Download 2011 Regional Test with annotated answer key

2011 North Carolina Division A Tournament
Landformers Event
Instructions for the Event Leader
Thank you for volunteering to lead this event. Here is some information to orient
you to the way it is run.
This is a STATION event, so the 11 stations should be set out so that
participants move from station to station, completing each set of questions during
the time they are at that station. They may not linger or return to a station after
their time period is up.
Science Olympiad rules prohibit electronic devices (i.e., phones or laptops) in
any event. If anyone uses his device it creates the impression of cheating so it is
better to avoid it. Ask them to turn off their phones. Their parents will understand.
Teams must bring their own hand lens and ruler if they want to use them. They
must bring a writing instrument. You will give them an answer sheet to carry from
station to station and then turn in to you. Everything else is provided at the
stations.
The stations are designed to be independent, with nothing needed other than the
printed material. Students should not make any marks on the station materials.
This is a 60 minute event. There are 11 stations. Each is 4 minutes, with 30
seconds to move between events, so the event itself is 49 minutes. That gives
you time to give instructions at the beginning of the session.
Tell the students that they are to go to the first station on your signal. After you
tell them to “Start”, start timing. After 4 minutes tell them to change stations.
Allow 30 seconds, then say “start” again. Continue until all 11 stations have been
visited. If you want to give a 30-second warning at 3:30 that is fine. After all 11
stations they will turn answer sheets in to you for grading.
You have an answer key. There are 130 answers (lines). Each is worth 1 point. If
you need a tiebreaker, go to the Station 8 answers and go backwards from #8 to
#1. The first to miss a question the other team got correct loses the tiebreaker. If
Station 8 does not break the tie, do the same for Station 7, then use Station 6.
If students want to argue with you about the answers, there is an annotated
answer key so you can resolve it.
2011 North Carolina Division A Tournament
Landformers Event
Station 1
Vocabulary Matching
Match the word in the left-hand column with the definition in the righthand column.
1
Canyon
A
2
Contour
interval
B
C
3
Ecosystem
D
E
4
Flash flood
5
Gorge
6
Key
7
Levee
H
I
8
Mantle
J
9
Moraine
K
10
Multispectral
scanner
11
Riverbed
12
Sediment
13
Stratovolcano
14
Tributary
15
Water table
F
G
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
Wide, deep tidal mouth of a river where fresh water
mixes with sea water.
V-shaped valley cut by a river or stream.
Volcano made of alternating layers of lava, ash,
and other material blown out by explosive activity.
Vertical distance or height above sea level.
Tiny bits of rock, shell, dead plants, or other
materials transported and deposited by wind, rain,
or ice.
The high ground on the side of a river.
Surface of the zone of rock, soil, or sediments that
is saturated by groundwater.
Stream flowing into another stream or river.
Partially molten zone inside the Earth between the
crust and the core.
Part of a canal used to raise or lower boats
between bodies of water at different elevations.
Natural or artificial wall of earth material along a
river or sea that keeps the land from being flooded.
Artificial ones are built to control flooding.
Narrow, deep valley with nearly vertical rocky walls.
Mound or ridge of unsorted soil and rock deposited
directly by glacial ice.
Flood that rises and falls rapidly with little or no
advance warning, usually as the result of very
heavy rainfall over a relatively small area. They can
be caused by sudden heavy rainfall, dam failure, or
the thaw of an ice jam.
Explanation of symbols used on a map.
Distance in elevation between contour lines.
Device that senses and records data about light of
different wavelengths.
Construction or wall across a river that holds back
the water flowing through the river, creating a
reservoir or lake.
Community of living things, all the nonliving things
that surround it, and the relationships between
them.
Bottom of a river.
Landformers Station 1 Page 1
2011 North Carolina Division A Tournament
Landformers Event
Station 2
Map Reading
This station tests your ability to read maps and interpret the
landforms.
For each map, select the term that best describes the landforms
shown.
