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JICA
Japan International Cooperation Agency
Nibancho Center Building, 5-25 Nibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8012
TEL: +81-3-5226-6660 URL:http://www.jica.go.jp/english/
2012.7
English
JICA’s Initiatives for Realizing Peace
and Reconstruction
There are countless numbers of people suffering due to war,
natural disaster, poverty, climate change and the spread of
infectious diseases. Many of those who have survived conflict
then find themselves in difficult circumstances.
JICA is assisting with nation building and human resource
development.
Initiatives for support in each country
Palestine
In July 2006, the Japanese government
proposed an initiative, “The Corridor for
Peace and Prosperity” to be realized
through the development of Jordan Valley
in the West Bank. JICA has also been
assisting in the development of the Jericho
region since 2005, supporting the
Palestine Authority’s efforts to enhance its
administrative capacity and gain economic
independence. An important part of this is
the planned development of a processing
complex for agricultural products, which
will then serve as a base for the
distribution of agricultural products. Japan
has been promoting confidence building
among relevant parties by providing space
for a dialogue between Palestine, Israel
and Jordan.
●Republic of Sierra Leone:
The Kingtom Power Plant built with
the assistance of the Japanese government.
Maintenance and management
training is underway.
P6
Iraq
Assisting in the removal of landmines and
unexploded ordnance
More than 20 years post- conflict, Cambodia is still
plagued by the issue of landmines and unexploded
ordnance. 6,422 villages, accounting for 46% of rural
Cambodia, are said to be contaminated or potentially
contaminated by landmines and unexploded ordnance,
depriving the people access to farming land and
preventing cultivation, in turn causing food shortages.
Since 1999, JICA has been providing the Cambodian
Mine Action Center (CMAC) with technical assistance
by dispatching experts, along with metal detectors and
equipment for removing plants and landmines (such as
tents, communication devices and vehicles).
Poor sanitary environment
●Cambodia
Uganda
P4
The Republic of Burundi
Sri Lanka
P5
Philippines (Mindanao)
The Republic of Rwanda
Establishing peace and
achieving economic growth
Boosting economic growth through
infrastructure development and
advancements in agriculture
●Republic of Rwanda:
Receiving vocational
training
(photo: Atsushi Shibuya)
Children without access to
secondary education
●Healthcare
60 %
70%
71%
64%
43%
Malnutrition rate
Infant mortality
Children aged five years and
under at risk of death
Pregnant women unable to
give birth safely
AIDS／HIV infection rate
Source: World Bank’s World Development Report 2011
02
The issue of landmines and
unexploded ordnance
P5
Assisting in the economic and social
recovery of people affected by conflict
After more than 40 years of armed conflict,
Columbia has the largest number of
landmine victims in the world, and the
second largest number of IDPs after
Sudan, requiring significant efforts to deal
with the resultant devastation. Since 2008,
JICA has been assisting in improving the
lives of IDPs; supporting and stepping up
rehabilitation of landmine victims;
supporting ex-combatants’ economic and
social reintegration; and providing
comprehensive care for people
traumatized by conflict, all with the hope
that these victims of conflict can be
reintegrated economically and socially.
●Columbia: A doctor rehabilitating
a child with an injured leg
Countries with the most children injured by
landmines and unexploded ordnance in 2010
【unit/person】
sex
total
female unknown
Country
male
Afghanistan
319
74
Cambodia
61
19
80
Sudan
62
12
74
Laos
52
15
67
Pakistan 41
3
Yemen 18
7
76
469
44
8
33
※Source: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) web page
Because anti-personnel mines are buried around places
where people perform their daily activities (home, school,
hospital, water place, farming land and factory, etc.), and
remain there long after conflict is over, not only do they
continue to pose a threat, they also hinder various
infrastructure developments, restarting of agricultural
activities, and resettlement of refugees and IDP,
becoming a major obstacle in all areas of recovery and
reconstruction. In some cases, children fall victim to
unexploded ordnance while trying to remove metal
components for scrap metal.
