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Chapter 11 Endocrine System © 2014 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Endocrine Glands • Glands produce secretions • Endocrine glands make hormones • Hormones use the circulatory system to reach their target & the composition of a hormone is a chemical substance. • Do not confuse with exocrine glands, which have secretions that go through a duct © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Endocrine Glands © 2014 Cengage Learning. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Function of the Endocrine System • Coordinate functions to maintain homeostasis • Hypothalamus • Neurotransmitters © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. More Functions • Pituitary gland © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. More Functions • Nervous control © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pituitary Gland • • • • • About the size of a grape Located at the base of the brain Connected to the hypothalamus Anterior lobe and posterior lobe Also known as the master gland – It’s hormones affect other glands © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Anterior Lobe – Pituitary • Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin – – FYI… A teenage athlete who wants to grow bigger and taller might be foolish enough to take Somatotropin (a pituitary hormone) Acromegaly is caused by over secretion of somatotropin in adults and causes enlarged bones in the hands, feet and face. • Androgens –stimulate body hair, facial hair, large muscles and a deep voice. • • • • • • Prolactin hormone (PRL) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Posterior Lobe – Pituitary • Vasopressin converts to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the bloodstream • Oxytocin- when a doctor induces labor, a pregnant woman is given Pitocin, which is a synthetic form of oxytocin. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lobes of the Pituitary Gland © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Thyroid Glands • Located in the neck close to the cricoid cartilage (Adam’s apple) • Regulates body metabolism © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Parathyroid Glands • Four glands the size of grains of rice • Attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and nearest to the Larynx • Maintains calcium-phosphorus balance • Parathormone • Parathormone and calcitonin – Antagonistic effects © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Thymus Gland • Both an endocrine gland and a lymphatic organ • Located under the sternum • Decreases in size with aging • Thymosin © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Adrenal Glands • Located on top of each kidney • Have a cortex and a medulla • ACTH from the pituitary gland stimulates activity of the cortex • Cushing’s syndrome-disorder of the Adrenal Gland © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Adrenal Cortex • Androgens • Estrogens © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Adrenal Medulla • Epinephrine or adrenalin – Powerful cardiac stimulant • Norepinephrine – are released by the adrenal medulla and nervous system respectively. They are the flight/fight hormones that are released when the body is under extreme stress. • Responds to the sympathetic nervous system • Fight-or-flight hormones © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Gonads – Hormones • Female (ovary) – Estrogen – Progesterone • Male – Testosterone © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pancreas • Located behind stomach • Exocrine and endocrine functions • Insulin (also known as an endocrine hormone.) • Glucagon © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pineal Gland • Located on the roof of the third ventricle in the brain • Melatonin © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Hormones • Prostaglandins (function in both the promotion and resolution of inflammation) – One of a number of hormone-like substances that participate in a wide range of body functions such as the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation. • • Pathologic=caused by disease Physiologic=Something that is normal, that is due neither to anything pathologic(caused by disease) nor significant in terms of causing illness – Activity depends on which tissue secretes them – Exact nature and function is being studied © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Effects of Aging • Aging affects nearly every gland • Blood levels of some hormones increase, while others decrease • Affects the homeostasis of the body © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.