Landformers Station 2 Page 1
2011 North Carolina Division A Tournament
Landformers Event
Map 1
A. Interstate 90 B. Finger Lakes C. Peninsula
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Map 2
A. Ferry Route
B. Barrier Island C. River
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Map 3
A. Mountain
B. Valley
C. Dam
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Map 4
A. Ocean B. Volcanic Mountain C. Horseshoe Lake
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Landformers Event
Map 5
A. Reservoir
B. Valley
C. Coastal Plain
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Map 6
A. Ocean B. River
C. Continent
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Map 7
A. Levee
B. Mountain
C. Gulf
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Map 8
A. River
B. Bay
C. Bridge
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Station 3
Picture Interpretation
2011 North Carolina Division A Tournament
This station tests your ability to read aerial or satellite photographs
and interpret the landforms.
Match the term that best describes the prominent landform in the
picture.
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Landformers Event
Picture 1
A. Dam
B. Golf Course
C. Forest
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Picture 2
A. Mountain
B. Volcano
C. Lake
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Picture 3
A. Lake
B. Barrier Island C. Lagoons
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Picture 4
A. River
B. Island
C. Marina
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Landformers Event
Picture 5
A. Mountain
B. Inlet
C. Dam
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Landformers Event
Picture 6
A. Lake
B. Cave
C. Sand Dune
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Landformers Event
Picture 7
A. Valley
B. Lake
C. Glacier
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Picture 8
A. Crater Lake
B. Valley
C. Dam
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Station 4
Glacier Test
This station tests your knowledge of glaciers. Read the questions
carefully.
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2011 North Carolina Division A Tournament
Landformers Event
1. Here are two pictures of the Boulder Glacier. The top one was
taken in 1932. The bottom one was taken in 2005. What is happening
to the glacier? It is _____________.
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2. This picture of the glacier shows the typical ______ color.
3. Glaciers exhibit this color because _____ light is absorbed by the
ice.
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Landformers Event
True or False?
4. Here are two pictures of the Agassiz Glacier. The top one was
taken in 1913. The bottom one was taken in 2005. Notice there is
less ice. True or false: The ice has gone back up the valley.
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Landformers Event
True or False?
5. Glacier ice crystals can grow to be as large as baseballs.
6. The reason glacier ice lasts longer in drinks is because glacier ice
is much colder than other ice.
7. Most of the glacier ice in Alaska is less than one thousand years
old.
8. The technical definition of a glacier says it must move by internal
deformation due to its own weight.
9. When a glacier calves, it creates another glacier.
10. Valleys carved by glaciers can be recognized by their V-shaped
profiles.
11. As glaciers move along, they create dark bands of debris called
ablation.
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True or False?
12. This is a glacier.
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Station 5
Volcano Test
This station tests your knowledge of volcanoes. Read the questions
carefully.
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2011 North Carolina Division A Tournament
Landformers Event
Fill in the blanks with the correct term. A word bank is provided. Note
that since a word bank is provided only a single blank is given for
each answer even for multiple-word answers.
Ash
Caldera
Cascade Range
Cinder cones
Collapsed
Composite
Dante’s Peak
Debris flow
Earthquake
Eruption
Extraterrestrial
Fumaroles
Geothermal energy
Geysers
Lahar
Lava
Lava domes
Maars
Magma
Mauna Kea Volcano
Meteor
Mount Rainier
Mount St. Helens
Novarupta
Plug
Pyroclastic layers
Shield
Tephra
Vent
Volcanic ash
1. Geologists generally group volcanoes into four kinds:
_____________, _____________, _________________, and
____________.
2. A volcano is built around a(n) ______ that connects with reservoirs
of molten rock.
3. One way that volcanoes help mankind is that the _________
covering the land increases soil fertility for plants by adding nutrients
and acting as mulch.
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4. The most destructive eruption in the history of the United States
was the eruption of ________________.
5. The tallest mountain on earth is ___________.
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6. The volcano that has the potential to have the future most
destructive eruption, due to its load of glacial ice and proximity to
populated areas, is _______________.
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7.
This is called a(n) ______________.
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This is a picture of a famous volcano.
8.
The top of the mountain erupted and then _________, forming
the lake.
9. This is not just a picture of a lake and an island in the center; this is
the __________ of the volcano.
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10. This is an example of a volcanic _________, which is more
resistant to erosion than the surrounding material.
11. There are craters which are not volcanic in nature. Here is an
example of one caused by a(n) _________________.
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12. This photograph is a mosaic of images taken by Mariner 9 and
is an example of _________________ volcanism.
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Station 6
Plate Tectonics Test
This station tests your knowledge of plate tectonics. Read the
questions carefully, and then fill in the blanks.
