Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
REGIÕES E REDES (REGIONS AND NETWORKS) Final lecture and insights to the final exam Prof. Filipe Moura Instituto Superior Técnico / Masters in Civil Engineering – Regions and Networks REGIONS AND NETWORKS Transport networks and external costs Instituto Superior Técnico Masters in Civil Engineering 1 A. Understanding the key concepts on: Interaction between accessibility and land use structures 2. Catchment areas for facilities and demand thresholds for their sustainability 3. Location theories, agglomeration economies, urban networks 4. Cooperation and innovation networks and economic development 1. B. And develop skills on the use of computational models for Competition between facilities and levels of territorial coverage 2. Evaluation of the topological structure and operational performance of transport networks and introductory concepts on the optimization of the design and expansion of those networks 1. Instituto Superior Técnico / Masters in Civil Engineering – Regions and Networks REGIONS AND NETWORKS Transport networks and external costs OBJECTIVES OF THE DISCIPLINE 2 Matching the objectives with theory lectures (I) Theory Lectures (Theory Lecture – T; Paper Presentation by students- P) A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 Theme 1 - Transport networks design and evaluation T1.1 - Transport networks design and evaluation X P1 - Network Global Evaluation Methods / Network Vulnerability Assessment / Regional Accessibility Assessment X T1.2 - Transport networks design and evaluation (Case study: Soybean transportation in Brazil) X X X Theme 2 - Public facilities and services dimensioning X T2.1 - Introductory lecture (Typology of facilities and introduction to the p-median model for facility location) X X P2 - Public facilities with and without hierarchy / Competitive equipments / Obnoxious equipment / Facilities location evaluation X X Instituto Superior Técnico / Masters in Civil Engineering – Regions and Networks X REGIONS AND NETWORKS Transport networks and external costs Learning objectives 3 Learning objectives Theory Lectures (Theory Lecture – T; Paper Presentation by students- P) A1 A2 A3 A4 Theme 3 – Regional economic development T3.1 - Regional Economic Impact of Private and Public Investment X P3 - Clusters and Regional Development / Regional economics / Economic development and ICTs X T3.2 - The network society X T3.3 - Transportation networks constraints: external costs and land-use interactions X Instituto Superior Técnico / Masters in Civil Engineering – Regions and Networks B1 B2 REGIONS AND NETWORKS Transport networks and external costs Matching the objectives with theory lectures (II) 4 Matching the objectives with tutorials Theory Lectures (Tutorial - Tu) A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 Theme 1 - Transport networks design and evaluation Tu1.1 - Transport networks evaluation accessibility appraisal - Case study presentation and data acquisition X Theme 2 - Public facilities and services dimensioning Tu2.1 - Cohort-survival population projection technique and Public facilities and services evaluation examples X Theme 3 – Regional economic development Tu3.1 - Regional Economic Impact of Private and Public Investment X Tu3.2 - Deindustrialization and Urban regeneration X Instituto Superior Técnico / Masters in Civil Engineering – Regions and Networks REGIONS AND NETWORKS Transport networks and external costs Learning objectives 5 Environmental constraints (protection areas, river basins, etc.) Public facilities (schools, hospitals, landfills, etc.) Land-uses (Urban, rural, industrial, etc.) Networks (Transportation, energy, telecommunications, etc.) Instituto Superior Técnico / Masters in Civil Engineering – Regions and Networks REGIONS AND NETWORKS Transport networks and external costs Integration of course contents (I) 6 REGIONS AND NETWORKS Transport networks and external costs Integration of course contents (II) Instituto Superior Técnico / Masters in Civil Engineering – Regions and Networks 7 “The study about the regional impacts of the Channel Tunnel in Europe demonstrated that, at least in the highly urbanized centre of Europe, the removal of a bottleneck like the Channel Tunnel does not necessarily induce economic gains in all adjacent regions. Much more important for regional economic development than the reduction of transport costs are two other factors: the image to be a region well integrated in the European high-speed transport network and an active political response of the region to take advantage of opportunities like the Channel Tunnel. Moreover, the changes in regional development induced by the Tunnel are small compared with the expected general economic growth in the regions. In particular, the negative impacts are very small. Therefore, no general program of the EU to compensate for negative economic impacts of the Channel Tunnel seems to be necessary. However, the Tunnel may have specific negative impacts for individual regions, and these may require Community action. Improvement of the transport connections to Ireland and Scotland or assistance to the Channel ports in their efforts to adjust to the competition of the Tunnel may be examples of this. At a more general level, the