Download Effects of Historical Christian Anti

Effects of Historical Christian Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era: 1700’s – 1900’s
18th century
Europe
Resistance to Jewish Emancipation and Assimilation
(1700’s)
Cultural and economic changes after the Middle Ages were opening a door for Jewish ‘emancipation’
and their assimilation into society. Kings and ruling classes would experiment with ‘their Jews’ by
granting them certain rights and privileges to facilitate their integration into society. However, the
people generally rejected Jewish assimilation and kept them at a distance. Seventeen centuries of
hatred and contempt could not be overcome.
18th century
Europe
The Era of Enlightenment reasons against the Jews
(1700’s)
The Enlightenment began in France and spread across western and central Europe. It produced a
dominant philosophy that human reason, rational thought and intellectualism could reform society and
serve as the ethical code for living. Leading philosophers postulated their explanations of history, the
causes for society’s woes and sought solutions to national problems. Many often attacked the Jews’
religious beliefs, their separatism from society and used them as a scapegoat for national problems.
The social and political philosophies of this era took hold in Europe and laid the foundation for racial and
secular anti-Semitism which would dominate the 19th and 20th centuries.
18th century
Europe
Anti-Semitism of the Enlightenment Era
(1700’s)
Voltaire: One of the leading philosophers of the era. His greatest work, Dictionnaire Philosophique, was
greatly influential on the Enlightenment movement. It contained 118 articles in which he attacks the
Jews in over thirty of them. 1 Flannery says, “This prince of skeptics, sworn enemy of the Church, held
Jews and Judaism in utter contempt.” 2 The scholar Arthur Hertzberg describes Voltaire as one, “who
has no patience with inferior people such as Jews...” 3
Hertzberg cites Voltaire’s essay, Il faut prende une partie (One Must Take Sides), where Voltaire ridicules
religion and says to the Jews: “You have surpassed all nations in impertinent fables, in bad conduct, and
in barbarism. You deserve to be punished, for this is your destiny.” 4
Denis Diderot: Diderot was co-editor and publisher of Encyclopedie (1751-72), a compilation of writings
from leading Enlightenment philosophers which was sold throughout Europe. Hertzberg describes
Diderot’s perspective on the Jews as, “understood to be teaching that the Jew was hopelessly and
irretrievably alien.” 5
Other philosophers: Flannery describes other philosopher’s perspectives on the Jews during the
Enlightenment: “...to D'Holbach, they were the vilest people on earth; to Rousseau, furious fanatics.”
While it is fair to say that not all the Enlightenment thinkers were anti-Semites, it is accurate to conclude
as Flannery notes: “It was not until the rise of rationalist thought in the seventeenth century, however,
that non-religious antisemitism emerged in force.” 6
This era is unique from the previous eras because anti-Semitism, which had historically been of a religious nature,
evolved into more of a social and racial nature. During this era, the Church lost its dominance over society.
However, centuries of Christian discrimination against the Jewish people had produced a general anti-Jewish
racism in society as a whole. As a result, not only did the Church maintain its historical anti-Semitism, but society
also became prejudiced against the Jewish people.
Page 1
Christian Apology to the Jewish People www.ApologytotheJewishPeople.com
Copyright 2012 Voice of Judah International Ministries, Inc. www.VoiceofJudah.com
Effects of Historical Christian Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era: 1700’s – 1900’s
1737
Lisbon, Portugal
Auto-da-fe: Inquisition against the Jews
A recurrence of Jewish persecution occurred against the marranos in 1721. The climax of which was the
auto-da-fe of 1737 in Lisbon where 12 Jews were burned at the stake.
19th century
Europe
Emergence of Racial Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era
(1800’s)
The advent of the Modern Era was causing massive changes in Europe. Economic reform had led to the
establishment of labor movements and unions. Socialist ideology emerged to promote the welfare of
the people. Religion’s grip on society had declined because of the scientific revolution and
Enlightenment philosophies. With these changes, and the Jewish people’s slow assimilation into society,
anti-Semitism became racial and secular. The age-old hatred of the Jews based on religious differences
gave way to hating them simply because they were Jewish.
19th century
Europe
Racial Anti-Semitism: 4 New Jewish Stereotypes
(1800’s)
The anti-Jewish philosophies of the Enlightenment era, combined with the rapidly growing trend of
racial anti-Semitism in the Modern Era, produced four new stereotypes of the Jews 7 :
Jewish Disloyalty to Nationalism: “Nationalistic feelings had emerged from the previous century’s
Enlightenment. People with a common culture, language, history, race and value system bonded
together into political, economic and social entities.” 8 However, Jewish people were considered
separate from national society and were not trusted as ‘loyal citizens’ to the nation.
Jewish Control of Commerce: Jewish people had historically occupied a place in money lending. As more
non-Jewish people entered the financial industry, they resented the position and prosperity of the Jew.
As modern industrialism grew and created new industries and professions, and Jewish people entered
them as they sought assimilation into society, the Jewish people were resented and accused of trying to
control national and international commerce. 9
Jewish Control of Media: New technologies caused a booming birth of the media industry. As Jewish
people entered this arena they were generally regarded as seeking to control national and popular
interests for their own motives.
Jewish Dominion through Socialism: As new industrialism surged, causing economic and social reform,
the ideas of communism and socialism emerged. A few Jewish leaders became significant in this
movement, particularly Karl Marx. Flannery notes that, “antisemites were well prepared to label his
movement ‘Jewish Marxism’ or ‘Jewish radicalism’ despite the fact that Marx's inspirers and followers
were all gentiles.” 10 Jewish involvement in social reform was regarded as the Jew’s attempt to control
society.
These stereotypes were reinforced by, and reinforced, the long history of Jew-hatred. In the next
century, Hitler’s Nazi party in Germany would exploit these stereotypes as it rose to political dominance.
Hitler and the Nazi party would use Christian and secular anti-Semitic writings to justify their
extermination of 6 million Jewish people in the Holocaust of World War II.
This era is unique from the previous eras because anti-Semitism, which had historically been of a religious nature,
evolved into more of a social and racial nature. During this era, the Church lost its dominance over society.
However, centuries of Christian discrimination against the Jewish people had produced a general anti-Jewish
racism in society as a whole. As a result, not only did the Church maintain its historical anti-Semitism, but society
also became prejudiced against the Jewish people.