In conflict-affected areas, when providing assistance for
infrastructure development, refugee repatriation and
agricultural activities, consideration must be given to the
problem of landmines and unexploded ordnance.
Security Enhancement
●Republic of Burundi:
The Project for Strengthening
Capacities of Prince Regent
Charles Hospital and Public Health
Centers in Bujumbura City for
Improvement of Mother and
Child Health.
Although the 1994 genocide is said to have
resulted in the deaths of up to one million
people, Rwanda has achieved one of the
highest economic growth rates in the East
African region in recent years as a result of
vigorous reconstruction efforts. JICA has been
providing support through development of
transportation and power-supply infrastructure
to boost economic growth, and advancements
in agriculture, the country’s key industry, in
addition to human resource development for
reconstruction through the vocational training
of former soldiers, and poverty reduction
through rural development.
Children without access to
primary education
Reconstructing a Functional
State Government
P3
Columbia
1
No access to safe water
Anti-personnel mines were heavily used in regional
conflict after the Cold War due to their low cost of
production. Worldwide, an estimated 100 million
landmines have been placed in over 60 countries
including Cambodia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Angola
and Mozambique, and as many as 2 to 5 million new
landmines are reportedly laid every year. It is
estimated that there are over 2,000 people killed or
maimed by anti-personnel mines every month, and a
total of 250,000 people who have been wounded by
mines worldwide.
P9
In the civil war that broke out in 1993 following
the assassination of the President Melchior
Ndadaye, over 300,000 people were reportedly
killed or wounded before the cease-fire of 2006.
In the post-civil war reconstruction, JICA has
been providing support through the
development of transportation infrastructure and
healthcare personnel, and also in designing
development plans in areas with large numbers
of repatriating refugees and internally displaced
people (IDP), thereby endeavoring to achieve
both consolidation of peace and promotion of
economic activities.
Living in poverty
●There are over 100 million landmines worldwide
P8
Nepal
77%
59%
DATA.
P4
The Democratic
Republic of Congo
61%
65%
54%
Economic Recovery
From 1991, civil war continued for over 10 years until
the disarmament and cease-fire of January 2002.
Poverty, isolation of the rural community and youth
unemployment etc., are major factors of the conflict.
Development partners are working together under the
collaborative framework of the United Nations
Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone
(UNIPSIL) to help prevent the recurrence of conflict.
JICA assisted in the reconstruction of economic and
social infrastructure in the metropolitan area, including
power supply; development of local infrastructure,
agriculture, water and healthcare in the northern states
where there was considerable damage from the civil
war; and human resource development including the
training of public servants. Through these efforts JICA
was able to contribute to the establishment of peace,
development and reconstruction of the country.
Afghanistan
●Living conditions
Reconstructing Social
and Human Capital
Achieving peace
through the development of Jordan Valley
P7
Current situation of
conflict-affected countries
Cambodia
Focusing efforts on the reconstruction of economic
infrastructure and human resource development
South Sudan
01
●Education
Republic of Sierra Leone
Sudan
DATA.
Initiatives in each country
Chapter
00
JICA is undertaking post-conflict
peacebuilding and reconstruction
globally.
2
JICA’s role in reconstruction of social and human capital
Kabul
JICA Afghanistan office
The Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan
！
Improving the deteriorating
urban environment caused by
JICA’s
Assistance the influx of returnees
Current status of Afghanistan
Amid such circumstances, the population of
Afghanistan began to increase rapidly. As of 2010, the
population topped 4 million, approximately doubling
that of 10 years previously, overflowing the capacity of
the towns. Its population is expected to further
increase and reach 6.5 million in 2025. The increased
population is causing critical urban issues such as:
lowered groundwater level; water, air, and soil
pollution; increased numbers of informal settlements
traffic congestion; and poor sanitation.
In order to solve the critical urban issues and to reconstruct and
develop the capital Kabul as a stronghold of Afghanistan’s sustained
development and national unification, JICA assisted in formulating
“The Study for the Development of Kabul Metropolitan Area in
Afghanistan”. Since the approval of this plan by the Afghan
government, JICA has been supporting the capacity building of the
agency in charge of the metropolitan area through the “Project on
Promotion of Kabul Metropolitan Area Development (2010-2015)”.