Landformers Station 6 Page 1
2011 North Carolina Division A Tournament
Landformers Event
1. Most of the volcanoes on earth are located along the boundaries of
shifting plates. One famous arrangement of Volcanoes around the
Pacific Ocean is called the ________ __________ ____________.
2. However, one famous group of volcanoes in the Pacific is not
formed of “plate-boundary volcanoes” but instead is made up of
“intra-plate volcanoes”. These are known as the ________ _______.
3. When one plate slides beneath another it is called “underthrusting”
or ______________.
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Landformers Event
4. A fault in which plates are sliding horizontally past one another is
known as a(n) ________ - __________ fault. See below for an
example of the result.
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5.
This series of drawings represents the breakup of the
supercontinent ________________.
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6.
As the earth’s crust was studied, a mountain chain undersea in
the Atlantic Ocean was discovered. This is called the ___ - _______
__________.
7. Further studies of the ocean floor revealed an anomaly which
records the changes in the earth’s magnetic poles. This is called
__________ striping.
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8.
This aerial photograph of a famous landmark in California is
why some people say California is going to “slide off into the ocean”.
This is the San Andreas ____________.
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Station 7
Water Cycle Test I
This station tests your knowledge of the water cycle. Study the
picture, and then place the correct letter by the appropriate term.
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1.
Condensation _____
2.
Evaporation _____
3.
Evapotranspiration _____
4.
Freshwater storage _____
5.
Groundwater discharge _____
6.
Groundwater storage _____
7.
Infiltration _____
8.
Precipitation _____
9.
Snowmelt runoff to streams _____
10.
Springs _____
11.
Streamflow _____
12.
Sublimation _____
13.
Surface runoff _____
14.
Water storage in the atmosphere _____
15.
Water storage in ice and snow _____
16.
Water storage in oceans _____
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Station 8
Water Cycle Test II
This station tests your knowledge of the water cycle. Read the
questions carefully and fill in the blanks.
Landformers Station 8 Page 1
2011 North Carolina Division A Tournament
Landformers Event
1.
Water vapor high in the atmosphere ___________ into clouds.
2.
There is often water underground. The upper surface of this
zone of saturation is called the ___________ __________.
3.
The underground zone saturated with water is called a(n)
_________.
4.
If this saturated zone is permeable enough, people can drill
______ and pump water out.
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5. The ocean is an important step in the water cycle. It _______ most
of the water on the planet.
6. Most of the freshwater storage is in ______________.
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7. This is a picture of the water cycle component called _________.
8. Ice can turn to gaseous form directly, without ever melting (turning
into the liquid form). This is called __________.
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Station 9
Erosion and Weathering Test
This station tests your knowledge of erosion and weathering. Read
the questions carefully, and then fill in the blanks.
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2011 North Carolina Division A Tournament
Landformers Event
1.
A gently sloping erosion surface or plain of low relief formed by
running water in arid or semiarid region at the base of a receding
mountain front is called a(n) _______________.
2.
The steeply curving sides of the valley pictured above are
typical of erosion caused by ______________.
3.
The picture above is of a typical glacier-carved coastal valley
called a _______.
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4.
Chemical changes which break down rock are one form of
____________.
5.
Tafoni is a type of surface ________ that gives these cliffs a
“cheese-like” appearance.
6. There are two types of weathering, ___________ and
___________.
7.
Landforms are broken down by both erosion and weathering.
Which one occurs in place (no movement occurs)? ____________.
8.
Mass wasting is a type of erosion in which the force is
________.
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9. This picture is of a landform deposited by streams on a canyon
floor. It is a(n) ____________ ______________.
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Station 10
Bodies of Water Test
This station tests your knowledge of bodies of water. Read the
questions carefully, then fill in the blanks.
Landformers Station 10 Page 1
2011 North Carolina Division A Tournament
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1.
These NASA photographs show the coastline of Burma before
and after Cyclone Nargis made landfall. The storm resulted in
widespread _______________.
2.
Indentations in a shoreline may be bays, coves or gulfs. Rank
the three landforms from largest to smallest. Largest: ____________,
Middle: ______________, Smallest: ______________.
3. Flowing water moving in a course or channel might be a river or a
stream. Rank these in order from larger to smaller. Larger: _______,
Smaller: _________.