Page 2
Christian Apology to the Jewish People www.ApologytotheJewishPeople.com
Copyright 2012 Voice of Judah International Ministries, Inc. www.VoiceofJudah.com
Effects of Historical Christian Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era: 1700’s – 1900’s
19th century
Europe
More Racial Anti-Semitism: “Social Darwinsim”,
Aryan Superiority and Jewish inferiority
“Social Darwinism” is the theory that persons, groups, and races are subject to the same laws of natural
selection as Charles Darwin had perceived in plants and animals in nature. The weak were diminished
and their cultures delimited, while the strong grew in power and in cultural influence over the weak. 11
In the wake of Europe’s racial anti-Semitism, this racial ideology erupted which “proved” Aryan
superiority over the Jewish people.
Wilhelm Marr: A German political activist, Marr wrote The Victory of Judaism over Germanism, Viewed
from a Nonreligious Point of View (1879). Marr’s thesis was that Germany’s liberal policies towards the
Jews allowed them to infiltrate and conquer Germany’s society and economy. His essay fervently asserts
and expounds upon the emergent Jewish stereotypes. 12 He accuses the Jewish people of manipulating
and subduing German society with the goal of, “disintegration of the Germanic state for the benefit of
Jewish interests...” 13
Joseph Arthur de Gobineau: A French aristocrat, novelist and philosopher, Gobineau is most notable for
asserting the theory of Aryan superiority over the Jewish people. (“Aryan” was a term used to describe a
part of the migrating masses of caucasians from the Middle East and Asia who populated Europe)
Gobineau postulated his theory in his famous essay, The Inequality of the Human Races (1853-1855).
Accordingly, “Members of this so-called Aryan race spoke Indo-European languages, were credited with
all the progress that benefited humanity, and were purported to be superior to Semites, yellows and
blacks. Believers in Aryanism came to regard the Nordic and Germanic peoples as the purest members
of the “race.”
This notion, which had been repudiated by anthropologists by the second quarter of the 20th century,
was seized upon by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis and was made the basis of the German government policy
of exterminating Jews, Roma (Gypsies), and other ‘non-Aryans.’” 14
1840
Damascus, Syria
Blood Libel of Damascus
A well known franciscan monk in Damascus, who was last seen in the Jewish quarter, disappeared
without a trace. The French consulate, at the bidding of other monks and the assistance of the Egyptian
Arabian governor of Damascus, accused the Jews of Blood Libel and ritual murder. A false confession
was extorted from a Jewish barber and eight of the most notable Jews in the community were
imprisoned and tortured. The consulate published and disseminated libels in French and Arabic as the
Arabic governor sought the execution of the accused Jews. The populace pillaged the local synagogue
and destroyed all Jewish scrolls. International Jewish support brought justice for the accused, and they
were exonerated of all charges. 15
However, the international Jewish solidarity which arose from the incident “proved” to anti-Semites that
the Jews were loyal only to themselves and not to the countries in which they resided.
This era is unique from the previous eras because anti-Semitism, which had historically been of a religious nature,
evolved into more of a social and racial nature. During this era, the Church lost its dominance over society.
However, centuries of Christian discrimination against the Jewish people had produced a general anti-Jewish
racism in society as a whole. As a result, not only did the Church maintain its historical anti-Semitism, but society
also became prejudiced against the Jewish people.
Page 3
Christian Apology to the Jewish People www.ApologytotheJewishPeople.com
Copyright 2012 Voice of Judah International Ministries, Inc. www.VoiceofJudah.com
Effects of Historical Christian Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era: 1700’s – 1900’s
19th century
Germany, Austria
Racial Anti-Semitism enters the Political Arena
(1878 - 1900)
Wilhelm Marr: German political activist and author, founded the Antisemiten Liga (League of AntiSemitism) in Germany in 1879. Its members boycotted buying or selling with the Jews. 16
The Christian Socialist Party (1878): Headed by Adolf Stoecker and supported by German Chancellor
Otto Von Bismarck (who helped lead the unification of Germany and establish the German Empire in the
late 19th century). Stoecker was “vehemently anti-Jewish” and declared the Jews had, “purely
materialistic aspirations and were inherently destructive.” Members were forbidden to have personal or
business relations with the Jews, and Stoecker sought anti-Jewish political legislation. Flannery notes
that Chancellor’ Bismarck’s support was a means to rally, “the disparate political factions against the
liberal, democratic cause,” 17 of which the Jews were a part. The party’s doctrines were adopted by Hitler
during the initial years of his dictatorship. 18
The International Anti-Semitic Congress of Dresden (1892): Including representatives from Germany, the
Austro-Hungarian Empire and Russia, it led to the formation an international anti-Semitic party to repeal
laws of emancipation for Jews in all nations.
Antisemitische Volkspartei (The Popular Anti-Semitic Party): led by Otto Boeckel, it originated from the
Dresden Congress meeting. Fueled by anti-Semitic sentiment in eastern Europe, it gained 260,000
popular votes and 16 seats in German parliament by 1893. 19
Political Anti-Semitism in Austria 20: Anti-Semitic socialist parties formed in the 1880’s under the
leadership of Georg von Schoenerer. Anti-Jewish legislation restricted Jewish participation in commerce
and higher education. The anti-semitic parties were joined by clerical parties in the 1890’s under the
leadership of Vienna mayor, Karl Lueger, of the Christian Socialist Party. At one time, Lueger received a
visit from the young Adolf Hitler who came to Vienna to study the "Jewish problem." Later in the 1920’s,
Hitler would name Schoenerer and Lueger as the two politicians who influenced him the most. 21
1894
France
The Dreyfus Incident
French anti-Semitism was brewing in France because of Jewish assimilation and prosperity in France’s
economy during the ‘Jewish emancipation’ of the last two hundred years. The Dreyfus incident would
only serve to galvanize anti-Jewish sentiment in France. 22
After Germany’s overwhelming defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, a French
investigation ensued about possible espionage by two French officers. The two officers quickly covered
their tracks and framed a Jewish-French captain, Alfred Dreyfus, for the leaked intelligence to the
German army. “The Jew” once again became the scapegoat as French public opinion erupted in a wave
of anti-Semitism. Dreyfus, who was innocent, was convicted of treason and sentenced to life
imprisonment. Years later, the trial was reopened and Dreyfus was exonerated by the French military. 23
Regardless, this incident only compounded the stereotype of the Jew’s disloyalty to his nation and set
the Jewish people up as targets for the growing, anti-Semitic political movements across Europe.