More specifically, a number of subprojects are underway including:
capacity building of urban development skills (organization analysis,
development of city planning framework, execution of pilot works in
the initial development districts), maintenance and development of
new and existing Kabul city
roads, regional and
community development in
Dehsabz and Barikab
areas surrounding the new
city, and development of
water sources.
JICA experts and their counterparts
conducting field surveys in the
outskirts of northern Kabul for
urban development infrastructure
projects.
Counterparts, including the deputy
mayor of Kabul, visited Japan for
training, studying Tama New Town’s
development planning.
Establishing a model of reconstruction and development
The “Project for the Development of Kabul Metropolitan Area in
Afghanistan” aims to establish an example of reconstruction for the whole
metropolitan area. In implementing this project, JICA has taken measures
to ensure the project will not result in further destabilization, deterioration
of living conditions for those already disadvantaged, or widen disparities
in development.
Darfur vocational training
Uganda
Support of the people’s basic
needs immediately after
the cease-fire
●Reconstruction assistance in the northern region
Republic of the Sudan
Capital: Khartoum
Population: c.a.30.98 million (as of 2008)
Area: c.a.1.886 million km2
GNI (per capita): c.a.$1,220 (as of 2009)
Current status of Sudan
●Reconstruction of underdeveloped regions
is the key to peacebuilding
In the Darfur region where conflict broke out in 2003, the
situation remains unstable due to ongoing insurgency.
After the independence of South Sudan, in South
Kordofan and Blue Nile, which are so-called protocol
areas, confrontation is intensifying, with the rebels
challenging government legitimacy and treatment of
former soldiers. The surrounding areas have failed to
receive support and development from the central
government with significant delays in construction of
infrastructure and provision of healthcare and education
services. In order to resolve conflict and deter its
recurrence, it is imperative that economic disparities
among regions be reduced.
Northern Uganda
！
JICA’s
Assistance
JICA has been active in the northern region since the early stages of
the cease-fire, providing assistance directly to the people. In the
northern reconstruction assistance program, JICA has been dealing
with the following three issues. ①Repatriation of IDPs, improvements
in social services, roads and bridges, and implementation of projects in
the places they return to. ②Community development planning to
facilitate the repatriation and resettlement of IDPs and the development of social infrastructure (including safe water supply and primary
education facilities).③Human Resource Development in local
governments that have been weak due to the twenty-year civil war.
JICA will assist in the development of basic infrastructure
(transportation infrastructure such
as roads and bridges, and
community infrastructure such as
schools, healthcare facilities and
wells), in addition to strengthening
local governments’ abilities to
provide basic services to the
people.
The Bridge constructed by JICA project
Gulu office
Kampala
Republic of Uganda
Capital: Kampala
Population: c.a.30.6million (as of 2008)
Area: c.a. 236,000 km2
GNI (per capita): c.a.$370 (as of 2008)
Current status of Uganda
●Regions lagging behind in development
In northern Uganda, armed conflict between government
forces and the militant group “Lord’s Resistance Army”
(LRA) has continued since it was formed in the 1980s. At
one time the number of IDPs exceeded two million. The
LRA is responsible for the abduction of over 25,000
children, forcing them to become soldiers, in addition to
other atrocities. For this reason it has been described as
“the worst humanitarian crisis in the world”.
Development has been disrupted in the northern region
because of the suspension of government functions
during this period resulting in one of the highest poverty
rates in Uganda.
Security Enhancement
Security Enhancement
●Critical urban issues due to rapid
population growth
●Solving critical urban issues
Under JICA’s “Project for Human Resources Development for Darfur
and the Three Protocol Areas” (2009-2013), pilot projects are
implemented with provincial government training, in the fields of water
supply, healthcare, and vocational training, in order to move the region
out of underdevelopment and rebuild trust between the people and
the government. By provincial governments taking the initiative and
providing comprehensive assistance in these three areas, JICA is also
aiming for synergy
between the various
fields.
