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Classification of Living Things Review REMEMBER BIODIVERSITY ______________ all the living things in an total of _______________ ecosystem SPECIES ___________ population of organisms that share similar ____________ can breed characteristics ____________ and ________ with each other Biologists have identified and named 2 million species over____________________ so far. 2-100 million Estimates = between _____________ species yet be discovered WHY CLASSIFY? Identifies and names species ________________________________ Groups organisms in a logical manner ________________________________ TAXONOMY _______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms Naming and organizing animals into groups with biological helps make sense significance ______________ of relationships ____________. BIRD . . . ? An animal with feathers A good classification system: places organisms in a group with ___ other _________________________ organisms that are similar A good classification system: Uses names that are UNIQUE ______ CHANGE as new data is discovered Can ______ RELATIONSHIPS of organisms Shows _____________ (300 B.C.) The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher ARISTOTLE __________ more than 2000 years ago. Aristotle’s system By: Riedell PLANTS: Based on _________ kind of stem _________ ANIMALS: Based on where _________ they lived _________ Common names can vary Example: mountain lion ______________ puma ______________ catamount ______________ cougar ______________ . . . are all names for the same animal universally accepted scientific name By using a _____________________________, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism Common names vary Chipmunk (English) ________ German Streifenhornchen (______) Italian Tamia (______) Spanish Ardilla listada (______) Common names can be misleading Ex: jellyFISH isn’t a fish, A ________ seaHORSE is! but a _________ Sea cucumber plant sounds like a _____ animal but… it’s an ______! Common names can be misleading In the United Kingdom, BUZZARD refers to a hawk ________ ____ In the United States, BUZZARD refers to a ________ vulture ______. By mid 19th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing. Scientists agreed to use ____________ Latin and Greek to give a single name to each species. EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis “oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles” PROBLEMS: Names too hard and long to remember! Different scientists described different characteristics. ________________ Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system This system is still used today! (1707-1778) Linnaeus’s System Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels OR _________ TAXONS The practice of assigning each organism a two part scientific name = BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE _____________________________ Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species leo BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2-name naming system) 1st name = _______________ GENUS NAME – Always capitalized 2nd name = _________________ SPECIES NAME –Always lower case UNDERLINED or Both names are ______________ ITALICS written in ____________. GENUS = group of closely related species GENUS = _____ Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears) Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus Ursus americanis unique to each kind of bear SPECIES = ______________________ Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Homo sapiens In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will ______! MATE Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar ___________. characteristics BUT. . . which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT? dolphin be grouped Should a ______ fish because it ___ has with ____ fins and lives in water __________________? mammals because it OR with _______ breathes air and makes milk _______________________ for its young? Look at these 3 organisms: BARNACLE CRAB LIMPET Judging by appearances you would probably put ______ and barnacles _______ limpets together in a group and crabs ____ in a different group. BUT LOOKS can be deceiving! Look more closely! LIMPET BARNACLE Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different. Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have a segmented body Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. Limpets DON’T ! CRAB Look more closely! LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS ! Barnacles have a segmented body So do CRABS ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. So do CRABS ! LIMPET SNAIL Limpets have an internal anatomy more like MOLLUSKS snails, which are ________. Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to ________ MOLLUSKS BOTH crabs and barnacles have been CRUSTACEANS classified as ____________ All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on physical similarities and differences ____________________________. Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits. EX: All living things use DNA and RNA ______________to pass on information and control growth. GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the molecular _______ level ____. Similarities in DNA can be used to help _______________ determine classification __________ and evolutionary ________ relationships __________ between organisms. Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move MYOSIN called __________ Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move. Most closely-related to humans Most distantly-related to humans Similarities in DNA can be used to relationships help show evolutionary ____________________ how species have changed and ____________________. African vulture American vulture Stork Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family. Storks were put in a separate family. American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off African vulture American vulture Stork The only other bird that does this is the STORK. DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a recent common ancestor more ______________________ between storks and American vultures African vulture American vulture Stork