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JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency Nibancho Center Building, 5-25 Nibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8012 TEL: +81-3-5226-6660 URL:http://www.jica.go.jp/english/ 2012.7 English JICA’s Initiatives for Realizing Peace and Reconstruction There are countless numbers of people suffering due to war, natural disaster, poverty, climate change and the spread of infectious diseases. Many of those who have survived conflict then find themselves in difficult circumstances. JICA is assisting with nation building and human resource development. Initiatives for support in each country Palestine In July 2006, the Japanese government proposed an initiative, “The Corridor for Peace and Prosperity” to be realized through the development of Jordan Valley in the West Bank. JICA has also been assisting in the development of the Jericho region since 2005, supporting the Palestine Authority’s efforts to enhance its administrative capacity and gain economic independence. An important part of this is the planned development of a processing complex for agricultural products, which will then serve as a base for the distribution of agricultural products. Japan has been promoting confidence building among relevant parties by providing space for a dialogue between Palestine, Israel and Jordan. ●Republic of Sierra Leone: The Kingtom Power Plant built with the assistance of the Japanese government. Maintenance and management training is underway. P6 Iraq Assisting in the removal of landmines and unexploded ordnance More than 20 years post- conflict, Cambodia is still plagued by the issue of landmines and unexploded ordnance. 6,422 villages, accounting for 46% of rural Cambodia, are said to be contaminated or potentially contaminated by landmines and unexploded ordnance, depriving the people access to farming land and preventing cultivation, in turn causing food shortages. Since 1999, JICA has been providing the Cambodian Mine Action Center (CMAC) with technical assistance by dispatching experts, along with metal detectors and equipment for removing plants and landmines (such as tents, communication devices and vehicles). Poor sanitary environment ●Cambodia Uganda P4 The Republic of Burundi Sri Lanka P5 Philippines (Mindanao) The Republic of Rwanda Establishing peace and achieving economic growth Boosting economic growth through infrastructure development and advancements in agriculture ●Republic of Rwanda: Receiving vocational training (photo: Atsushi Shibuya) Children without access to secondary education ●Healthcare 60 % 70% 71% 64% 43% Malnutrition rate Infant mortality Children aged five years and under at risk of death Pregnant women unable to give birth safely AIDS/HIV infection rate Source: World Bank’s World Development Report 2011 02 The issue of landmines and unexploded ordnance P5 Assisting in the economic and social recovery of people affected by conflict After more than 40 years of armed conflict, Columbia has the largest number of landmine victims in the world, and the second largest number of IDPs after Sudan, requiring significant efforts to deal with the resultant devastation. Since 2008, JICA has been assisting in improving the lives of IDPs; supporting and stepping up rehabilitation of landmine victims; supporting ex-combatants’ economic and social reintegration; and providing comprehensive care for people traumatized by conflict, all with the hope that these victims of conflict can be reintegrated economically and socially. ●Columbia: A doctor rehabilitating a child with an injured leg Countries with the most children injured by landmines and unexploded ordnance in 2010 【unit/person】 sex total female unknown Country male Afghanistan 319 74 Cambodia 61 19 80 Sudan 62 12 74 Laos 52 15 67 Pakistan 41 3 Yemen 18 7 76 469 44 8 33 ※Source: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) web page Because anti-personnel mines are buried around places where people perform their daily activities (home, school, hospital, water place, farming land and factory, etc.), and remain there long after conflict is over, not only do they continue to pose a threat, they also hinder various infrastructure developments, restarting of agricultural activities, and resettlement of refugees and IDP, becoming a major obstacle in all areas of recovery and reconstruction. In some cases, children fall victim to unexploded ordnance while trying to remove metal components for scrap metal. In conflict-affected areas, when providing assistance for infrastructure development, refugee repatriation and agricultural activities, consideration must be given to the problem of landmines and unexploded ordnance. Security Enhancement ●Republic of Burundi: The Project for Strengthening Capacities of Prince Regent Charles Hospital and Public Health Centers in Bujumbura City for Improvement of Mother and Child Health. Although the 1994 genocide is said to have resulted in the deaths of up to one million people, Rwanda has achieved one of the highest economic growth rates in the East African region in recent years as a result of vigorous reconstruction efforts. JICA has been providing support through development of transportation and power-supply infrastructure to boost economic growth, and advancements in agriculture, the country’s key industry, in addition to human resource development for reconstruction through the vocational training of former soldiers, and poverty reduction through rural