This era is unique from the previous eras because anti-Semitism, which had historically been of a religious nature,
evolved into more of a social and racial nature. During this era, the Church lost its dominance over society.
However, centuries of Christian discrimination against the Jewish people had produced a general anti-Jewish
racism in society as a whole. As a result, not only did the Church maintain its historical anti-Semitism, but society
also became prejudiced against the Jewish people.
Page 4
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Copyright 2012 Voice of Judah International Ministries, Inc. www.VoiceofJudah.com
Effects of Historical Christian Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era: 1700’s – 1900’s
early to mid 19th
Russia, Poland (eastern
Anti-Semitic Response to Jewish Assimilation
century
Europe)
With the partitioning of Poland, Russia had become governor of the largest Jewish population in the
world. The Jews were restricted to live in the Pale of Settlement where many suffered as serfs at the
hands of local landlords. 24 Reforms of the Enlightenment era had not reached eastern Europe, and Jews
in the Polish provinces, Ukraine and southern Russia lived somewhat separate from society at large.
Russia’s management of their new “Jewish problem” alternated between attempts towards Jewish
assimilation and imposing debilitating, even torturous, restrictions on them. Russian Czar Alexander II
initially supported Jewish assimilation, but later became wary of Jewish emancipation as many Jews
became involved liberal and social movements. 25
Anti-Semitic response to Jewish assimilation was widespread and led to a series of newspaper articles
accusing Jews of a world conspiracy, which led to the fictitious book, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
1853-56
Russia
Blood Libel in Saratov, Russia
In 1844, the Manager of Jewish affairs in Russia wrote a document entitled Information about the killing
of Christians by Jews for the Purpose of Obtaining their Blood. It was distributed among the Russian
government and stirred anew the age-old accusation of ritual murder and Blood Libel against the Jews. 26
In 1853, two Christian boys disappeared and their bodies were found months later. Several Jewish
families in Saratov were accused of murder and a government investigation ensued. The witnesses’
testimonies proved to be false and the accused were acquitted. However, the Jewish families’
reputations were ruined and the incident only fueled the anti-Semitic sentiment in the Russian
populace. 27
late 19th century
Russia
Anti-Semitic Political Reforms
Revolutionary movements against the autocratic Czarist regime resulted in the assassination of Czar
Alexander II. For the new Czar, Alexander III, “There were enough Jews associated with liberal or radical
movements for the government to make all Jewry the chief target of its anti-revolutionary program.” 28
Alexander III, a “zealous champion of the Greek Orthodox Church,” collaborated with his chief advisor,
Konstantin Pobedonostsev, who was procurator-general of the Holy Synod, to “maintain at all cost the
regime of a police state...”
Pobedonostsev, later dubbed the Grand Inquisitor, held that, “the people must be held in a state of
patriarchal submission to the authority of the Church and of the temporal powers, and that the GreekOrthodox masses must be shielded against the influence of alien religions and races, which should
accordingly occupy in the Russian monarchy a position subordinate to that of the dominant nation.” His
plan was reportedly to expel a third of the Jews, forcibly convert a third and kill a third.
An imperial manifesto was issued, entitled The Statute concerning Enforced Public Safety. It called upon
“...all faithful subjects to eradicate the hideous sedition and to establish faith and morality.” The statute
conferred upon state, provincial and city governors “...the power to issue special enactments and
thereby setting aside the normal laws as well as placing under arrest and deporting to Siberia, without
the due process of law, all citizens suspected of ‘political unsafety’.” 29
This era is unique from the previous eras because anti-Semitism, which had historically been of a religious nature,
evolved into more of a social and racial nature. During this era, the Church lost its dominance over society.
However, centuries of Christian discrimination against the Jewish people had produced a general anti-Jewish
racism in society as a whole. As a result, not only did the Church maintain its historical anti-Semitism, but society
also became prejudiced against the Jewish people.
Page 5
Christian Apology to the Jewish People www.ApologytotheJewishPeople.com
Copyright 2012 Voice of Judah International Ministries, Inc. www.VoiceofJudah.com
Effects of Historical Christian Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era: 1700’s – 1900’s
1881-1906
Russia
Pogroms: “An organized massacre, especially of Jews” 30
Anti-Semitic violence followed the manifesto as waves of pogroms broke out from 1881 to 1884 “...by
the well-organized ‘activity’ of the mob and the deliberate inactivity of the authorities.” 31
Jewish communities were wrecked; stores and houses were looted, burned and destroyed; individuals
and families were killed and beaten; the women sometimes raped. Often the authorities would stand
idly by; at other times they would arrest the rioters.
A second wave of pogroms erupted in 1903, again in the context of revolutionary conflict with the
imperial regime. This time under the anti-Semitic Czar Nicholas II. The Kishniev pogrom, fueled by antiSemitic newspaper articles, resulted in 45 Jewish deaths, hundreds wounded and about 1500 Jewish
houses and stores looted. Numerous other pogroms occurred throughout southern Russia and the
Ukraine. In Odessa, over 300 hundred Jews were killed and thousands wounded. Pogroms in Bialystok
and Siedlce occurred with direct involvement by Russian authorities. 32
The pogroms of 1903-1906 ravaged over 600 towns, killed hundreds and wounded thousands. It
devastated Russian Jewry. Understandably, massive Jewish migrations from Russia took place as the
Jewish people realized they were wanted nowhere and hated everywhere. Many fled to central Europe,
the USA and many others to Israel in the emerging wave of Zionism - the hope that the Jewish people
may finally find refuge in their ancestral homeland.
1905
Russia
Anti-Jewish Propaganda:
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
A fictitious book released in Russia in the wake of anti-Semitic reaction to Jewish involvement in
Bolshevik revolutionary efforts, it blames the Jewish people for the world’s problems by allegedly
exposing a Jewish conspiracy to dominate the world, especially through the financial industry. The book
capitalizes on emergent Jewish stereotypes in its fraudulent story. Even though the book was officially
exposed as a complete fraud multiple times in various countries, it gained worldwide distribution,
became the cornerstone of European anti-Semitism and fears of ‘Jewish capitalism’, and was used
extensively in Nazi Germany propaganda. 33
The book is still used today by anti-Semitic groups to brainwash the ignorant into Jewish hatred.