Through this project,
there is a growing
awareness amongst
federal government
officials of
the development needs
in the Darfur region, a
significant step that will
be watched with interest.
Darfur water supply
assistance
Reconstructing a Functional
State Government
Reconstructing a Functional
State Government
The Soviet military intervention in 1979 destabilized
Afghanistan, sparking guerrilla warfare in many parts
of the country against the Soviet invasion. Even though
Afghanistan eventually forced the Soviets out in 1989,
the country then fell into civil war due to a power
struggle among guerrilla forces. The Taliban rose to
power, controlling the capital Kabul in 1996. In
response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks,
the U.S.-led coalition invaded Afghanistan, toppling the
Taliban regime. One month later, the Bonn agreement*
was signed under the initiative of the United Nations,
and the country began its reconstruction process.
From the early stages after the agreement, JICA, along
with the Japanese government, has been involved in
providing assistance with a view to human security in
such areas as infrastructure development, agriculture
and rural development, as well as addressing the basic
needs of the people.
※Refers to the statement of agreement on the peaceful reconstruction
of Afghanistan adopted in the Bonn, Germany, international conference.
3
Afghanistan
！
Borderline undefined area
01
Economic Recovery
Economic Recovery
Capital: Kabul
Population: c.a.30million (as of 2008)
Area: c.a.652,000km2
GNI(per capita): c.a.$410 (as of 2010)
We are developing social
infrastructure so that
people can live in peace
and safety.
●Enhancing the capacity of the Government
JICA’s
Assistance
JICA Sudan office
Reconstructing Social
and Human Capital
Reconstructing Social
and Human Capital
①Development of basic infrastructure ②Development of transport, power, and communication networks
③Improvement in healthcare system ④Improvement in education system ⑤Food security
Synergistic development of
water supply, healthcare, and
vocational training
Darfur region
Initiatives in each country
In the immediate post-conflict period, government-provided social services are generally partially or completely
suspended due to damaged infrastructure, defective government policies resulting from weakened government,
severe fund shortages and loss of expertize in the administrative organizations that maintain and manage various
facilities and equipment. Although it is important to quickly respond to such immediate needs of the people in the
reconstruction period, it is also necessary to demonstrate tangible achievements to the public, in addition to
ongoing maintenance efforts and plans for the future.
Khartoum
Sudan
Chapter
Chapter
Initiatives in each country
01
Reconstructing Social and
Human Capital
4
Capital: Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte
Population: c.a.20.2million (as of 2008)
Area: c.a.65,000km2
GNI (per capita): c.a.$2,290 (as of 2010)
JICA Sri Lanka
Office
！
JICA’s
Assistance
●Moving towards full-scale reconstruction
after the end of armed conflict
Philippines (Mindanao) Assistance towards post-peace accord
！
JICA’s
Assistance
Current status of the conflict-affected
areas of Mindanao
●Towards solution of the long-standing conflict
JICA is committed to the reconstruction of economic infrastructure,
generation of employment opportunities, and resolution of the issues
of unemployment and poverty in target countries.
●Support for better administrative social services
For improving the social services to people, JICA has rehabilitated
destroyed community facilities and built infrastructure including
schools, hospitals, healthcare centers and port facilities. It also
extended training courses to the government officials. In addition, in
March 2012 JICA started a new capacity building project, “Capacity
Building Project for Community Development in Conflict-Affected
Areas of Mindanao”. It aims at building the capacity of the
Bangsamoro Development Agency (BDA) as well as confidence
building with the Philippine government.
Erbil
Iraq
Increasing confidence in the
government and stabilizing society
through resolving the power
shortage problem
JICA Erbil
field office
！
Human resource development project meeting,
Autonomous Region Muslim Mindanao
JICA Iraq office
JICA’s
Assistance
JICA is focusing on improving Iraqi power supply in response to the
urgent needs of the people through a combination of modalities.