development. Children without access to primary education Reconstructing a Functional State Government P3 Columbia 1 No access to safe water Anti-personnel mines were heavily used in regional conflict after the Cold War due to their low cost of production. Worldwide, an estimated 100 million landmines have been placed in over 60 countries including Cambodia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Angola and Mozambique, and as many as 2 to 5 million new landmines are reportedly laid every year. It is estimated that there are over 2,000 people killed or maimed by anti-personnel mines every month, and a total of 250,000 people who have been wounded by mines worldwide. P9 In the civil war that broke out in 1993 following the assassination of the President Melchior Ndadaye, over 300,000 people were reportedly killed or wounded before the cease-fire of 2006. In the post-civil war reconstruction, JICA has been providing support through the development of transportation infrastructure and healthcare personnel, and also in designing development plans in areas with large numbers of repatriating refugees and internally displaced people (IDP), thereby endeavoring to achieve both consolidation of peace and promotion of economic activities. Living in poverty ●There are over 100 million landmines worldwide P8 Nepal 77% 59% DATA. P4 The Democratic Republic of Congo 61% 65% 54% Economic Recovery From 1991, civil war continued for over 10 years until the disarmament and cease-fire of January 2002. Poverty, isolation of the rural community and youth unemployment etc., are major factors of the conflict. Development partners are working together under the collaborative framework of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone (UNIPSIL) to help prevent the recurrence of conflict. JICA assisted in the reconstruction of economic and social infrastructure in the metropolitan area, including power supply; development of local infrastructure, agriculture, water and healthcare in the northern states where there was considerable damage from the civil war; and human resource development including the training of public servants. Through these efforts JICA was able to contribute to the establishment of peace, development and reconstruction of the country. Afghanistan ●Living conditions Reconstructing Social and Human Capital Achieving peace through the development of Jordan Valley P7 Current situation of conflict-affected countries Cambodia Focusing efforts on the reconstruction of economic infrastructure and human resource development South Sudan 01 ●Education Republic of Sierra Leone Sudan DATA. Initiatives in each country Chapter 00 JICA is undertaking post-conflict peacebuilding and reconstruction globally. 2 JICA’s role in reconstruction of social and human capital Kabul JICA Afghanistan office The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ! Improving the deteriorating urban environment caused by JICA’s Assistance the influx of returnees Current status of Afghanistan Amid such circumstances, the population of Afghanistan began to increase rapidly. As of 2010, the population topped 4 million, approximately doubling that of 10 years previously, overflowing the capacity of the towns. Its population is expected to further increase and reach 6.5 million in 2025. The increased population is causing critical urban issues such as: lowered groundwater level; water, air, and soil pollution; increased numbers of informal settlements traffic congestion; and poor sanitation. In order to solve the critical urban issues and to reconstruct and develop the capital Kabul as a stronghold of Afghanistan’s sustained development and national unification, JICA assisted in formulating “The Study for the Development of Kabul Metropolitan Area in Afghanistan”. Since the approval of this plan by the Afghan government, JICA has been supporting the capacity building of the agency in charge of the metropolitan area through the “Project on Promotion of Kabul Metropolitan Area Development (2010-2015)”. More specifically, a number of subprojects are underway including: capacity building of urban development skills (organization analysis, development of city planning framework, execution of pilot works in the initial development districts), maintenance and development of new and existing Kabul city roads, regional and community development in Dehsabz and Barikab areas surrounding the new city, and development of water sources. JICA experts and their counterparts conducting field surveys in the outskirts of northern Kabul for urban development infrastructure projects. Counterparts, including the deputy mayor of Kabul, visited Japan for training, studying Tama New Town’s development planning. Establishing a model of reconstruction and development The “Project for the Development of Kabul Metropolitan Area in Afghanistan” aims to establish an example of reconstruction for the whole metropolitan area. In implementing this project, JICA has taken measures to ensure the project will not result in further destabilization, deterioration of living conditions for those already disadvantaged, or widen disparities in development. Darfur vocational training Uganda Support of the people’s basic needs immediately after the cease-fire ●Reconstruction assistance in the northern region Republic of the Sudan Capital: Khartoum Population: c.a.30.98 million (as of 2008) Area: c.a.1.886 million km2 GNI (per capita): c.a.