Post WW I
Germany, AustriaAnti-Semitism following World War I
Hungary, Russia
A “Stab in the Back” legend in the German and Austrian empires attributed their losses in the war to
internal traitors, primarily communists and Jews. This belief was widely accepted in German military
leadership despite the fact that Jews fought valiantly for the German empire during the war. 34
Jewish involvement in the Bolshevik leadership during the Russian Revolution at the end of WW I was
cited by nationalists throughout Europe as Jewish disloyalty to their nation (Jewish Bolshevism) and a
tendency of Jews to favor communism. 35
People of Germany, Austria and Hungary bemoaned the Jewish stereotypes as many blamed the Jews
for exploiting the war for monetary gain and to advance the Jewish conspiracy for world domination. 36
This era is unique from the previous eras because anti-Semitism, which had historically been of a religious nature,
evolved into more of a social and racial nature. During this era, the Church lost its dominance over society.
However, centuries of Christian discrimination against the Jewish people had produced a general anti-Jewish
racism in society as a whole. As a result, not only did the Church maintain its historical anti-Semitism, but society
also became prejudiced against the Jewish people.
Page 6
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Copyright 2012 Voice of Judah International Ministries, Inc. www.VoiceofJudah.com
Effects of Historical Christian Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era: 1700’s – 1900’s
1919-1938
Germany
Post WW I Nazi Germany and Anti-Semitism
German unrest: Understatedly, Germany was in unrest following WW I. Humiliated from losing the war,
in economic depression and high unemployment, overcome with war reparations and little support for
the new Weimar government birthed in Germany’s post-war chaos, the Nationalist Socialist German
Worker’s (Nazi) party emerged under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. Hitler hypnotically rallied the
German population. Espousing German-Aryan supremacy, Prussian militarism and neo-paganism, he
mobilized the nation in only a matter of years under a renewed sense of super-nationalism and antiSemitism. 37
Hitler’s plan: Hitler’s obsession and hatred for the Jews originated from his years in Vienna. He and the
Nazi party capitalized on the existing anti-Jewish sentiment while mounting a campaign that blamed
Jews specifically for Germany’s post-war ills and evoked fear of ‘Jewish dominance’ in Protocols fashion.
The Nazi platform, which quickly gained popular approval, was established on removing the inferior
Jews from Germany to ensure Aryan superiority and allow the Nazi party to restore Germany to power.
Germany would gain its rightful preeminence as it expanded its territory across Europe. This plan, as
Hitler penned it in his book, Mein Kampf (My Struggle), became the Nazi blueprint. 38
Targeting the Jews: In 1920, Nazi legislation denied German citizenship of Jews, labeling them as
“guests” of the nation, and denied them from public office. Social and professional discrimination
followed, progressing into Jewish boycotts, agitation and eventually into Nazi killings. Incredibly, this
became acceptable as Nazi propagandizing, using Protocol arguments and anti-Jewish writings from
Martin Luther 39 and medieval Christianity, quickly swayed public opinion to more extreme Jew-hatred.
In 1933, the “progressive elimination of ‘non-Aryans’ from public life commenced.” SS troops publicly
burned Jewish books, the yellow badge was imposed and Jewish shops were marked with “Jude”. The
Jewish community was terror-stricken and some quarter million Jews fled Germany in the 30’s. In 1935
the Nuremberg Laws cancelled Jewish citizenship. The Nazis employed university professors to teach the
‘science of race’ - the alleged Aryan superiority in contrast to the “Jewish race, spirit and scholarship.”
Nazi-instigated, anti-Jewish riots killed many Jews and left the rest in despair. Jewish suicides were
common and even ridiculed by Nazi propaganda. 40
In 1938, the Nazis expelled 12,000 Jews onto the Polish border, where half were unable to find refuge as
their lot was negotiated politically. This affair prompted Herschel Grynszpan, a 17 year old whose
parents were among the Jewish refugees on the Polish border, to kill Ernst Vom Rath, a Nazi official in
Paris. This gave Hitler the incident he needed to advance his attack on the Jewish people.
Kristallnacht: The turning point for mass, anti-Jewish violence came on November 9-10, 1938.
Conveniently in honor of Martin Luther’s birthday, a series of violent pogroms broke out in Germany,
Austria and Sudetenland-Czechoslovakia. Nazi officials, SS Stormtroopers and Hitler Youth burned 267
synagogues, looted and destroyed 7,500 Jewish shops and desecrated Jewish cemeteries. Ninety one
Jews were murdered, more were beaten and women were raped. The SS arrested 30,000 Jews
transferring them to prisons and concentration camps. In the aftermath, Jews were blamed for the
incident and forced to pay Germany for property damages. Insurance payouts were confiscated by the
German government. New legislation was implemented that transferred Jewish property to Aryan
ownership at a fraction of its value. 41 Kristallnacht, the “Night of Broken Glass”, was the turning point
for Nazi anti-Semitism.
This era is unique from the previous eras because anti-Semitism, which had historically been of a religious nature,
evolved into more of a social and racial nature. During this era, the Church lost its dominance over society.
However, centuries of Christian discrimination against the Jewish people had produced a general anti-Jewish
racism in society as a whole. As a result, not only did the Church maintain its historical anti-Semitism, but society
also became prejudiced against the Jewish people.
Page 7
Christian Apology to the Jewish People www.ApologytotheJewishPeople.com
Copyright 2012 Voice of Judah International Ministries, Inc. www.VoiceofJudah.com
Effects of Historical Christian Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era: 1700’s – 1900’s
1919-1938
Germany
Post WW I Nazi Germany and Anti-Semitism
Governmental logistics for genocide: After Kristallnacht the Nazi party connivingly implemented a
complex bureaucratic system involving the entire German government, local municipalities and civilian
companies. It was a sinister scheme whereby the Jews could be identified, removed from private
businesses, dispossessed of their assets and concentrated into ghettos. So encompassing was this
program that the entire nation was involved; everyone understood they were removing the Jews from
Germany. Raul Hilberg, a leading Holocaust historian, states: “It was this very bureaucratization of the
[Nazi] policy which made possible its colossal scale and transformed a pogrom into a genocide.” 42
Implementing the Nazi “Final Solution” to the Jewish problem was transferred to the Schutzstaffel (SS),
the Nazi elite political and military police. In as much secrecy as the operations would allow, the SS
would advance the purging process of Germany’s Jews to impoverishment, expulsions, the ghettos, and
ultimately to the horrendous atrocities of the Holocaust. 43
1939 - 1945
Nazi Germany
WW II and the Jewish Holocaust
(World War II)
War begins: Germany invaded Czechoslovakia in March 1939, signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression
Pact in August 1939 and then invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Two days later the UK, France, New
Zealand and Australia declared war on Germany, and the war began. Tragically, the Jewish people were
forgotten by the Allies.