Power stations and transmission and distribution substations have
been built using yen loans, and power engineers have been trained
in cooperation with neighboring countries including Jordan, Egypt,
and Syria to manage a power station. JICA’s previous experience in
Syria’s Jandar power station training facility, also built using grant
aid, has been utilized in the capacity building of power engineers.
Development and advancements in operational and maintenance
capacity of power supplying infrastructure not only forms the basis
of mid- to long-term economic reconstruction, but also contributes
to the stability of society through improved administrative services.
The Republic of Iraq
Capital: Bagdad
Population: c.a. 30.7 million (as of 2008)
Area: c.a. 437,000 km2
GNI (per capita): c.a. $2,060 (as of 2008)
Current status of Iraq
？
What
Distrust
in the administration
are the reasons
Government failure to fulfill the people’s
for instability
energy needs even 8 years after the end
in Iraq?
of Iraq war resulted in growing public
distrust and culminated in the summer of
2010 southern province large-scale riots.
Among other administrative services,
improving power supply is particularly
important for restoring confidence in the
Renovating a power station
Takema Sakamoto, Chief Representative of JICA Iraq Office
Water facilities
Bagdad
While assistance is required in a variety of fields in Iraq,
that in the field of the power supply is particularly
important. In the sweltering summer heat, many people
are forced to sleep outside. Factories often stop operating
due to power shortages, hampering growth of industries.
It doesn’t resolve the country’s serious unemployment
problem, either. Addressing the source of people’s
discontent and advancing economic development: these
are the foundations of a peaceful and stable society.
government and stabilizing
post-conflict society.
●Mid-summer temperatures hit 50℃!
Power shortage is a matter of life and death.
Three wars and years of economic sanctions have left
the economic and social infrastructure in Iraq aging and
decayed since 1980’s. Power supply is no exception,
with only approximately half (6,000 – 7,000MW) of the
total national demand (14,000-15,000MW) supplied by
the country’s power stations. It is not unusual for power
shortages to occur for over ten hours a day. In a country
where summer maximums can reach 50℃, power
supply is a matter of life and death for the people.
Security Enhancement
治安の回
復
Security
Enhancement
The economies in Mindanao have been left behind due
to the protracted armed conflicts between the
government and the Muslim insurgents seeking
autonomy. Although the Philippine government
concluded the peace agreement with the Moro National
Liberation Front (MNLF) in 1996, negotiations with the
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) for entire peace
have continued.
JICA, in cooperation with the Japanese government, has
been carrying out various projects for social
development in Mindanao. Its projects expect to play an
important role in for the peace process and development
in conflict-affected areas.
①Development of economic environment
②Increase of employment
opportunities and income generation
Reconstructing a Functional
State Government
Reconstructing
Functional
国
家の統治機能aの
回復
State Government
JICA Philippines office
Capital: Manila
Population: c.a.88.57million
Area: c.a.299,000km2
GNI (per capita): c.a.$2,050 (as of 2010)
JICA’s role in boosting the economy
●Improving power supply and training power engineers
(left) (right) Sri Lanka vocational training
Republic of the Philippines
Manila
5
Immediately after the end of the conflict, JICA began
reconstruction of public facilities including the destroyed water
supply facilities and jetty, provided livelihood support for resettled
IDP, and assisted local administrators formulate development
plans for the entire region. Two and a half years have passed since
the end of the conflict, and JICA plans to improve the
administration’s capacity to provide services, develop public
infrastructure and provide technical assistance, in order to
strengthen production in areas such as fisheries and agriculture.
Economic Recovery
経
済活動のRecovery
復興
Economic
Since 1983, armed conflict intensified in Sri Lanka
between the government forces and the Liberation Tigers
of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), which controlled a part of the
northern and eastern areas of the country. The conflict
brought devastating consequences in terms of loss of life,
increased numbers of IDP, destruction of infrastructure
and public facilities and economic stagnation in the
northern and eastern provinces. It ended in May 2009 with
the government regaining control of the entire area. With
the support of various aid agencies, the Sri Lankan
government has been working towards the recovery and
reconstruction of areas devastated by the conflict, and
full-scale development of these areas is now underway.