$1,220 (as of 2009) Current status of Sudan ●Reconstruction of underdeveloped regions is the key to peacebuilding In the Darfur region where conflict broke out in 2003, the situation remains unstable due to ongoing insurgency. After the independence of South Sudan, in South Kordofan and Blue Nile, which are so-called protocol areas, confrontation is intensifying, with the rebels challenging government legitimacy and treatment of former soldiers. The surrounding areas have failed to receive support and development from the central government with significant delays in construction of infrastructure and provision of healthcare and education services. In order to resolve conflict and deter its recurrence, it is imperative that economic disparities among regions be reduced. Northern Uganda ! JICA’s Assistance JICA has been active in the northern region since the early stages of the cease-fire, providing assistance directly to the people. In the northern reconstruction assistance program, JICA has been dealing with the following three issues. ①Repatriation of IDPs, improvements in social services, roads and bridges, and implementation of projects in the places they return to. ②Community development planning to facilitate the repatriation and resettlement of IDPs and the development of social infrastructure (including safe water supply and primary education facilities).③Human Resource Development in local governments that have been weak due to the twenty-year civil war. JICA will assist in the development of basic infrastructure (transportation infrastructure such as roads and bridges, and community infrastructure such as schools, healthcare facilities and wells), in addition to strengthening local governments’ abilities to provide basic services to the people. The Bridge constructed by JICA project Gulu office Kampala Republic of Uganda Capital: Kampala Population: c.a.30.6million (as of 2008) Area: c.a. 236,000 km2 GNI (per capita): c.a.$370 (as of 2008) Current status of Uganda ●Regions lagging behind in development In northern Uganda, armed conflict between government forces and the militant group “Lord’s Resistance Army” (LRA) has continued since it was formed in the 1980s. At one time the number of IDPs exceeded two million. The LRA is responsible for the abduction of over 25,000 children, forcing them to become soldiers, in addition to other atrocities. For this reason it has been described as “the worst humanitarian crisis in the world”. Development has been disrupted in the northern region because of the suspension of government functions during this period resulting in one of the highest poverty rates in Uganda. Security Enhancement Security Enhancement ●Critical urban issues due to rapid population growth ●Solving critical urban issues Under JICA’s “Project for Human Resources Development for Darfur and the Three Protocol Areas” (2009-2013), pilot projects are implemented with provincial government training, in the fields of water supply, healthcare, and vocational training, in order to move the region out of underdevelopment and rebuild trust between the people and the government. By provincial governments taking the initiative and providing comprehensive assistance in these three areas, JICA is also aiming for synergy between the various fields. Through this project, there is a growing awareness amongst federal government officials of the development needs in the Darfur region, a significant step that will be watched with interest. Darfur water supply assistance Reconstructing a Functional State Government Reconstructing a Functional State Government The Soviet military intervention in 1979 destabilized Afghanistan, sparking guerrilla warfare in many parts of the country against the Soviet invasion. Even though Afghanistan eventually forced the Soviets out in 1989, the country then fell into civil war due to a power struggle among guerrilla forces. The Taliban rose to power, controlling the capital Kabul in 1996. In response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the U.S.-led coalition invaded Afghanistan, toppling the Taliban regime. One month later, the Bonn agreement* was signed under the initiative of the United Nations, and the country began its reconstruction process. From the early stages after the agreement, JICA, along with the Japanese government, has been involved in providing assistance with a view to human security in such areas as infrastructure development, agriculture and rural development, as well as addressing the basic needs of the people. ※Refers to the statement of agreement on the peaceful reconstruction of Afghanistan adopted in the Bonn, Germany, international conference. 3 Afghanistan ! Borderline undefined area 01 Economic Recovery Economic Recovery Capital: Kabul Population: c.a.30million (as of 2008) Area: c.a.652,000km2 GNI(per capita): c.a.$410 (as of 2010) We are developing social infrastructure so that people can live in peace and safety. ●Enhancing the capacity of the Government JICA’s Assistance JICA Sudan office Reconstructing Social and Human Capital Reconstructing Social and Human Capital ①Development of basic infrastructure ②Development of transport, power, and communication networks ③Improvement in healthcare system ④Improvement in education system ⑤Food security Synergistic development of water supply, healthcare, and vocational training Darfur region Initiatives in each country In the immediate post-conflict period, government-provided social services are generally partially or completely suspended due to damaged infrastructure, defective government policies resulting from weakened government, severe fund shortages and loss of expertize in the administrative organizations that maintain and manage various facilities and equipment. Although it is important to quickly respond to such immediate needs of the people in the reconstruction period, it is also necessary to demonstrate tangible achievements to the public, in addition to ongoing maintenance efforts and plans for the future. Khartoum Sudan Chapter Chapter Initiatives in each country 01 Reconstructing Social and Human Capital 4 Capital: Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte Population: c.a.20.2million (as of 2008) Area: c.a.65,000km2 GNI (per capita): c.a.