Polish ghettos, labor camps and concentration camps: Once Germany occupied Poland, the SS started to
implement the ‘final solution.’ SS troops would gather the Jewish people into synagogues and buildings
where they were shot to death or flogged through the night. The German army, initially at odds with the
SS, protested the overt violence which led to, “...’orderly’ solutions, and these in turn to systematic
persecution.” 44 Jewish people in Poland were herded into the ghettos, labor camps and concentration
camps. A ghetto that once held a hundred thousand people would now be forced to accommodate over
a half million. “Thirty percent of the ghetto populations died of starvation or disease.” 45
The German railway system was seized by the Nazi party which mobilized over a million new workers
for the ‘final solution.’ Germany’s Jewish population was then transported to the Polish ghettos and
concentration camps. Their belongings were stripped from them, separated and later given to Nazi and
army personnel. Life expectancy in the camps was between six weeks and three months, not including
death by accident, suicide or shooting. 46 The labor camps were a form of mass murder, as the Nazis
termed it: Vernichtung durch Arbeit, ‘destruction through work.’ 47
Mass genocide of the Jewish people: The mass extermination of the Jewish people began with
Germany’s invasion of Russia in 1941. Four million Jewish people resided in the land overrun by the
Germans. Half fled east before the invasion. Those remaining would be slaughtered. Mobile killing units,
the Einsatzgruppen, followed the German army. Before the Jewish people realized what was happening,
the killing units would round them up and take them, by the tens of thousands, outside of town. They
would be forced to dig massive ditches then line up in rows at the edge where they would be shot in the
back of the head, their bodies falling into the massive grave. The process would repeat until the ditch
was full of dead bodies and no Jews were left alive. Over a million Jewish people were murdered in this
manner by the end of 1942. 48
This era is unique from the previous eras because anti-Semitism, which had historically been of a religious nature,
evolved into more of a social and racial nature. During this era, the Church lost its dominance over society.
However, centuries of Christian discrimination against the Jewish people had produced a general anti-Jewish
racism in society as a whole. As a result, not only did the Church maintain its historical anti-Semitism, but society
also became prejudiced against the Jewish people.
Page 8
Christian Apology to the Jewish People www.ApologytotheJewishPeople.com
Copyright 2012 Voice of Judah International Ministries, Inc. www.VoiceofJudah.com
Effects of Historical Christian Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era: 1700’s – 1900’s
1939 - 1945
Nazi Germany
WW II and the Jewish Holocaust
(World War II)
Six permanent extermination centers were built in Chelmno, Auschwitz, Treblinka, Sobibor, Majdanek
and Belzec - all within German occupied Polish territories. They were chosen because of easy railway
access, and they were isolated from centers of population. Some Jewish people were shot, starved or
used in labor. Most however were grouped, forced to undress, handed soap and towels and deceptively
told they were going to bathe as they entered ‘shower rooms’ where they were exterminated by deadly
gas. “For many months in 1942, 1943 and 1944, the Nazis were each week killing in cold blood over
100,000 people, mainly Jews.” 49
The survival of Russia against the Germans, the entrance of the United States into the war in 1941 and
Allied victories created a sense of urgency in the Nazi party to accelerate their ‘final solution’. “It was
from this point on that the exigencies of the Holocaust were given priority even over the war itself,
reflecting Hitler’s resolve that, whatever the outcome of the war, the European Jews would not survive
it.” 50
1945 on
World
World Response to the WW II Jewish Holocaust
Failed assistance for the Jewish plight: The governments of Austria and Romania (and France to a slight
degree) participated with the Nazi Holocaust. “The Russians were closest to the Holocaust but never
showed the slightest desire to help the Jews in any way.” Other European states refused to collaborate,
yet the SS seized their Jewish populations nonetheless. The British and American governments were
sympathetic to the Jewish plight, but mostly failed to take significant action. 51
Flannery notes: “The hundreds of thousands of Jews that escaped the doom owed their survival more to
the rescue activities of individuals and private groups, than to resistance by governments or
churches...The record of the churches is one marked with ambivalence.” 52
WW II Aftermath: Germany surrendered in May of 1945. By the end of the war, the Nazis had killed
almost 6 million Jewish people in the European countries under their control. It amounted to the
extermination of 67% of the combined Jewish population in those countries. Over 90% of the Jewish
population in Poland, Germany, Austria and the Baltic states were annihilated.
War crimes reparation: Only after the Nuremberg Trials did the world learn the full story of the
Holocaust tragedy. Yet sadly, and to the disbelief and appall of the Jewish people - and rightfully so world response was merely...mixed. Johnson notes: “No one can say justice was done.” 53 Many nations
arraigned Nazi members and collaborators for war crimes and most were duly prosecuted.
Financial reparation: Chaim Weizman, President of the Zionist Organization in 1945, submitted a
compensations claim to the four Allied Powers, but to no avail. Proceeds of the sale of confiscated Nazi
property by the Allies were allocated to the Jewish people, but little actually reached them due to
bureaucratic complexities. In 1951, Israeli Prime Minister David Ben Gurion submitted a collective
compensation claim, along with other reparation claims, to Germany for Israel’s absorption of a half
million German-Jewish refugees. Despite attempts by Arab nations to prevent it, an agreement was
ratified, and Germany has compensated Holocaust survivors and their families. But Johnson notes the
amount was inadequate. 54
This era is unique from the previous eras because anti-Semitism, which had historically been of a religious nature,
evolved into more of a social and racial nature. During this era, the Church lost its dominance over society.
However, centuries of Christian discrimination against the Jewish people had produced a general anti-Jewish
racism in society as a whole. As a result, not only did the Church maintain its historical anti-Semitism, but society
also became prejudiced against the Jewish people.