●Improving people’s lives through public
infrastructure development
Reconstructing Social
and Human Capital
Reconstructing Social
and Human Capital
Current status of Sri Lanka
Attentive support with a focus
on cooperation to local government
Post-conflict economic recovery is essential for the stabilization of people’s lives as well as the region and nation as
a whole. Poverty is heightened in many post-conflict countries and regions due to crippled markets, destruction of
infrastructure and increased unemployment. In many cases, power and wealth is vested in the hands of the few,
resulting in a thriving shadow economy.
In order to recover economically under such circumstances, fundamental post-conflict economic needs must be
fulfilled, and efforts made to stabilize the economy through improved economic conditions, promotion of industries
and job creation.
Initiatives in each country
The Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka
Sri Jayewardenepura
Kotte
02
Economic Recovery
Chapter
Chapter
Initiatives in each country
01
Sri Lanka
6
Undefined border region
Nile River
JICA South Sudan office
Republic of South Sudan
Capital: Juba
Population: c.a.8.26million (as of 2008)
Area: c.a.620,000km2
GNI (per capita): $984 (as of 2010)
In South Sudan, instead of ordinary roads, there is a
well-developed river transportation system that takes advantage of
the vast wetlands of the White Nile River basin. Although there are
many river ports along the White Nile River that runs the length of
the country, neither seemed to have the appropriate facilities,
equipment or human resources of a modern port. In order to
improve logistical efficiency and distribution, development of river
ports became a matter of urgency. Since 2006, JICA has installed a
35m pier as well as a crane at the Juba River Port, the main port of
South Sudan. A technical assistance project began in 2011 for the
Port’s Administration, effectively combining infrastructure and
human resource development. There is also a plan to extend the
35m-pier to 200m with Japan’s support, in the hope that further
improvements in logistics can be realized in the Juba River Port.
North and South Sudan were once colonies
of Britain and Egypt. They were united in
1947, but conflict never ceased due to their
significant political and religious
differences and economic disparities, in
addition to disagreements over oil-rich
separated in 2011, but the situation
remains precarious to date.
Nepal
Building a mechanism that
prevents recurrence of conflict
Support program for
the democratization process
●Civil law support
！
JICA’s
Assistance
“Civil law” constitutes the foundation of a democracy. This body of
law established 150 years ago not only lacks adequate guidelines for
resolving conflicts, it is also not consistent with international trading
laws. To address this, Nepalese legal professionals and Japanese
experts consulted for two years, completing a new civil law draft bill
in August 2010. Since January 2011, JICA has been helping to
formulate a civil law handbook. Supporting the strengthening of civil
law is a long-term commitment, needing time for the law to come into
common practice and then additional time for improved operation. In
rural areas, tension has been growing between political parties and
residents over their interests during the course of democratization.
Juba River Port Administration (JRPA) counterpart
Before establishment of JRPA, port management simply
meant maintaining port security. However since the JRPA was
established by the assistance of Japan in 2009, the idea of
“administration” has been introduced to port management,
with dramatic changes to Juba Port’s function and
responsibility. In order to improve services for port users,
Japanese experts now provide training at JRPA. I believe that
these efforts will give rise to improved port administration and
further user satisfaction.
In order to prevent disputes among residents from developing into
political or inter-community conflict, JICA has been supporting the
training of community mediators, to enable villagers to manage
community-level disputes. So far, over 270 people have undergone
training to acquire skills for dispute settlement, taking part in
listening activities and practice mediation sessions.
Capital: Katmandu
Population: c.a.28.8million (as of 2008)
Area: c.a.140,000km2
GNI(per capita): c.a.$400 (as of 2008)
Katmandu
JICA Nepal office
Current status of Nepal
●A departure from 240 years of monarchy
In Nepal, pro-democracy movements erupted in many
parts of the country in 1990, overthrowing the
undemocratic Panchayat System controlled by the king.