$2,290 (as of 2010) JICA Sri Lanka Office ! JICA’s Assistance ●Moving towards full-scale reconstruction after the end of armed conflict Philippines (Mindanao) Assistance towards post-peace accord ! JICA’s Assistance Current status of the conflict-affected areas of Mindanao ●Towards solution of the long-standing conflict JICA is committed to the reconstruction of economic infrastructure, generation of employment opportunities, and resolution of the issues of unemployment and poverty in target countries. ●Support for better administrative social services For improving the social services to people, JICA has rehabilitated destroyed community facilities and built infrastructure including schools, hospitals, healthcare centers and port facilities. It also extended training courses to the government officials. In addition, in March 2012 JICA started a new capacity building project, “Capacity Building Project for Community Development in Conflict-Affected Areas of Mindanao”. It aims at building the capacity of the Bangsamoro Development Agency (BDA) as well as confidence building with the Philippine government. Erbil Iraq Increasing confidence in the government and stabilizing society through resolving the power shortage problem JICA Erbil field office ! Human resource development project meeting, Autonomous Region Muslim Mindanao JICA Iraq office JICA’s Assistance JICA is focusing on improving Iraqi power supply in response to the urgent needs of the people through a combination of modalities. Power stations and transmission and distribution substations have been built using yen loans, and power engineers have been trained in cooperation with neighboring countries including Jordan, Egypt, and Syria to manage a power station. JICA’s previous experience in Syria’s Jandar power station training facility, also built using grant aid, has been utilized in the capacity building of power engineers. Development and advancements in operational and maintenance capacity of power supplying infrastructure not only forms the basis of mid- to long-term economic reconstruction, but also contributes to the stability of society through improved administrative services. The Republic of Iraq Capital: Bagdad Population: c.a. 30.7 million (as of 2008) Area: c.a. 437,000 km2 GNI (per capita): c.a. $2,060 (as of 2008) Current status of Iraq ? What Distrust in the administration are the reasons Government failure to fulfill the people’s for instability energy needs even 8 years after the end in Iraq? of Iraq war resulted in growing public distrust and culminated in the summer of 2010 southern province large-scale riots. Among other administrative services, improving power supply is particularly important for restoring confidence in the Renovating a power station Takema Sakamoto, Chief Representative of JICA Iraq Office Water facilities Bagdad While assistance is required in a variety of fields in Iraq, that in the field of the power supply is particularly important. In the sweltering summer heat, many people are forced to sleep outside. Factories often stop operating due to power shortages, hampering growth of industries. It doesn’t resolve the country’s serious unemployment problem, either. Addressing the source of people’s discontent and advancing economic development: these are the foundations of a peaceful and stable society. government and stabilizing post-conflict society. ●Mid-summer temperatures hit 50℃! Power shortage is a matter of life and death. Three wars and years of economic sanctions have left the economic and social infrastructure in Iraq aging and decayed since 1980’s. Power supply is no exception, with only approximately half (6,000 – 7,000MW) of the total national demand (14,000-15,000MW) supplied by the country’s power stations. It is not unusual for power shortages to occur for over ten hours a day. In a country where summer maximums can reach 50℃, power supply is a matter of life and death for the people. Security Enhancement 治安の回 復 Security Enhancement The economies in Mindanao have been left behind due to the protracted armed conflicts between the government and the Muslim insurgents seeking autonomy. Although the Philippine government concluded the peace agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in 1996, negotiations with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) for entire peace have continued. JICA, in cooperation with the Japanese government, has been carrying out various projects for social development in Mindanao. Its projects expect to play an important role in for the peace process and development in conflict-affected areas. ①Development of economic environment ②Increase of employment opportunities and income generation Reconstructing a Functional State Government Reconstructing Functional 国 家の統治機能aの 回復 State Government JICA Philippines office Capital: Manila Population: c.a.88.57million Area: c.a.299,000km2 GNI (per capita): c.a.