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Copyright 2012 Voice of Judah International Ministries, Inc. www.VoiceofJudah.com
Effects of Historical Christian Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era: 1700’s – 1900’s
1945 on
World
World Response to the WW II Jewish Holocaust
Christian reparation: Perhaps the most notable Christian response was the moral reparations effort put
forth by the Vatican in the Second Vatican Council of 1962-1964. For this Ecumenical Council, Pope John
XXIII appointed Cardinal Augustin Bea as Secretariat for the Promotion of Christian Unity and gave him
the charge to draft new statutes regarding the Catholic relationship to the Jewish people. Albeit
somewhat tardy, the Church sought to make amendment and restitution to the Jewish people for the
issues of deicide and religious freedom in the wake of world response to the Holocaust. Arab nations
and Arab Catholic and Orthodox leaders protested en masse to the effort, absurdly claiming “Catholic
Zionism” and Catholic support for Palestinian oppression by Israel. 55
Sadly, the final statute issued by the Council: 1) made no direct apology for the Church’s history of antiSemitism or the atrocities committed against the Jewish people, 2) did not explicitly absolve the Jewish
people of the Church’s historical accusation of deicide against them, 3) did not fully respect the
continuity and legitimacy of the Jewish people and their faith, and 4) the statute’s language and
presentation contains an air of superiority and replacement theology. However, to the Vatican’s credit
and the Church’s, the statute was a heroic effort in behalf of the Vatican and the Church to: 1) condemn
anti-Semitism, 2) condemn any teaching that God has rejected the Jewish people or that they are guilty
of deicide, 3) acknowledge the Jewish heritage common to Christianity and Judaism, and 4) recommends
a mutual knowledge and respect between the two communities.
International community reparation: On 29 November 1947, the United Nations passed Resolution 181,
“a non-binding recommendation to partition Palestine, whose implementation hinged on acceptance by
both parties - Arabs and Jews. The resolution was adopted...by a vote of 33-12 with 10 abstentions...The
Arab nations...denounced the plan and voted as a bloc against Resolution 181 promising to defy its
implementation by force.” 56 Decidedly, yet sadly not overwhelmingly, the international community as a
whole recognized the need for a homeland for the Jewish people, safe from its enemies.
Jewish response: I believe that Johnson sums up the overall Jewish response to the Holocaust (and the
Jewish perspective of the world’s response) with his estimation: “But the Jewish people grasped that the
civilized world, however defined, could not be trusted. The overwhelming lesson the Jews learned from
the Holocaust was the imperative need to secure for themselves a permanent, self-contained and above
all sovereign refuge where if necessary the whole of world Jewry could find safety from its enemies.” 57
This era is unique from the previous eras because anti-Semitism, which had historically been of a religious nature,
evolved into more of a social and racial nature. During this era, the Church lost its dominance over society.
However, centuries of Christian discrimination against the Jewish people had produced a general anti-Jewish
racism in society as a whole. As a result, not only did the Church maintain its historical anti-Semitism, but society
also became prejudiced against the Jewish people.
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Copyright 2012 Voice of Judah International Ministries, Inc. www.VoiceofJudah.com
Effects of Historical Christian Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era: 1700’s – 1900’s
20th century
Russia (Soviet Union)
Communist Anti-Semitism
The Russian Revolution resulted in communist rule as Lenin came to power in 1922. Communist control
of politics, economy and society - while affecting the general population - had its hardest impact on the
Jews as Bolshevik rule sought to de-Judaize them by curtailing Jewish cultural and religious and practices
and discriminating against Jews in certain professions. 58
The Stalin era (1924-1953) marked a significant rise in anti-Semitism. In Stalin’s “Great Purges,” he not
only rooted out opposing Bolshevik divisions, but also any Jewish elements that were suspected of
‘Jewish internationalism.’ The purges, “virtually terminated the organized life of the Jewish group as a
recognized cultural and ethnic minority.” 59
The German-Russian Non-Aggression Pact of 1939 restrained Russian military and civilians from
opposing Nazi pogroms and murder of Jews in German occupied Soviet Union, Romania and Poland. 60
Soviet disregard of the Jewish annihilation at the hands of the Nazis was characteristic of the antiSemitism of the Stalin era.
The birth of Israel as a state in 1948 sparked a new wave of Soviet anti-Semitism under the guise of antiZionism. An article written in the Pravda newspaper by Ilya Ehrenburg, an ‘anti-Jewish’ Jewish writer
employed by Stalin, denounced Israel, “as a bourgeois tool of American capitalism.” Thus, as Johnson
records, “began a systematic attack on Jews, especially writers, painters, musicians and intellectuals of
all kinds, using terms of abuse...identical with Nazi demonology.” 61
Soviet anti-Semitism extended to Czechoslovakia where, in 1952, former Czech Secretary General,
Rudolf Slansky, and thirteen other communist leaders, mostly Jews, were falsely accused of Zionist
espionage and executed. Slansky was posthumously exonerated.
In 1953, nine doctors, six of them Jewish, were accused (in Protocols fashion) of killing two members of
the Soviet politburo and scheming to poison Stalin as part of a British, US and Zionist conspiracy.
Scholars speculate that the trial was to be used as public justification for Jewish executions and
deportations to Siberia which were under way. However the trial was never held, the doctors were
released and Stalin died shortly thereafter.
Jewish people fared no better under Khrushchev’s term (1953-1964). He, “switched the thrust of antiJewish propaganda from spying to ‘economic criminality’, large numbers of Jews, their names
prominently displayed, being convicted and sentenced to death in nine show-trials.” 62 According to
Flannery’s research: “The campaign as such has nothing to do with antisemitism, but...Jews have been
singled out in many ways. They are punished more severely than others, 60% of those executed thus far
were Jews.” 63 This era also witnessed the outbreak of pogroms, blood libels, anti-Semitic riots and
synagogue burnings.
In the 1970’s Krushchev allowed Jewish emigration to Israel and a quarter million Jews returned to their
homeland. But as emigration continued in the 1980’s the exit-visa process became so subjugated with
bureaucratic complexities and exorbitant costs, and also extended over an unreasonable amount of
months, even years, that leaving the Soviet Union became virtually impossible. 64
This era is unique from the previous eras because anti-Semitism, which had historically been of a religious nature,
evolved into more of a social and racial nature. During this era, the Church lost its dominance over society.
However, centuries of Christian discrimination against the Jewish people had produced a general anti-Jewish
racism in society as a whole. As a result, not only did the Church maintain its historical anti-Semitism, but society
also became prejudiced against the Jewish people.
