthesis n n n Producers like plants, algae and some bacteria Plants trap energy from the sun, and build glucose molecules Light energy is converted to chemical energy. Photosynthesis n n n chloroplast Pigments Light is absorbed by pigments in the chloroplasts called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs most wavelengths of light. Other pigments include the colors red, orange, and yellow. Photosynthesis n Overall reaction for photosynthesis Energy, light, n 6 CO2 + 6 H2 O & chlorophyll ® C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photo synthesis n 2 phases of photosynthesis n n The light-dependent reaction The light-independent reaction (dark reaction) Photosynthesis n n n Light-dependent reaction Light is converted to ATP, a form of chemical energy The electron transport chain is when electrons from light are passed from one protein to another. Small amounts of energy are released along the way that convert ADP to ATP. Photosynthesis Light-Dependent Reaction H2O sunlight Electron Transport Chain ATP & H+ Products go to Light-Independent Reaction ® ® ® Photosynthesis n n n Light-independent reaction (dark reaction) ATP is converted to glucose The Calvin Cycle is a series of reactions that use CO2 to form carbohydrates, mainly glucose. Photosynthesis Light-Independent Reaction ATP & H+ CO2 Calvin Cycle Glucose Summary of Photosynthesis H2O Light & enzymes Light Reaction O2 CO2 ATP & H+ Dark Reaction H2O Glucose Cellular Respiration n n Cellular Respiration Process of breaking down food molecules to produce energy (ATP) Cellular Respiration n Types of respiration n Aerobic respiration requires oxygen n Anaerobic respiration uses no oxygen Cellular Respiration n 3 stages of aerobic respiration n n n Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain Cellular Respiration n 1. Glycolysis- Glucose, a six carbon sugar, is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3 carbon molecule. n n n 2 ATP used, 4 ATP made or gained, therefore there is a net gain of 2 ATP. This reaction does not use oxygen and is therefore an anaerobic process. This reaction occurs in the cytoplasm Cellular Respiration n n Pyruvic acid now moves to the mitochondria where aerobic respiration can take place. 2. Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s cycle) n Pyruvic Acid is broken down to release CO2 and 2 ATP. Cellular Respiration n Electron Transport Chain n Oxygen is used to make water and 32 ATP. Cellular Respiration n Overall Reaction for Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + E (ATP) n NOTE: Photosynthesis is the opposite reaction of respiration. The reactants of one are the products of the other. Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration n Anaerobic Respiration – 2 types n Lactic Acid Fermentation n Alcoholic Fermentation Cellular Respiration n Lactic Acid Fermentation- occurs when oxygen is scarce. n n Pyruvic acid is converted into 2 molecules of lactic acid and 2 molecules of ATP. Lactic Acid causes muscle fatigue in the body. Cellular Respiration n Alcoholic fermentation- organisms like yeast and bacteria use this process to produce energy without the use of oxygen n n Pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and 2 ATP When yeast is used to make bread, the carbon dioxide causes bubbles to form in the dough. Cellular Respiration Summary Anaerobic In cytoplasm Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic Acid 2 ATP Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvic acid 2 ATP Alcoholic Fermentation Ethyl Alcohol, CO2, 2 ATP Aerobic In mitochondrion Kreb’s Cycle 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain 32 ATP 36 ATP, CO2 & H2O Summary of Respiration Characteristic Starting materials 1st step Uses oxygen Cell location Products Aerobic Respiration Glucose Glycolysis Yes Mitochondria Lactic Acid Fermentation Glucose Glycolysis No Alcoholic Fermentation glucose Glycolysis No Number of ATP produced Net Gain of ATP CO2 , H2 O, energy (ATP) 38 ATP 36 ATP Cytoplasm Lactic acid, ATP 4 ATP 2 ATP cytoplasm Ethyl alcohol, CO2 , ATP 4 ATP 2 ATP Comparison of Photosynthesis and Respiration Characteristics Photosynthesis Aerobic Respiration Reactants/requirements CO2 , H2 0, light, chlorophyll, enzymes Glucose, O2 Products Glucose, O2 CO2 , H2 0, 36 ATP Location chloroplasts mitochondria Use of energy storage release Use of food molecules Food made Food broken down