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LOUIS A. BLOOMFIELD · --,'~-- Co nte nts I'---Chapter 1. The Laws of Motion, Part I 運動定律,第一集 1 Experiment: Removing a Tablecloth from a Table 1 1.1 Skating 3 溜冰 (inertia,/orce, velocity, acceleration, mass,. Newtons first and second laws, inutial frames of reference, units) 1.2 Falling Balls , 3 墜落的球 (weight, projectile mOlion, vector components) 1.3 Ramps 22 斜坡 (net force, Newton's third law, energy. work, energy conservation, poumtia/ energy, ramps, mechanical advantage) Chapter 2. 運動定律,第二集 The Laws of Motion, Part II Experiment: A Spinning Pie Dish 2.1 Seesaws 40 40 蹺蹺板 42 (rotm;onal inertia, torque, angular velocity, angular acceleration. rotational mass, N~ton's first and second laws ofrotation, center ofmus.1j, levers) 2.2 Wheels 54 輪 (friction, thermal energy. wheels, bearings, kinetic energy) 2.3 Bumper Cars 63 碰碰車 (momentum, impulse, momentum conservation, angular momentum, angular impulse, angular momentum cOflServatiofl, Newton'! third low ofrotation, potential energy and acceleration) Chapter 3. Mechanical Objects, Part I 機械物體,第一集 Experiment: Swinging Water Overhead 3.1 Spring Scales 83 彈簧秤 81 s (Equilibrium, stable equilibrium, Hooke law, oscillation, calibration, cenrer of gravity) 3.2 Bouncing Balls 90 反彈的球 (collisions, energy transfers, vibration, elastic and inelastic collisions) 3.3 Carousels and Roller Coasters 98 旋轉木馬與雲霄飛車 (feeling ofacceleration, uniform circular motion, centripetal acceleration) Chapter 4. 機械物體,第二集 Mechanical Objects, Part II Experiment: High Flying Balls 111 4.1 Bicycles 113 111 腳踏車 (umrable equilibrium, static and dynamic !tabiliry, prt'Cenion) 4.2 Rockets and Space Travel 121 火箭與太空旅行 (reaction forces, Newton s low of gravitation, elliptical orbits, Kepler's laws, !pecial and general relativity, equivalence principle) v Contents VI ----.J@ "'C"'ha"'p"'lee.r-"s"-._'-F"'IU"'id"'S'----流體 Experiment: A Cartesian Diver 氣球 5.1 Balloons 140 138 (pressure, density, temperature, Archimedes' principle, buoyollt force, ideal gas law) 5.2 Water Distribution 自來水配水 151 (hydrostatics, Pascals principle, hydraulics, hydrodynamics, steady stateftow, Bernoullis equation) Cha ler 6. Fluids and Motion 流體與運動 Experiment: A Vortex Cannon 6.1 Garden Watering 165 167 花園灑水器 (viscolls forces, laminar and turbulent flows, speed and pressure in a fluid, Reynolds number, chaos, momel1tum in a fluid) 6.2 球與空氣 Balls and Air 178 (aerodynamic lift and drag, viscous drag, pnssure drag, boundary layers, Magnus and wake deflection !orcl!S) 6.3 Airplanes 186 飛機 (streamlining, lifting wing, angle ofattack, induced drag, stalled wing, thrust) Cha ter 7. Heat and Phase Transitions 熱與相變 Experiment: A Ruler Thermometer 203 7.1 Woodstoves 205 燒柴爐 (thermal energy, heat, temperature, chemical bonds and reactions, conduction, thermal conductivity, convection, radiation, hear capacity) 7.2 Water, Steam, and Ice 215 水、蒸汽與冰 (phases ofmolter, phase transitions, melting, freezing, condensation, evaporation, relative humidity, latent heats ofmelting and evporation, sublimation, deposition, boiling, nucleation, superheating) 7.3 Incandescent Lightbulbs 224 電燈泡 (electromagnetic spectrum, fight, blackbody spectrum, emissivity, Stefan-Boltzmann law, thermal exparuion) Cha ler 8. Thermod namics 熱力學 Experiment: Making Fog in a Bottle 237 8.1 Air Conditioners 239 冷氣機 (laws of thermodynamics, temperature, heat, entropy, heat pumps and thermodynamic efficiency) 8.2 Automobiles 249 汽車 (hear engines and thermodynamic efficiency) Cha ler 9. Resonance and Mechanical Waves Experiment: A Singing Wineglass 9.1 Clocks 265 鐘 共振與機械波 263 (time and space, natural resonance, harmonic oscillators., simple harmonic motion, frequency) 9.2 樂 器 air, and surfaces, higher-order modes, harmonic and non· (sound, music. vibrations in strings, Musicallnstruments 274 harmonic overtones, sympathetic vibration, standing and traveling waves, transverse and Contents VII longitudinal waves, velocity, frequency, and wavelength in mechanical waves, superposiJion, Doppler effect) 9.3 The Sea 