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Christian Apology to the Jewish People www.ApologytotheJewishPeople.com
Copyright 2012 Voice of Judah International Ministries, Inc. www.VoiceofJudah.com
Effects of Historical Christian Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era: 1700’s – 1900’s
19th – 20th century
United States of America
American Social and Economic Discrimination against
the Jewish People
It was the ‘American experiment’ - the Constitutional guarantee of civil and religious liberties as
“unalienable rights” for its citizens 65 - that gave the Jewish people an unprecedented opportunity in the
modern world for prosperity and harmonious life with non-Jewish citizens. Perhaps it is fair to say that
the USA has given the Jewish people more freedom from anti-Semitism than any other modern nation
except for Israel itself. While the fanatical, European Jew-hatred did not take root in the US, Flannery
notes in his research that a “dual nature of anti-Jewishness” emerged consisting of social and economic
discrimination. 66
Jewish prosperity in the American industrial progress following the Civil War caused jealousy and
resentment and paved the way for discrimination. The Seligman Incident of 1877 is an example where
the Grand Union Hotel of Saratoga, New York refused to accommodate a Jewish banker and his family.
Discrimination against Jews spread to resorts, social clubs and private schools. 67
As American industrialism progressed, and an increase of Jewish immigration to the USA from Russian
persecution in the late 19th century caused more Jewish people to enter the workforce, economic
discrimination emerged in the American workplace.
In the early 20th century, racial discrimination from Europe, combined with fears of ‘Jewish
communism’ and the accusation of Jewish, world-dominion conspiracy as contained in the fraudulent
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, found its place in the USA. A renewed sense of American patriotism and
discrimination against minority groups emerged which primarily targeted the Jewish people and the
African American communities. Notable incidents of this period include a rise of anti-Semitic
organizations and periodicals across the US, the lynching of a young Jewish man (Leo Frank) in Atlanta,
Georgia who was wrongfully convicted of murder and the efforts of automobile industrialist Henry
Ford. 68 Ford launched a seven year, national campaign defaming the Jewish people and accusing them
of the world-domination conspiracy in his newspaper, The Dearborn Independent, and his book, The
International Jew, The World’s Foremost Problem. 69 The US Congress also limited Jewish immigration
into America.
The peak of American anti-Semitism occurred in the years prior to World War II as some Americans were
blaming the Jews for the Great Depression, accusing them of the world-domination conspiracy and even
accusing them of seeking American entrance into the war. However, American anti-Semitism declined
during the war and the years following it, never to be revived again. 70
1
Leon Poliakov, The History of Anti-semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner, translated by Miriam Kochan
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) p.88 Accessed on Google Books 29 Feb 2012
2
Edward H. Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism (New York: Macmillan Co.,
1965) p.176
3
Taken from a letter to the editor of The New York Times by Arthur Hertzberg about Voltaire’s anti-Semitism.
Accessed 29 Feb 2012 from The New York Times online edition, www.nytimes.com, The article is here:
http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/30/books/l-voltaire-and-the-jews-590990.html
This era is unique from the previous eras because anti-Semitism, which had historically been of a religious nature,
evolved into more of a social and racial nature. During this era, the Church lost its dominance over society.
However, centuries of Christian discrimination against the Jewish people had produced a general anti-Jewish
racism in society as a whole. As a result, not only did the Church maintain its historical anti-Semitism, but society
also became prejudiced against the Jewish people.
Page 12
Christian Apology to the Jewish People www.ApologytotheJewishPeople.com
Copyright 2012 Voice of Judah International Ministries, Inc. www.VoiceofJudah.com
Effects of Historical Christian Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era: 1700’s – 1900’s
4
Arthur Hertzberg, The French Enlightenment and the Jews: the Origins of Modern anti-Semitism (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1968) pp.300-301 Accessed on Google Books 29 Feb 2012
5
Hertzberg, Ibid., p.286
6
Flannery, Ibid., p.175
7
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Antisemitism in History: The Era of Nationalism, 1800-1918.”
Holocaust Encyclopedia. (http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007173) Accessed on 10 Feb
2012
8
Remember.org, A Cybrary of the Holocaust. Gary M. Grobman, “Modern Anti-Semitism”
(http://remember.org/guide/History.root.modern.html) Accessed on 27 Feb 2012
9
Flannery, Ibid., pp.167-168
10
Flannery Ibid., p.168
11
Encyclopedia Britannica website. “Social Darwinism.”
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551058/social-Darwinism) Accessed 27 Feb 2012
12
The Occidental Observer website (www.theoccidentalobserver.net) Kevin MacDonald, Wilhelm Marr, The Victory
of Judaism over Germanism Viewed from a Nonreligious Point of View, Jan. 6, 2010. Accessed on 27 Feb 2012. An
english transcript of Marr’s essay can be found here: http://www.kevinmacdonald.net/Marr-Text-English.pdf
13
Ibid., http://www.kevinmacdonald.net/Marr-Text-English.pdf, p.19
14
Encyclopedia Britannica website. “Aryan.” http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/37468/Aryan Accessed
1 March 2012. An online copy of Gobineau’s essay, translated by Adrian Collins, M.A., can be found here:
http://www.archive.org/stream/inequalityofhuma00gobi#page/n1/mode/2up
15
1906 Jewish Encyclopedia (Damascus Affair). (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4862-damascusaffair) Accessed 27 Feb 2012
16
Roberto Finzi, Anti-semitism: from its European Roots to the Holocaust, (New York: Interlink Publishing Group,
Inc., 1999) pp.43, 47, Accessed on Google Books 2 Mar 2012
17
Flannery, Ibid., pp.180-181
18
Finzi, Ibid., pp.47-48
19
Finzi, Ibid., pp.48-49
20
Flannery, Ibid., p.183
21
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Antisemitism in History: Racial Antisemitism, 1875-1945.”
Holocaust Encyclopedia. (http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007171) Accessed on 10 Feb
2012
22
Flannery, Ibid., pp.183-189
23
Jewish History website. “The Dreyfus Affair.” (http://www.jewishhistory.org/?s=dreyfus&x=0&y=0) Accessed 10
Feb 2012 [see also www.dreyfus-affair.org]
24
Simon M. Dubnow, History of the Jews in Russia and Poland. (Bergenfield: Avotaynu, Inc., 2000) pp.158-159
Accessed on Google Books 3 Mar 2012
25
Flannery, Ibid., pp.170-173
This era is unique from the previous eras because anti-Semitism, which had historically been of a religious nature,
evolved into more of a social and racial nature. During this era, the Church lost its dominance over society.