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4.
This is a NASA picture of a landform consisting of a fertile area
found at the mouth of a river. It is a(n) _____________.
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5.
This landform is a(n) ___________.
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6.
This landform is a(n) ________________.
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7.
This hole has been dug to show the ___________
____________.
8.
The water shown in the picture above is not a stream or lake, it
is a ____________.
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Station 11
Rocks Test
This station tests your knowledge of rocks. Match the term to the
correct description.
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2011 North Carolina Division A Tournament
Landformers Event
1.
Biologic
2.
Chemical
3.
Clastic
4.
Extrusive
5.
Foliated
6.
Igneous
7.
Intrusive
8.
Metamorphic
9.
Non-foliated
10.
Sedimentary
A. Formed when molten rock (magma)
originating from deep within the Earth
solidifies.
B. Formed from pre-existing rocks or
pieces of once-living organisms.
C. Formed from magma that cools and
solidifies deep beneath the Earth’s
surface.
D. Formed from magma that cools and
solidifies at or near the Earth’s surface.
E. Are made up of pieces of pre-existing
rocks.
F. Formed by chemical precipitation.
G. Formed from once-living organisms.
H. Forms when pressure squeezes the
flat or elongate minerals within a rock
so they become aligned.
I. Do not have a platy or sheet-like
structure.
J. Form when rocks are subjected to
high heat, high pressure, hot, mineralrich fluids or, more commonly, some
combination of these factors
Landformers Station 11 Page 2
2011 North Carolina Division A Tournament
Landformers
Team Name: __________________________________________________
Student Name: ________________________________________________
Student Name: ________________________________________________
This is a STATION test. You will go to your first station and work on those problems until it is
time to move to the next station. At that time, move quickly and quietly to your next station.
The event leader will tell you when to change stations. Please keep voices down and limit
talking to the subject of the station, so everyone has their best chance to do well. Good luck,
and remember to read carefully.
Print your answers carefully, and spell out “True” and “False” when used, so there will be no
misunderstandings when the test is graded. Do not make any marks on the materials at any
of the stations.
Each line counts as 1 point. Highest overall score wins. Remember that there will be one
blank for each word, except for those stations with a word bank.
Station 1
1 Canyon _____
Station 2
1
_____
Station 4
1
_____
2 Contour interval _____
2
_____
2
_____
3
_____
3
_____
4
_____
4
_____
6 Key _____
5
_____
5
_____
7 Levee _____
6
_____
6
_____
8 Mantle _____
7
_____
7
_____
9 Moraine _____
8
_____
8
_____
10 Multispectral scanner
Station 3
1
_____
9
_____
10
_____
11
_____
12
_____
3 Ecosystem _____
4 Flash flood _____
5 Gorge _____
_____
11 Riverbed _____
2
_____
3
_____
14 Tributary _____
4
_____
15 Water table _____
5
_____
6
_____
7
_____
8
_____
12 Sediment _____
13 Stratovolcano _____
1
Station 5
1
_____
Station 6
1
_____
_____
_____
_____
2
_____
3
_____
4
_____
5
_____
6
_____
7
_____
8
_____
9
_____
10
_____
11
_____
12
_____
_____
_____
2
_____
_____
3
_____
4
_____ _____
5
_____
6
_____ _____
_____
7
_____
8
_____
Station 7
1
_____
2
_____
3
_____
4
_____
5
_____
6
_____
7
_____
8
_____
9
_____
10
_____
11
_____
12
_____
13
_____
14
_____
15
_____
16
_____
2
Station 8
1
_____
2
_____
Station 10
1
_____
2
_____
_____
3
_____
4
_____
5
_____
6
_____
7
_____
8
_____
Station 9
1
_____
2
_____
3
_____
4
_____
5
_____
6
_____
_____
7
_____
8
_____
9
_____
_____
_____
_____
3
_____
_____
4
_____
5
_____
6
_____
7
_____
_____
8
_____
Station 11
1
_____
2
_____
3
_____
4
_____
5
_____
6
_____
7
_____
8
_____
9
_____
10
_____
3
2011 North Carolina Division A Tournament
Landformers Answer Key
Team Name: __________________________________________________
Student Name: ________________________________________________
Student Name: ________________________________________________
This is a STATION test. You will go to your first station and work on those problems until it is
time to move to the next station. At that time, move quickly and quietly to your next station.