$2,050 (as of 2010) JICA’s role in boosting the economy ●Improving power supply and training power engineers (left) (right) Sri Lanka vocational training Republic of the Philippines Manila 5 Immediately after the end of the conflict, JICA began reconstruction of public facilities including the destroyed water supply facilities and jetty, provided livelihood support for resettled IDP, and assisted local administrators formulate development plans for the entire region. Two and a half years have passed since the end of the conflict, and JICA plans to improve the administration’s capacity to provide services, develop public infrastructure and provide technical assistance, in order to strengthen production in areas such as fisheries and agriculture. Economic Recovery 経 済活動のRecovery 復興 Economic Since 1983, armed conflict intensified in Sri Lanka between the government forces and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), which controlled a part of the northern and eastern areas of the country. The conflict brought devastating consequences in terms of loss of life, increased numbers of IDP, destruction of infrastructure and public facilities and economic stagnation in the northern and eastern provinces. It ended in May 2009 with the government regaining control of the entire area. With the support of various aid agencies, the Sri Lankan government has been working towards the recovery and reconstruction of areas devastated by the conflict, and full-scale development of these areas is now underway. ●Improving people’s lives through public infrastructure development Reconstructing Social and Human Capital Reconstructing Social and Human Capital Current status of Sri Lanka Attentive support with a focus on cooperation to local government Post-conflict economic recovery is essential for the stabilization of people’s lives as well as the region and nation as a whole. Poverty is heightened in many post-conflict countries and regions due to crippled markets, destruction of infrastructure and increased unemployment. In many cases, power and wealth is vested in the hands of the few, resulting in a thriving shadow economy. In order to recover economically under such circumstances, fundamental post-conflict economic needs must be fulfilled, and efforts made to stabilize the economy through improved economic conditions, promotion of industries and job creation. Initiatives in each country The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte 02 Economic Recovery Chapter Chapter Initiatives in each country 01 Sri Lanka 6 Undefined border region Nile River JICA South Sudan office Republic of South Sudan Capital: Juba Population: c.a.8.26million (as of 2008) Area: c.a.620,000km2 GNI (per capita): $984 (as of 2010) In South Sudan, instead of ordinary roads, there is a well-developed river transportation system that takes advantage of the vast wetlands of the White Nile River basin. Although there are many river ports along the White Nile River that runs the length of the country, neither seemed to have the appropriate facilities, equipment or human resources of a modern port. In order to improve logistical efficiency and distribution, development of river ports became a matter of urgency. Since 2006, JICA has installed a 35m pier as well as a crane at the Juba River Port, the main port of South Sudan. A technical assistance project began in 2011 for the Port’s Administration, effectively combining infrastructure and human resource development. There is also a plan to extend the 35m-pier to 200m with Japan’s support, in the hope that further improvements in logistics can be realized in the Juba River Port. North and South Sudan were once colonies of Britain and Egypt. They were united in 1947, but conflict never ceased due to their significant political and religious differences and economic disparities, in addition to disagreements over oil-rich separated in 2011, but the situation remains precarious to date. Nepal Building a mechanism that prevents recurrence of conflict Support program for the democratization process ●Civil law support ! JICA’s Assistance “Civil law” constitutes the foundation of a democracy. This body of law established 150 years ago not only lacks adequate guidelines for resolving conflicts, it is also not consistent with international trading laws. To address this, Nepalese legal professionals and Japanese experts consulted for two years, completing a new civil law draft bill in August 2010. Since January 2011, JICA has been helping to formulate a civil law handbook. Supporting the strengthening of civil law is a long-term commitment, needing time for the law to come into common practice and then additional time for improved operation. In rural areas, tension has been growing between political parties and residents over their interests during the course of democratization. Juba River Port Administration (JRPA) counterpart Before establishment of JRPA, port management simply meant maintaining port security. However since the JRPA was established by the assistance of Japan in 2009, the idea of “administration” has been introduced to port management, with dramatic changes to Juba Port’s function and responsibility. In order to improve services for port users, Japanese experts now provide training at JRPA. I believe that these efforts will give rise to improved port administration and further user satisfaction. In order to prevent disputes among residents from developing into political or inter-community conflict, JICA has been supporting the training of community mediators, to enable villagers to manage community-level disputes. So far, over 270 people have undergone training to acquire skills for dispute settlement, taking part in listening activities and practice mediation sessions. Capital: Katmandu Population: c.a.28.8million (as of 2008) Area: c.a.140,000km2 GNI(per capita): c.a.