However, centuries of Christian discrimination against the Jewish people had produced a general anti-Jewish
racism in society as a whole. As a result, not only did the Church maintain its historical anti-Semitism, but society
also became prejudiced against the Jewish people.
Page 13
Christian Apology to the Jewish People www.ApologytotheJewishPeople.com
Copyright 2012 Voice of Judah International Ministries, Inc. www.VoiceofJudah.com
Effects of Historical Christian Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era: 1700’s – 1900’s
26
1906 Jewish Encyclopedia (Saratof). (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13198-saratof) Accessed 3
Mar 2012
27
Dubnow, Ibid., p.274
28
Flannery, Ibid., p.189
29
Dubnow, Ibid., pp.322-325
30
Random House Collegiate Dictionary. “pogrom”
31
Dubnow, Ibid., p.325
32
Jewish Virtual Library website. “Pogroms” by Yehuda Slutsky
(http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0016_0_15895.html) Accessed 3 Mar 2012
33
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.” Holocaust Encyclopedia.
(http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007058) Accessed on 25 Feb 2012
34
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Antisemitism in History: World War I” Holocaust Encyclopedia
(http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007166) Accessed 18 Feb 2012
35
Flannery, Ibid., p.198
36
USHMM, Ibid
37
Flannery, Ibid., pp.205-207
38
An online edition of Mein Kampf can be found here:
http://www.archive.org/stream/meinkampf035176mbp#page/n5/mode/2up Accessed 5 Mar 2012
39
Hitler referred to Martin Luther as a “great reformer” of Germany on page 287 of his book, Mein Kampf (My
Struggle), which can be viewed here:
http://www.archive.org/stream/meinkampf035176mbp#page/n327/mode/2up/search/luther. Arguably, Hitler’s
favorable opinion of Luther was not only based on Luther’s magnificent rally of the German people for a populist
reform, but also on Luther’s vehement anti-Jewish arguments that the Jew was an inherent danger to the German
people and the Church - which fit perfectly with Hitler’s view of the necessity to purify Germany by exterminating
the Jewish people.
An online edition of Martin Luther’s On the Jews and their Lies (1543), provided by the Fortress Press & Augsburg
Fortress publishing ministry of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, may be found here:
http://www.humanitas-international.org/showcase/chronography/documents/luther-jews.htm
40
Flannery, Ibid., 212-214
41
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogrom, November 9-10, 1938”
Holocaust Encyclopedia. (http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005201) Accessed on 25 Feb
2012
42
Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews, (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., 1987) pp.486-487
43
Flannery, Ibid., pp.218-219
44
Johnson, Ibid., p.490
45
Flannery, Ibid., p.221
46
Johnson, Ibid., pp.490-491
This era is unique from the previous eras because anti-Semitism, which had historically been of a religious nature,
evolved into more of a social and racial nature. During this era, the Church lost its dominance over society.
However, centuries of Christian discrimination against the Jewish people had produced a general anti-Jewish
racism in society as a whole. As a result, not only did the Church maintain its historical anti-Semitism, but society
also became prejudiced against the Jewish people.
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Christian Apology to the Jewish People www.ApologytotheJewishPeople.com
Copyright 2012 Voice of Judah International Ministries, Inc. www.VoiceofJudah.com
Effects of Historical Christian Anti-Semitism in the Modern Era: 1700’s – 1900’s
47
Johnson, Ibid., p.491
48
Johnson, Ibid., p.494-495
49
Johnson, Ibid. p.498 (Johnson cites numerous sources for the Nazi killings taken from the volumes of
publications following the Nuremberg Trials)
50
Johnson, Ibid., p.497
51
Johnson, Ibid., pp.499-500, 503-504
52
Flannery, Ibid., p.224 (An excellent example of the heroic efforts of individuals is Steven Spielberg’s movie,
Schindler’s List
53
Johnson, Ibid., p.514
54
Johnson, Ibid., pp.514-515
55
The statute issued concerning “the Church and the Jews” can be read in Judith Hershcopf’s documentary, The
Church and the Jews: The Struggle at Vatican Council II, pp.99-100. An online version of her work can be accessed
at the Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations website, www.ccjr.us, at
http://www.ccjr.us/images/stories/BankI_Vatican_II.pdf. Accessed 7 Mar 2012
56
As cited by Middle East scholar and historian, Eli E. Hertz. Myths and Facts (on the Middle East) website, Eli E.
Hertz. www.mythsandfacts.org, “UN Resolution 181 - The Partition Plan” by Herts
(http://www.mythsandfacts.org/Conflict/10/Resolution-181.pdf)
57
Johnson, Ibid., p.517
58
Flannery, Ibid., pp.233-235
59
Schwarz, The Jews in the Soviet Union, pp.258-273 as cited by Flannery, Ibid., p.237
60
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Pogroms”.” Holocaust Encyclopedia.
(http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005183) Accessed on 5 Mar 2012
61
Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews, (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., 1987) p.570
62
Ibid., pp.570-571
63
Flannery, Ibid., p.244
64
Johnson, Ibid., p.572
65
The American Declaration of Independence. From the Internet Archive website, www.archive.org, The transcript
of the Declaration can be accessed here (http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_transcript.html)
Accessed on 12 Mar 2012
66
Flannery, Ibid., pp.247-248
67
Flannery, Ibid., p.251
68
Flannery, Ibid., pp.253-257
69
The Jewish Virtual Library Website, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. “Henry Ford Invents a Jewish Conspiracy”
(http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/ford1.html) Accessed on 12 Mar 2012
70
Flannery, Ibid., p.261
This era is unique from the previous eras because anti-Semitism, which had historically been of a religious nature,
evolved into more of a social and racial nature. During this era, the Church lost its dominance over society.
However, centuries of Christian discrimination against the Jewish people had produced a general anti-Jewish
racism in society as a whole. As a result, not only did the Church maintain its historical anti-Semitism, but society
also became prejudiced against the Jewish people.
Page 15
Christian Apology to the Jewish People www.ApologytotheJewishPeople.com
Copyright 2012 Voice of Judah International Ministries, Inc. www.VoiceofJudah.com