In the meantime, the Maoists who had been fighting for
the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a
secular nation expanded in number, and the civil war
continued for over 10 years. Behind this civil war, there
were disparities in social services and economic
development among regions, ethnic groups and caste
as well as the horizontal disequilibrium inherent in the
Nepalese society. Peace agreement was reached in
2006, and the nation moved away from 240 years of
monarchical rule towards a federal democratic republic.
Despite the people’s high expectations however, the
new nation is facing tough challenges.
Security Enhancement
Security Enhancement
River port development
JICA is committed to supporting the recovery of
a functional political system for the people,
and building the foundations of a fair society.
The Federal Democratic
Republic of Nepal
●Supporting the training of community mediators
areas in the south. North and South Sudan
●South Sudan with a mountain of issues
7
①Election support
②Media support ③Legal and judicial development ④Development of democratic administration institutions ⑤Development of financial institutions
●Logistics support through the development of
infrastructure
Disparity between
north and south
On July 9, 2011, the Republic of South Sudan separated
from the Republic of the Sudan and declared its
independence. In 1983, the Second Sudanese Civil War
broke out between the Arabic Sudanese government and
non-Arabic insurgents (Sudan People’s Liberation Army,
SPLA) continuing for over 20 years, until a
comprehensive peace agreement was reached in 2005.
During this period, development was disrupted in the
southern provinces of Sudan (currently South Sudan)
and although they have now achieved independence, the
country is still faced with numerous issues concerning
the rebuilding of basic state functions.
JICA’s role in assisting reconstructing a functional state government
Reconstructing a Functional
State Government
Reconstructing a Functional
State Government
？
What
is the cause of
conflict between
North and
South Sudan?
From the early stages, JICA has been involved in the reconstruction
of South Sudan conducting a field survey in December 2004 right
before the peace agreement was reached. Under “Assistance for
New Nation Building” which is one of JICA’s priorities in South
Sudan, JICA helped in the rebuilding of basic infrastructure including
ports, roads and bridges that are directly related to the country’s
economic activities. The infrastructure development of the Juba
River Port, started in 2006, a year after the comprehensive peace
agreement was reached, has been highly praised by the South
Sudan government as a tangible “peace dividend”.
Economic Recovery
Economic Recovery
The current status of South Sudan
●Rebuilding basic state functions
When a government fails to perform its basic functions and is unable to retain the people’s confidence, the state becomes vulnerable to
social instability and conflict recurrence. Therefore building a democratic system is necessary from the early stages, with mid- to
long-term perspectives. In countries and regions where governing capacity has been weakened by conflict, a comprehensive approach
is required for recovery, such as assistance in formulating legislation, strengthening administrative organizations and developing human
resources. In new state building, it is important to promote the people’s economic and political participation to promote equitable society.
Despite good intentions, hasty democratization, depending on the country’s situation and causes of conflict, could lead to destabilization
and further conflict when a system is forced on the people. Therefore accurate analysis and careful handling of the situation is required.
Reconstructing Social
and Human Capital
Reconstructing Social
and Human Capital
Juba
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JICA’s
Assistance
03
Initiatives in each country
Improving logistics by developing
river ports on the shores of the Nile River
Reconstructing a Functional
State Government
Chapter
Chapter
Initiatives in each country
02
South Sudan
●Providing unbiased information – media support
In order to provide unbiased information to citizens, assistance in
“media capacity enhancement” is also underway. It is important to
address the recent upsurge in media that is advocating particular
political parties and ethnic groups, and also prevent the escalation of
social tension. JICA is assisting in the development of a healthy
media in Nepal through revision of media policies and related laws,
as well as supporting the State-run Radio Nepal.
Supporting the training of community mediators
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If security remains unstable after the conflict has ended, it is a challenge for people to lead stable lives or restart economic
activities to rebuild the country. If the armed forces are powerful and continue to maintain political and economic influence
by holding important posts in the government or controlling land allocation, or if the capacity of civilian police is low, these
underlying problems will undermine the function of the public institutions responsible for the security of the population.
For such reasons, security enhancement is important, as a precondition for the rebuilding of people’s lives, repatriation and
resettlement of IDPs and refugees, political and social stability, as well as reconstruction, and development.
