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Reliability: ability of a test to give the same results under similar conditions 3 ways to determine: 1) Retesting: approx. score must be maintained 2) test yields same results from various people 3) Split-half: divide test items in half and score each separately Validity: ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure Best way to measure validity: predictive validity (finding out afterwards) Tests that are administered and graded in the same way Must est. a norm (avg score) made by a large group Percentile system: ranking of test scores that indicates the ratio of scores lower and higher than a given score Norms: standard of comparison for test results developed by giving the test to a large, well-defined group of people Def: the ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior, and to adapt to new situations Varying views… Charles Spearman 2 factors contribute to intelligence 1) g—general intelligence (complex mental work) 2) s—specific mental abilities (verbal/math) Critics: g does not measure other mental abilities L.L. Thurstone Opposed 2-factor theory Proposed 7 primary mental abilities Verbal comprehension, numerical ability, spatial relations, perceptual speed, word fluency, memory, inductive reasoning Howard Gardner 8 types of intelligence Verbal, logical/mathematic, spatial, musical, bodykinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist Critics: most of these are skills, not intelligences Robert Sternberg Triarchic Theory: intelligence can be divided into 3 ways of processing info 1)Analytical—problem solving 2)Creative—dealing with new things 3)Practical—adjusting and coping with environment Includes 4 major aspects of intra/interpersonal intelligences 1)accurately and appropriately perceive and express emotions 2) Uses emotions while thinking 3) Understand emotions and use the knowledge effectively 4) Regulate one’s emotions to promote personal growth Groups test items by age level Standardized Intelligence Quotient (IQ): standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale in which 90-109 is average Otis-Lennon Ability Test: measures cognitive abilities related to school Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III)— 6-16 yr olds Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligences (WPPSI-R)—4-7 yr olds Identical twins have similar IQs Those raised in the same environment have similar IQs Both heredity and environment impact intelligence Def: an aspect of an intelligence test in which wording in questions may be more familiar to people of one social group than to another group Def: estimates the probability that a person will be successful in learning a specific new skill Assessed with predictive validity General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB): most widely used---9 different tests ranging from vocabulary to manual dexterity SAT and ACT (American College Test): predict student’s success in college Def: measures how much a person has learned in a given subject area Assessed with content validity Adaptive testing: computer testing that responds to your performance Def: measure of a person’s preferences and attitudes in a wide variety of activities to identify areas of likely success Answer patterns will correspond with occupations Kuder Preference Record and the Campbell Interest and Skill Survey Def: assesses an individual’s characteristics and identifies problems Some are objective and some are projective Def: a limited-orforced-choice test in which a person must select one of several answers Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Current version: MMPI-2 No right or wrong answers 10 clinical scales Answers reveal habits, fears, delusions, sexual attitudes, and symptoms of psych disorders Best for diagnosing psych disorders California Psychological Inventory Measures traits like responsibility, selfcontrol, and tolerance Used to assess the “normal” person Does NOT reveal psychiatric illnesses Focuses on how we take in info, make decisions, and approach day-today tasks 4 scales: 1) Extraversion v. Introversion 2) Intuition v. Sensing 3) Feeling v. Thinking 4) Judging v. Perceiving Personality is a combination of these Def: an unstructured test in which a person is asked to respond freely, giving his/her own interpretation of various ambiguous stimuli Best known and most widely discussed Hermann Rorschach (1921) Theory: A person’s response will reveal an aspect of that person’s personality Thematic Apperception Test Developed by Henry Murray (1943) Participants are asked to tell a story about a picture (20 pictures total) Used to assess motivation and personality characteristics