The event leader will tell you when to change stations. Please keep voices down and limit
talking to the subject of the station, so everyone has their best chance to do well. Good luck,
and remember to read carefully.
Print your answers carefully, and spell out “True” and “False” when used, so there will be no
misunderstandings when the test is graded. Do not make any marks on the materials at any
of the stations.
Each line counts as 1 point. Highest overall score wins. Remember that there will be one
blank for each word, except for those stations with a word bank.
Station 1
1 Canyon __B___
Station 2
1
__B___
Station 4
1
receding
2 Contour interval __P__
2
__B___
(or shrinking)
3
__C___
2
blue
4
__C___
3
red
6 Key __O___
5
__A___
4
False
7 Levee __K___
6
__C___
5
True
8 Mantle __I___
7
__A___
6
False
9 Moraine __M___
8
__B___
7
True
10 Multispectral scanner
Station 3
1
__A___
8
True
9
False
10
False
11
False
12
False
3 Ecosystem __S___
4 Flash flood __N___
5 Gorge __L___
__Q___
11 Riverbed __T___
2
__C___
3
__B___
14 Tributary __H___
4
__B___
15 Water table __G___
5
__B___
6
__C___
7
__C___
8
__A___
12 Sediment __E___
13 Stratovolcano __C___
1
Station 5
1
Cinder cones
Station 6
1
Composite
of
Shield
Lava Domes
2
Vent
3
Volcanic Ash
4
Mount St. Helens
5
Mauna Kea
6
Mount Rainier
7
Eruption
8
Collapsed
9
Caldera
10
Plug
11
Meteor
12
Extraterrestrial
Ring
Fire
2
Hawaiian
Islands
3
Subduction
4
Strike Slip
5
Pangaea
6
Mid Atlantic
Ridge
7
Magnetic
8
Fault
Station 7
1
__I___
2
__H___
3
__K___
4
__P___
5
__E___
6
__F___
7
__D___
8
__B___
9
__C___
10
__O___
11
__N___
12
__L___
13
__Q___
14
__J___
15
__A___
16
__G___
2
Station 8
1
Condenses
2
Water
Station 10
1
Flooding
2
Bay
Table
3
Aquifer
4
Wells
5
Stores
6
Glaciers
7
Springs
8
Sublimation
Station 9
1
Pediment
2
Glaciers
3
Fjord
4
Weathering
5
Weathering
6
Chemical
Mechanical
7
Weathering
8
Gravity
9
Alluvial
Fans
Gulf
#2 MUST BE IN
THIS ORDER!
Cove
3
River
Stream
4
Delta
5
Dam
6
Waterfall
7
Water
#3 MUST BE IN
THIS ORDER!
Table
8
Swamp (or
Marsh)
Station 11
1
__G___
2
__F___
3
__E___
4
__D___
5
__H___
6
__A___
7
__C___
8
__J___
9
__I___
10
__B___
3
2011 North Carolina Division A Tournament
Landformers
Annotated Answer Key
Each line counts as 1 point. Highest overall score wins.
Station 1
Definitions from Foss Glossary. These should be self explanatory. Note that there are
more definitions than there are words, however. That is deliberate.
1 Canyon __B___
2 Contour interval __P___
3 Ecosystem __S___
4 Flash flood __N___
5 Gorge __L___
6 Key __O___
7 Levee __K___
8 Mantle __I___
9 Moraine __M___
10 Multispectral scanner __Q___
11 Riverbed __T___
12 Sediment __E___
13 Stratovolcano __C___
14 Tributary __H___
15 Water table __G___
The definitions not used are:
Dam - Construction or wall across a river that holds back the water flowing through the
river, creating a reservoir or lake.
Elevation - Vertical distance or height above sea level.
Estuary - Wide, deep tidal mouth of a river where fresh water mixes with sea water.
Lock - Part of a canal used to raise or lower boats between bodies of water at different
elevations.
Riverbank - The high ground on the side of a river.