海 286 (tidal forces, surface waves, dispersion, refraction, reflection, and interference in mechanical waves) Chapter 10. Electricity 電 Experiment: Moving Water Without Touching It 10.1 Static Electricity 304 靜 302 (electric charge, electrostatic forces, 電 Coulombs law, electrostatic potential ellergy, voltage, charging by contact, electric polarization, electrical conductors and insulators) 10.2 Xerographic Copiers 314 影印機 (electric fields and voltage gradients, relationships between shape and field, discharges, electric current, direction of current flow, charging by induction) 10.3 Flashlights 324 手電筒 (electric circuits, electrical resistance, voltage rises, voltage drops, relationship between current, voltage, and power, Ohm's law) Chapter 11. Magnetism and Electrodynamics 電磁學 Experiment: A Nail and Wire Electromagnet 11.1 Household Magnets 344 磁鐵 342 (magnetic pole, magnetostatic forces, Coulombs law for magnetism, magnetic fields, ferromagnetism, magnetic polarization, magnetic domains, magnetic materials, magnetic flux lines, relationship between currents and magnetic fields) 11.2 Electric Power Distribution 配電 355 (sufUrconductivity, direct and alternating currents, induction, transformers, magnetic field energy, relationship between changing magnetic fields and electric fields, induced emf, Lenz's law, electrical safety) 11.3 Electric Generators and Motors 369 發電機與馬達 (electromagnetic forces, energy, and work, Lorenz force) Chapter 12. Electronics 電子設備 Experiment: Building an Electronic Kit 388 12.1 Power Adapters 390 交直流轉換變壓器 (quantum physics, wave-particle duality, Pauli exclusion principle, band structure, Fermi level, metals, insulators, and semiconductors, p-n junction, diodes, capacitors) 12.2 Audio Players 404 音訊播放器 (arwlog VI. digital representations, resistors, MOSFETs, logic elements, series and parallel circuits, amplifiers) Chapter 13. Electromagnetic Waves 電磁波 Experiment: Boiling Water in an Ice Cup 13.1 Radio 423 收音機 421 (electric field enugy, relationship between changing electric fields and magnetic fields, tank circuits, spud of light, wave polarization, amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, bandwidth) 13.2 Microwave Ovens 432 微波爐 (spud, frequency, and wavelength in electromagnetic waves, polar and nonpolar molecules, cyclotron motion) Contents VI!! Cha ter 14. Li ht 光 Experiment: Splitting the Colors of Sunlight 443 14.1 Sunlight 445 陽光 (Rayleigh scatlering, impedance, refraction, reffection, dis/Hrsion, and interference in electromagnetic waves, index ofrefraction, polarized reflection) 14.2 Discharge Lamps 454 放電燈管 (color vision, primary colors of light and pigment, gas (lischarges, periodic chart, atomic structure alld emissiOIl, radiative transitions, Planck's COllsfall1,fluorescence, radim;on trapping) 14.3 Lasers and LEOs 464 雷射與液晶顯示 (incoherent ami coherent light, spontaneolls and stimulated emission, population inversion, laser amplification and oscillation, diffraction, laser safety) -'@ "C"'h"'a"'pt"'e"r_1-"S"'oC--'O"-p"'t"ic"'s'-光學 Experiment: Focusing Sunlight 476 15.1 Cameras 478 照相機 (refracting optics, converging lemes, real images,focus,focallenglhs,f-numben, Ihe lem equation, diverging lenses, virtual images, light sensors, vision and vision correction) 489 光學燒錄與通訊 15.2 Optical Recording and Communication «(liffraction limit, plane and circular polarization, 10101 imernal refleclion) "C"'h"'a"pt"e"r_1...,6"'.c-...!M=o"'d"'er'-!n'-'-P...,hLYs"'i"'cs'- 現代物理 --------------I@ Experiment: Radiation Damaged Paper 502 16.1 Nuclear Weapons 504 核子武器 (nuclear structure. isotopes, radioactivity, uncertainty principle, tunnding, half-life. alpha decaY,fission, chain reaction, fusion, Iransmutation ofdements, fallout) 16.2 Medical Imaging and Radiation 517 醫學照影與輻射 (X rays, gamma rays, X-ray fluorescence, Bremsstrahlung, photMlecrric effect, Compton scattering, ~ta decay, anitimatter, accelerators, magnetic resonance) A endices A Vectors 533 B Units, Conversion of Units 535 Glossary 537 Solutions to Selected Exercises and Problems Index 555 550