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Urinary System Functions of the Urinary System elimination of _______________________________________ o ______________________________________ (byproducts of chemical reactions that are no longer useful such as ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatinine) control the volume and composition of body fluids o __________________________________________________ blood volume is closely associated with the salt balance of the body (____________________________________ ______________________________________________ _____________________________________________) the kidneys are involved in regulating blood pressure and also maintain appropriate levels of certain ions in the blood o __________________________________________________ the kidneys monitor and control blood pH through the excretion and reabsorption of certain ions ________________________________________________________ o principal job is the removal of urea and the regulation of water in the bloodstream Waste Products ______________________ o end product of __________________ _________________ _____________________________in body cells o water soluble o primary end product of the urinary system o _______________________________________ ________________________ o end product of the deamination of amino groups o ______________________________________ o converted to urea in the liver in land mammals _________________________ o end product from creatinine phosphate in muscle metabolism Structures of the Urinary System kidneys o reddish brown organs o ______________________________________ (4 inches long, 2 inches wide, 1 inch thick in an average sized adult) o located on either side of the spinal column, anchored against the dorsal (back) body wall by connective tissue o ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________ renal vein o carries blood from the kidneys back to the heart renal artery o carries blood into the kidney ureter o muscular tube o ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________ urinary bladder o urine storage, can hold up to 600 to 1000 mL of urine o ___________________________________________ stretch receptors indicate when it is full, signal notifies the brain resulting in the desire to urinate urethra o tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside The Components of the Urinary System The Kidneys composed of over __________________________________ produces urine positioned so that urine flows into a collecting duct with several nephrons entering the same collecting duct 3 Main Regions of the Kidney renal ________________________ o _________________________________ o dips down in between a radially striated or lined inner layer renal ________________________ o consists of cone shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids renal ________________________ o central space or cavity that is continuous with the ureter o ___________________________________________________ Other Key Kidney Anatomical Terms Hilum o Medial indentation o Point of entry for ________________________ and ___________________________ o Point of exit for renal vein and _______________________ Calyces o Cup-shaped area o Enclose the tip of the _______________________________ o _____________________________________________ Kidneys protected and stabilized by connective tissue o ____________________________ Encloses kidney Gives _________________________appearance o Adipose capsule ____________________________ that helps hold the kidney in place Medullary pyramids o ____________________________ with a striped appearance _______________________________________ o Separate the medullary pyramids Blood Supply Kidneys receive ____________________________ of total cardiac output Blood Flow 1. Renal artery 2. ________________________________ 3. Lobar arteries 4. Interlobar arteries 5. _______________________________ 6. Interlobular arteries 7. Interlobular veins 8. __________________________ 9. Interlobar veins 10. ___________________________________ The Nephron ______________________________________________ each has its own blood supply provided by 2 capillary regions role is to filter wastes while retaining water and other vital materials Structures of the Nephron Bowman's (glomerular) capsule o closed end of a nephron pushed in on itself forming a cuplike structure o ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________ o outer layer made up of squamous epithelial cells o inner layer composed of podocytes that have long cytoplasmic processes o ___________________________________________________ Glomerulus o knot of capillaries inside the glomerular capsule o _____________________________________________ Afferent arteriole o carries blood to the glomerulus Efferent arteriole o carries blood away from the glomerulus o ___________________________________________________ Renal Tubule o Consists of _____________________________________ Rest of the tubule divided into ________________ regions Rest of tubule o About 1.25 inch long o Coils and twists before entering the collecting duct o 3 different regions proximal convoluted tubule loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule o ___________________________________________________ o lined by tightly packed epithelial cells with numerous microvilli about 1 m in length forming a brush border (increases surface area) o ______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ o found in the renal cortex ___________________________________ o as the tube narrows, a U-turn making a loop in the tubule o consists of a descending limb that allows water to leave and an ascending limb where NaCl leaves o __________________________________________ Distal convoluted tubule o last tubule region following the loop of Henle o lacks microvilli o ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________ o found in the renal cortex _________________________________ o area where urine is collected in the kidney o ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________ o many collecting ducts in each kidney o ____________________________________________ o found in the renal medulla Capillary Beds o Glomerulus Specialized for ___________________________ Unlike any other in the body because it is both fed and drained by arterioles, which are high-resistance vessels o Peritubular capillary network The Kidney surrounds the loop of Henle and the nephron ___________________________________________________ The Nephron