1
Station 2
1
__B__ The finger lakes region of New York.
2
__B__ The NC coastline with barrier islands.
3
__C__ Hoover Dam with road crossing it.
4
__C__ Horseshoe Lake along the Mississippi River
5
__A__ John H. Kerr Reservoir
6
__C__ Continent of South America
7
__A__ Levee along the Mississippi River
8
__B__ Chesapeake Bay
Station 3
1
__A__ Lake Raleigh dam (on NCSU)
2
__C__ Lake Raleigh
3
__ B__ NC Outer Banks barrier islands
4
__B__ Long Beach Island, CA
5
__B__ Inlet with currents showing
6
__C__ Jockeys Ridge
7
__C__ Mount Rainier (WA) has several glaciers on it.
8
__A__ Crater Lake with typical island in center.
Station 4
1
receding or shrinking The ice is less in the later picture
2
blue___ The ice absorbs all other colors in the spectrum and reflects primarily
the short blue wavelengths, so it appears to be blue.
3
red____ Red light is in the long-wavelength portion of the spectrum absorbed by
the glacier.
4
__False___ When a glacier recedes, it is due to ice melting. Ice flows downhill as
does water.
5
__True___ The pressure from the ice above forces the ice to re-crystallize.
Gradually the ice crystals grow larger and larger and the air is pressed out of
pockets in the ice.
6
__False___ The ice melts more slowly in drinks due to the larger crystal size.
2
7
__True___ Glaciers have existed ever since the ice age, but glacier flow moves
the snow and ice through the entire length of the glacier in 100 years or less.
8
__True___ A glacier must: 1) be formed from natural atmospheric precipitation
(snow); and 2) move by internal deformation due to its own weight
9
__False___ When a glacier calves, it creates an iceburg.
10
__False___ Glaciated valleys are are trough-shaped, often with steep vertical
cliffs where entire mountainsides were removed by glacial action. So, a valley
formed by a glacier will be shaped like a “U” in profile.
11
__False___ Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries along rocky
debris as it moves. These long, dark bands of debris are visible on top and along
the edges of glaciers. The ablation area is the area where more glacier mass is
lost than gained.
12
__False___ This is an iceberg.
Station 5
1.
CINDER CONES
COMPOSITE_
SHIELD
LAVA DOMES Geologists generally group volcanoes into four main kinds--cinder
cones, composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes, and lava domes.
2.
VENT A volcano is most commonly a conical hill or mountain built around a vent
that connects with reservoirs of molten rock below the surface of the Earth.
3.
VOLCANIC ASH Volcanic ash blows over thousands of square kilometers of
land increasing soil fertility for forests and agriculture by adding nutrients and acting as
a mulch.
4.
MOUNT ST HELENS The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
(Washington) was the most destructive in the history of the United States.
5.
MAUNA KEA_ The Hawaiian shield volcanoes are the tallest mountains on Earth.
Mauna Kea Volcano rises 13,796 feet above sea level but extends about 19,700 feet below
sea level to meet the deep ocean floor, its total height is nearly 33,500 feet, considerably
higher than the height of the tallest mountain on land, Mount Everest in the Himalayas (29,028
feet above sea level).
3
6.
MOUNT RAINIER Mount Rainier has 26 glaciers containing more than five times
as much snow and ice as all the other Cascade volcanoes combined. Furthermore,
eruption-triggered debris flows at Mount Rainier are likely to be much larger -- and will
travel a greater distance -- than those at Mount St. Helens in 1980. Areas at risk from
debris flows from Mount Rainier are more densely populated than similar areas around
Mount St. Helens.
7.
ERUPTION An eruption occurs when magma rises from its source or from a
storage reservoir and finally reaches the Earth's surface.
8.
COLLAPSED Crater Lake Caldera, Oregon, with Wizard Island Cinder Cone --
From a probable altitude of roughly 12,000 feet, the top of former Mount Mazama was
lost to eruption and collapse that left the present huge crater and the deepest lake
(Crater Lake - 1,932 feet) in North America. Explosive eruptions built Wizard Island (at
least 800-900 years ago) and two other cones (submerged) on present crater floor.
9.
CALDERA The largest and most explosive volcanic eruptions eject tens to
hundreds of cubic kilometers of magma onto the Earth's surface. When such a large
volume of magma is removed from beneath a volcano, the ground subsides or
collapses into the emptied space, to form a huge depression called a caldera.
10.