$400 (as of 2008) Katmandu JICA Nepal office Current status of Nepal ●A departure from 240 years of monarchy In Nepal, pro-democracy movements erupted in many parts of the country in 1990, overthrowing the undemocratic Panchayat System controlled by the king. In the meantime, the Maoists who had been fighting for the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a secular nation expanded in number, and the civil war continued for over 10 years. Behind this civil war, there were disparities in social services and economic development among regions, ethnic groups and caste as well as the horizontal disequilibrium inherent in the Nepalese society. Peace agreement was reached in 2006, and the nation moved away from 240 years of monarchical rule towards a federal democratic republic. Despite the people’s high expectations however, the new nation is facing tough challenges. Security Enhancement Security Enhancement River port development JICA is committed to supporting the recovery of a functional political system for the people, and building the foundations of a fair society. The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ●Supporting the training of community mediators areas in the south. North and South Sudan ●South Sudan with a mountain of issues 7 ①Election support ②Media support ③Legal and judicial development ④Development of democratic administration institutions ⑤Development of financial institutions ●Logistics support through the development of infrastructure Disparity between north and south On July 9, 2011, the Republic of South Sudan separated from the Republic of the Sudan and declared its independence. In 1983, the Second Sudanese Civil War broke out between the Arabic Sudanese government and non-Arabic insurgents (Sudan People’s Liberation Army, SPLA) continuing for over 20 years, until a comprehensive peace agreement was reached in 2005. During this period, development was disrupted in the southern provinces of Sudan (currently South Sudan) and although they have now achieved independence, the country is still faced with numerous issues concerning the rebuilding of basic state functions. JICA’s role in assisting reconstructing a functional state government Reconstructing a Functional State Government Reconstructing a Functional State Government ? What is the cause of conflict between North and South Sudan? From the early stages, JICA has been involved in the reconstruction of South Sudan conducting a field survey in December 2004 right before the peace agreement was reached. Under “Assistance for New Nation Building” which is one of JICA’s priorities in South Sudan, JICA helped in the rebuilding of basic infrastructure including ports, roads and bridges that are directly related to the country’s economic activities. The infrastructure development of the Juba River Port, started in 2006, a year after the comprehensive peace agreement was reached, has been highly praised by the South Sudan government as a tangible “peace dividend”. Economic Recovery Economic Recovery The current status of South Sudan ●Rebuilding basic state functions When a government fails to perform its basic functions and is unable to retain the people’s confidence, the state becomes vulnerable to social instability and conflict recurrence. Therefore building a democratic system is necessary from the early stages, with mid- to long-term perspectives. In countries and regions where governing capacity has been weakened by conflict, a comprehensive approach is required for recovery, such as assistance in formulating legislation, strengthening administrative organizations and developing human resources. In new state building, it is important to promote the people’s economic and political participation to promote equitable society. Despite good intentions, hasty democratization, depending on the country’s situation and causes of conflict, could lead to destabilization and further conflict when a system is forced on the people. Therefore accurate analysis and careful handling of the situation is required. Reconstructing Social and Human Capital Reconstructing Social and Human Capital Juba ! JICA’s Assistance 03 Initiatives in each country Improving logistics by developing river ports on the shores of the Nile River Reconstructing a Functional State Government Chapter Chapter Initiatives in each country 02 South Sudan ●Providing unbiased information – media support In order to provide unbiased information to citizens, assistance in “media capacity enhancement” is also underway. It is important to address the recent upsurge in media that is advocating particular political parties and ethnic groups, and also prevent the escalation of social tension. JICA is assisting in the development of a healthy media in Nepal through revision of media policies and related laws, as well as supporting the State-run Radio Nepal. Supporting the training of community mediators 8 If security remains unstable after the conflict has ended, it is a challenge for people to lead stable lives or restart economic activities to rebuild