JICA’s role in security enhancement
Reconstructing Social
and Human Capital
①Improvement in the security sector
②Demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants
③Small arms control
④Control of landmine and unexploded ordnance issue
JICA Democratic Republic of
the Congo Office
Security stabilization through training
of police and judicial officers
Economic Recovery
Capital: Kinshasa
Population: c.a.62.4million (as of 2008)
Area: c.a.2.34million km2
GNI (per capita): c.a. $140 (as of 2008)
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JICA’s
Assistance
The current status of Democratic
Republic of the Congo
Reconstructing a Functional
State Government
？
What
are the causes of
conflict in
Fighting over resources
Democratic Republic
DRC, with six times the land area of
of the Congo
Japan, is faced with many unresolved issues;
(DRC)?
cultural differences, history, poverty, conflict in
the eastern provinces, and a large number of
refugees. Although the country is blessed with
mineral and forest resources, there are
ongoing disputes over their distribution. The
problem is further complicated by regional
security and ethnic issues with no easy
resolution in sight.
Security Enhancement
●Post-independence democratic elections
the key to economic stability
After more than 10 years of political confusion and
conflict, the first democratic election following the
country’s independence was held in 2006 with full
support by the international community, with Joseph
Kabila elected as President. Since then, with the support
of the international community, the country has regained
socioeconomic stability, and security is also being
restored. The second post-conflict democratic
presidential election in 2011 was carried out under the
initiative of DRC government with the support of the
international community, and Joseph Kabila was
re-elected as President.
President of JICA
Peace and Prosperity for All
: Donors and Partner Nations
JICA is committed to the security
enhancement, social stability,
reconstruction and development of
conflict-affected countries.
Democratic Republic of
the Congo
Kinshasa
Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Message from Akihiko TANAKA
Message
Chapter
Initiatives in each country
04
Security Enhancement
In the last few decades the world has become increasingly interdependent through
globalization. As a key member of the international community Japan not only has a
duty to address global issues but will itself benefit through increased peace and
prosperity through this process.
Under my predecessor, Ms. Sadako Ogata, the Japan International Cooperation
●Retraining of in-service police officers in cooperation
with the UN PKO
Agency expanded its abilities to provide ‘seamless’ assistance in a wide variety of
Given that DRC shares a border with ten other countries,
maintaining security is essential for the development of the region
including the Great Lake region, and support for its security sector
is indispensable. One of JICA’s initiatives in this security sector is
the training of police and legal officers. JICA began re-training
active national police officers in 2004 in cooperation with UN PKO
(MONUSCO) and has now expanded the areas of training from the
original western Kinshasa Special Province and Bas-Congo
Province to eastern Oriental Province and North Kivu Province,
thanks to logistical support from the UNDP since 2009.
economies and social structures and then ensuring long-term and sustainable
●Six months basic training is also available
In 2010 JICA started
six-month basic training for
newly hired police officers.
Today, this is the main focus,
not only contributing to the
training of new police officers,
but also helping to integrate
insurgents into the police
force. As many as 20,000
police officers have undergone
training in the JICA program
so far.
situations: helping peace building in the wake of conflict; rebuilding shattered
development aid.
Going forward, we will continue to provide assistance for ‘inclusive and dynamic’
development by tailoring the variety of our modalities to the specific needs and
circumstances of individual countries and the people. In post-conflict countries JICA
will try to bring tangible fruits to all the people in a timely manner to avoid turning
them back to the conflict state.
In this way JICA will continue to collaborate with countries across the globe to
ensure future peace and prosperity for all.
Police officer training
Eiro Yonesaki, Director of JICA DRC Office
To sum up DRC, it is “a large country with no end of
conflict because of its rich natural resources”, but there is
still hope amongst the people for peace. Although it takes
time to develop human resources, a qualitative evaluation
issued by MONUSCO found that methods employed by
police in suppressing a riot have become more democratic
in recent years. I feel that our activities are slowly achieving
results even though the steps are small.
photo（left）:Atsushi Shibuya（center）
（right）:Shinichi Kuno
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