PLUG Hardened magma filling the conduit is called the volcanic plug. It is
typically harder than the surrounding material so it is left standing after erosion has
removed the original volcano forming the conduit.
11.
METEOR This is Meteor Crater in Arizona.
12.
EXTRATERRESTRIAL Volcanoes and volcanism are not restricted to earth. We
have evidence of volcanic action on the moon, Mars, Venus and other bodies. This
photograph is of a large shield volcano on Mars.
Station 6
1.
RING OF FIRE_ More than half of the world's active volcanoes above sea level
encircle the Pacific Ocean to form the circum-Pacific "Ring of Fire".
2.
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS_ The Hawaiian Islands provide perhaps the best example
of an "intra-plate" volcanic chain, developed by the northwest-moving Pacific plate
4
passing over an inferred "hot spot" that initiates the magma-generation and volcano
formation process.
3.
SUBDUCTION Zones of underthrusting (subduction) are where one plate is
sliding beneath another.
4
STRIKE-SLIP_ A strike-slip fault is one along which plates are sliding
horizontally past one another. The picture is of offset caused along the Calaveras Fault
in Hollister, California.
5
PANGAEA The diagrams show the break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea
(meaning "all lands" in Greek), which figured prominently in the theory of continental
drift -- the forerunner to the theory of plate Tectonics.
6
MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE Echo-sounding measurements clearly demonstrated the
continuity and roughness of the submarine mountain chain in the central Atlantic (later
called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge).
7
MAGNETIC Alternating stripes of magnetically different rock were laid out in
rows on either side of the mid-ocean ridge: one stripe with normal polarity and the
adjoining stripe with reversed polarity. The overall pattern, defined by these alternating
bands of normally and reversely polarized rock, became known as magnetic striping.
8
FAULT Aerial view of the San Andreas fault slicing through the Carrizo Plain in
the Temblor Range east of the city of San Luis Obispo.
5
Station 7
1. I
2. H
3. K
4. P
5. E
6. F
7. D
8. B
9. C
10. O
11. N
12. L
13. Q
14. J
15. A
16. G
6
Station 8
1.
Condenses When water vapor gets cooler it changes back into it a liquid
(the process is condensation). If it was cold enough, it would have turned into
tiny ice crystals, such as those that make up cirrus clouds. The vapor
condenses on tiny particles of dust, smoke, and salt crystals to become part of
a cloud.
2.
Water table Below a certain depth, the ground, if it is permeable enough
to hold water, is saturated with water. The upper surface of this zone of
saturation is called the water table.
3.
Aquifer The saturated zone beneath the water table is called an aquifer,
and aquifers are huge storehouses of water.
4.
Wells When a water-bearing rock readily transmits water to wells and
springs, it is called an aquifer. Wells can be drilled into the aquifers and water
can be pumped out.
5.
Stores The storehouses for the vast majority of all water on Earth are the
oceans. It is estimated that of the 332,500,000 cubic miles (mi3) (1,386,000,000
cubic kilometers (km3)) of the world's water supply, about 321,000,000 mi3
(1,338,000,000 km3) is stored in oceans. That is about 96.5 percent.
6.
Glaciers Icecaps and glaciers are about 70% of the earth’s freshwater
storage. That is 70% of the 3% of the water that is fresh and not saline!
7.
Springs This is a picture of groundwater discharge from mineral springs
in the Grand Canyon.
8.
Sublimation is most often used to describe the process of snow and ice
changing into water vapor without first melting into water. Sublimation is a
common way for snow to disappear in certain climates.
7
Station 9
1.
A pediment is a gently sloping erosion surface or plain of low relief
formed by running water in arid or semiarid region at the base of a receding
mountain front.
2.
Glaciers This picture is from Glacier National Park, in Montana, U.S.A.,
showing a glaciated valley.
3.
Fjord This is Saguenay Fjord
.4.
Weathering In one form of chemical weathering concentric shells of
decayed rock (ranging from a few millimeters to a couple meters) are
successively loosened and separated from a block of rock.
5.
Weathering Tafoni is a type of surface weathering caused by wetting and
drying of porous rocks that gives these cliffs of rhyolite tuff a "cheese-like"
appearance (located in the canyon below the campground at Hole-In-The-Wall).
6.