the country. If the armed forces are powerful and continue to maintain political and economic influence by holding important posts in the government or controlling land allocation, or if the capacity of civilian police is low, these underlying problems will undermine the function of the public institutions responsible for the security of the population. For such reasons, security enhancement is important, as a precondition for the rebuilding of people’s lives, repatriation and resettlement of IDPs and refugees, political and social stability, as well as reconstruction, and development. JICA’s role in security enhancement Reconstructing Social and Human Capital ①Improvement in the security sector ②Demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants ③Small arms control ④Control of landmine and unexploded ordnance issue JICA Democratic Republic of the Congo Office Security stabilization through training of police and judicial officers Economic Recovery Capital: Kinshasa Population: c.a.62.4million (as of 2008) Area: c.a.2.34million km2 GNI (per capita): c.a. $140 (as of 2008) ! JICA’s Assistance The current status of Democratic Republic of the Congo Reconstructing a Functional State Government ? What are the causes of conflict in Fighting over resources Democratic Republic DRC, with six times the land area of of the Congo Japan, is faced with many unresolved issues; (DRC)? cultural differences, history, poverty, conflict in the eastern provinces, and a large number of refugees. Although the country is blessed with mineral and forest resources, there are ongoing disputes over their distribution. The problem is further complicated by regional security and ethnic issues with no easy resolution in sight. Security Enhancement ●Post-independence democratic elections the key to economic stability After more than 10 years of political confusion and conflict, the first democratic election following the country’s independence was held in 2006 with full support by the international community, with Joseph Kabila elected as President. Since then, with the support of the international community, the country has regained socioeconomic stability, and security is also being restored. The second post-conflict democratic presidential election in 2011 was carried out under the initiative of DRC government with the support of the international community, and Joseph Kabila was re-elected as President. President of JICA Peace and Prosperity for All : Donors and Partner Nations JICA is committed to the security enhancement, social stability, reconstruction and development of conflict-affected countries. Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo 9 Message from Akihiko TANAKA Message Chapter Initiatives in each country 04 Security Enhancement In the last few decades the world has become increasingly interdependent through globalization. As a key member of the international community Japan not only has a duty to address global issues but will itself benefit through increased peace and prosperity through this process. Under my predecessor, Ms. Sadako Ogata, the Japan International Cooperation ●Retraining of in-service police officers in cooperation with the UN PKO Agency expanded its abilities to provide ‘seamless’ assistance in a wide variety of Given that DRC shares a border with ten other countries, maintaining security is essential for the development of the region including the Great Lake region, and support for its security sector is indispensable. One of JICA’s initiatives in this security sector is the training of police and legal officers. JICA began re-training active national police officers in 2004 in cooperation with UN PKO (MONUSCO) and has now expanded the areas of training from the original western Kinshasa Special Province and Bas-Congo Province to eastern Oriental Province and North Kivu Province, thanks to logistical support from the UNDP since 2009. economies and social structures and then ensuring long-term and sustainable ●Six months basic training is also available In 2010 JICA started six-month basic training for newly hired police officers. Today, this is the main focus, not only contributing to the training of new police officers, but also helping to integrate insurgents into the police force. As many as 20,000 police officers have undergone training in the JICA program so far. situations: helping peace building in the wake of conflict; rebuilding shattered development aid. Going forward, we will continue to provide assistance for ‘inclusive and dynamic’ development by tailoring the variety of our modalities to the specific needs and circumstances of individual countries and the people. In post-conflict countries JICA will try to bring tangible fruits to all the people in a timely manner to avoid turning them back to the conflict state. In this way JICA will continue to collaborate with countries across the globe to ensure future peace and prosperity for all. Police officer training Eiro Yonesaki, Director of JICA DRC Office To sum up DRC, it is “a large country with no end of conflict because of its rich natural resources”, but there is still hope amongst the people for peace. Although it takes time to develop human resources, a qualitative evaluation issued by MONUSCO found that methods employed by police in suppressing a riot have become more democratic in recent years. I feel that our activities are slowly achieving results even though the steps are small. photo(left):Atsushi Shibuya(center) (right):Shinichi Kuno 10