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Renaissance and Reformation Chapter 15 Section 4 Key Terms and People Counter-Reformation ____________________________________________________________ Jesuits _______________________________________________________________________ Ignatius of Loyola ______________________________________________________________ Council of Trent _______________________________________________________________ Charles Borromeo ______________________________________________________________ Francis of Sales _______________________________________________________________ Teresa of Avila ________________________________________________________________ REFORMING THE CATHOLIC CHURCH In response to the spread of Protestantism, some Catholics worked to reform their church during the Counter-Reformation. In the 1400s, Girolamo Savonarola preached in Florence that churches should melt down their gold and silver to feed the poor. The pope praised Savonarola at first, but eventually had him executed. Others reformed the church by founding religious orders. Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus or Jesuits, who focused on spirituality and service. Loyola ran the Jesuits like a military organization, establishing missions, schools and universities. By 1700, the Jesuits operated 769 colleges and universities. These helped the Catholic Church began to regain ground against Protestantism. In 1545, Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent. The council met over the next 18 years, addressing problems like corruption of the clergy and the sale of indulgences. The council rejected the emphasis of Protestants on individual faith, arguing that the church could help believers achieve salvation by using mystery and ceremonies. The council also rejected compromise between Catholics and Protestants. After the Council, leaders put the reforms in place. Charles Borromeo, archbishop of Milan, built a new school for priests. Francis of Sales worked to return the district of Savoy in France to Catholicism. Women’s roles in the Catholic Church began to change. They had lived in secluded convents, but by the 1500s they began to help the poor and sick. New orders arose. The Company of Saint Ursula taught girls, while the Visitation of Holy Mary order trained women to teach. Mary Ward of England began a network of schools for girls. Teresa of Avila thought the practices of her convent were too lax, so she made her own strict rules. Later, she reformed the Carmelite order to meet her own high standards. Pope Paul III established the church court of Rome, known as the Inquisition, to counter the Reformation. The court heard cases against people accused of being Protestants, practicing witchcraft, or just breaking the law. The Inquisition used harsh methods such as torture and execution. People were also warned that reading forbidden books would endanger their souls. Why do you think the pope opposed Savonarola’s ideas but accepted the Jesuits’? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ What did the Company of Saint Ursula and the Visitation of Holy Mary order do? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL EFFECTS The Catholic Church’s changing policies caused a renewed enthusiasm for the church, which then spread the religion to North America. Meanwhile, religious turmoil increased. Catholics persecuted non-Catholics, while non-Catholics persecuted Catholics and each other. Many Protestant factions formed, often disagreeing with each others’ ideas. In Spain and Portugal, Jews and Muslims were forced to convert to Catholic Christianity or leave Spain. In other areas of Europe, Jews had to live in ghettos, parts of the city surrounded by walls and gates that were closed at night. Fear of witchcraft also increased at this time. Leaders accused witches of causing hardships like bad harvests. From 1580 to 1660, thousands of people, mostly poor or women, were executed for witchcraft. Over time, the Protestant Reformation indirectly encouraged the formation of independent states and nations by separating political power from churches. How did the Reformation help the Catholic Church?__________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ What problems did it cause for society? ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ RELIGIOUS WARS AND UNREST In 1494 the Italian Wars began, in which France and Spain vied for control of the Italian peninsula. England and several popes also became involved before the wars ended in 1559. The real significance of the Italian Wars was that troops returned home carrying ideas they had been exposed to in Italy. Also, artists from Italy fled to the north, bringing new techniques and styles with them. In Germany, Emperor Charles V was Catholic but many of the princes were Lutheran. They fought for years with no clear winner, so in 1555 the Peace of Augsburg was signed, giving each prince the right to decide his subjects’ religion—either Catholic or Lutheran. It was a small step for religious freedom. In France, the Protestant minority fought for years against Catholics. The fighting ended when their leader Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism. He also issued the 1598 Edict of Nantes, granting religious toleration to Protestants. What was the real significance of the Italian Wars? ___________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Do you think the Peace of Augsburg was fair? Why or why not? _______________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________