Chemical Mechanical Weathering involves two processes that often work
in concert to decompose rocks. Chemical weathering involves a chemical
change in at least some of the minerals within a rock. Mechanical weathering
involves physically breaking rocks into fragments without changing the chemical
make-up of the minerals within it.
7.
Weathering These processes occur in place. No movement is involved in
weathering.
8.
Gravity Mass wasting is simply movement down slope due to gravity.
9.
Alluvial fans are aggrading deposits of alluvium deposited by a stream
issuing from a canyon onto a surface or valley floor. This one is found in Death
Valley.
8
Station 10
1.
Flooding In the earlier photograph, rivers and lakes stand out sharply
against the green vegetated areas. In the second photograph, the entire coastal
plain is flooded.
2.
Gulf Bay Cove Must be in this order. A gulf is a portion of an ocean
partially enclosed by land. A bay is a body of water forming an indentation in the
shoreline. It is larger than a cove and smaller than a gulf. A cove is a small
indentation in the shore of a lake, ocean, or river.
3.
River Stream Must be in this order. A river is a natural stream of water of
fairly large size flowing in a definite course (channel) or a series of diverging and
converging channels. A stream is a body of water flowing in a channel or
watercourse, usually smaller than a river.
4.
Delta This is the Yukon River Delta in Alaska.
5.
Dam With a volume of 142,000,000 cubic meters, the Tarbela Dam is
the largest earth and rock fill dam in the world and stands 147 meters above the
Indus riverbed.
6.
Waterfall This is a NASA picture of Niagara Falls.
7.
Water table At a certain depth the ground, if it is permeable enough to
hold water, is saturated with water. The top of the pool of water in this hole is the
water table.
8.
Swamp or Marsh This is a photograph of an area in the Everglades
National Park.
9
Station 11
1.
G Biologic sedimentary rocks form from once-living organisms. They may
form from accumulated carbon-rich plant material or from deposits of
animal shells.
2.
F Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed by chemical precipitation. This
process begins when water traveling through rock dissolves some of the
minerals, carrying them away from their source. Eventually these
minerals are redeposited when the water evaporates away or when the
water becomes over- saturated.
3.
E Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of pieces (clasts) of pre-existing
rocks. Pieces of rock are loosened by weathering, then transported to
some basin or depression where sediment is trapped. If the sediment is
buried deeply, it becomes compacted and cemented, forming sedimentary
rock.
4.
D Extrusive igneous rocks are formed from magma that cools and
solidifies at or near the Earth’s surface. Exposure to the relatively cool
temperature of the atmosphere or water makes the erupted magma
solidify very quickly. Rapid cooling means the individual mineral grains
have only a short time to grow, so their final size is very tiny, or finegrained Sometimes the magma is quenched so rapidly that individual
minerals have no time to grow. This is how volcanic glass forms.
5.
H Foliation forms when pressure squeezes the flat or elongate minerals
within a rock so they become aligned. These rocks develop a platy or
sheet-like structure that reflects the direction that pressure was applied.
6.
A Igneous rocks form when molten rock (magma) originating from deep
within the Earth solidifies. The chemical composition of the magma and
its cooling rate determine the final igneous rock type.
7.
C Intrusive igneous rocks are formed from magma that cools and
solidifies deep beneath the Earth’s surface. The insulating effect of the
surrounding rock allows the magma to solidify very slowly. Slow cooling
means the individual mineral grains have a long time to grow, so they
grow to a relatively large size. Intrusive rocks have a characteristically
coarse grain size.
8.
J Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been substantially changed
from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form.
Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high
10
pressure, hot, mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination
of these factors.
9.
I Non-foliated metamorphic rocks do not have a platy or sheet-like
structure. There are several ways that non-foliated rocks can be
produced. Some rocks, such as limestone are made of minerals that are
not flat or elongate. No matter how much pressure you apply, the grains
will not align! Another type of metamorphism, contact metamorphism,
occurs when hot igneous rock intrudes into some pre-existing rock. The
pre-existing rock is essentially baked by the heat, changing the mineral
structure of the rock without addition of pressure.
10.
B Sedimentary rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of
once-living organisms. They form from deposits that accumulate on the
Earth’s surface.
On April 15, rivers and lakes are sharply defined against a backdrop of vegetation and fallow agricultural
land. On April 15, rivers and lakes are sharply defined against a backdrop of vegetation and fallow land.
11