Tunnel, as a key element in the new generation of transport infrastructure in Europe, adds new significance to the debate about the role of transport for spatial polarization and peripheralization in Europe and forcefully underlines the need for an integrated transport and regional policy of the European Union.” Instituto Superior Técnico / Masters in Civil Engineering – Regions and Networks REGIONS AND NETWORKS Transport networks and external costs Examples of final exam questions (I) 8 Examples of final exam questions (II) What are factors of production (name a few and how they are measured) and how do economists relate them to evaluate the performance of economic growth? b. How can new transport infrastructure impact the development of one region? Use the concept of “production factor” in your answer to this question. c. Comment on the conclusions of the analysis of the regional impact of the Channel Tunnel present in the text above. In your answer, include an explanation of the difference between economic growth and development and why this distinction is important for policy makers. Aspects such as direction and magnitude of the economic impacts of new infrastructures in regional development should be included in your analysis. a. Instituto Superior Técnico / Masters in Civil Engineering – Regions and Networks REGIONS AND NETWORKS Transport networks and external costs Questions 9 Examples of final exam questions (III) a. Present the definition of factor of production and some examples (slides). These are related through a “production function” (referred also to as “model of economic growth”) that relates some measure of output, such as GDP, to those inputs required to produce goods and services in the region. Instituto Superior Técnico / Masters in Civil Engineering – Regions and Networks REGIONS AND NETWORKS Transport networks and external costs Answers 10 Examples of final exam questions (IV) b. The important role of transport infrastructure for regional development is one of the fundamental principles of regional economics. In its most simplified form it implies that regions with better access to the locations of input materials, workers and consumers will be more productive, more competitive and hence more successful than regions with inferior accessibility. There seems to be a clear positive correlation between transport infrastructure endowment or interregional accessibility and the levels of economic indicators such as GDP per capita. As such, improvements in interregional accessibility are reflected in lower transportation costs (both in terms of passenger and freight transportation) that are production factors included in the production function of the economic activity of the regions served by the new infrastructure. Instituto Superior Técnico / Masters in Civil Engineering – Regions and Networks REGIONS AND NETWORKS Transport networks and external costs Answers 11 “The Ministry of Finance and Public Administration needs to open a network of tax offices in a group of cities located in the North of Portugal. The same Ministry asked an external expert consultant to develop a model to identify the most suitable locations of the tax offices for this area. The main concern of the Ministry is to minimize the transportation costs of the population and their employees that nowadays are all located in city F (5 employees for 3000 users of tax office) Analyze the model developed by the consultant and answer the following questions:” Questions a. Please formulate how this problem could be evaluated and present the main goals and constraints that should be considered in the formulation b. Which type of indicators could be used to evaluate the quality of the obtained solution? Instituto Superior Técnico / Masters in Civil Engineering – Regions and Networks REGIONS AND NETWORKS Transport networks and external costs Examples of final exam questions (V) 12 Examples of final exam questions (VI) a. This problem could be formulated as facility location problem, which can be solved using several tools that range from multicriteria decision models to optimisation model. The model should integrate the following goals: Coverage – all settlements must be accessible Accessibility – Travel distances, times, operating costs must be reasonable Public Economy – Avoid excessive investment cost Level of Service and Used Capacity Redundancy / Low level of vulnerability Instituto Superior Técnico / Masters in Civil Engineering – Regions and Networks REGIONS AND NETWORKS Transport networks and external costs Answers 13 Examples of final exam questions (VII) b. The indicators that could be used to assess the quality of the obtained solution are: General accessibility indicators (average travel time, standard deviation of travel time, minimum and maximum) Equity of access to the service (Gini Coefficient, ratios of travel times, etc.) Vulnerability assessment (changes on the level of performance of the system with one or more facilities not working) Efficiency (% of used capacity of the system) Economy (assess the percentage of initial investment vs the operation costs of the system) Instituto Superior Técnico / Masters in Civil Engineering – Regions and Networks REGIONS AND NETWORKS Transport networks and external costs Answers 14