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Session 4
Environmental Health and
Safety
Homework: Current Events discussion
Homework: 3 Quiz questions
History of Environmental
Awareness
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8,000 – 3,000 BC Neolithic Revolution 5th – 15th Century Middle Ages
15th -19th Century - Agricultural Revolution
17th – 19th Century Enlightenment and Age of
Reason
18th to 19th Century - Industrial Revolution
Early Capitalism and Socialism
Early 20th Century - Green Revolution - post WWII
growth
Mid 20th Century – Environmentalism
Late 20th Century - Sustainability
8,000 – 3,000 BC Neolithic
Revolution
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Global transition of domesticating
plants and animals
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Transitioning from Hunter-Gather
system to farming and
domesticated animals
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Increases in food supply and
spread of disease
5th – 15th Century Middle Ages
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Fall of the Roman Empire
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Initial population declines
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Feudal Ag system
15th -19th Century - Agricultural
Revolution
Increase in agricultural
productivity and increase in output
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Unprecedented population growth
– freeing up workforce for
Industrial Revolution
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Environmental History of U.S.
1750
1800
1900
John James Audubon
Henry David Thoreau
George Perkins Marsh
Some conservationists were influential in raising
environmental concerns later in this period.
Environmental History of U.S.
1850
Different worldviews
•Theodore
Roosevelt utilitarian
John Muir preservationist
1900
1950
Inventions during Agricultural
Revolution
Seed Drill – origins in Asia but
“invented” by Jethro Tull in Euope
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Plough, threshing machine, tractor
Begin using legumes and cover
crops in the 3 year rotation
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Selective breeding of plants
17t – 19th Century Enlightenment and
Age of Reason
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Applying rational thinking to
science and other fields
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Promoting intellectual
interchange
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Use of Scientific Method
Environmental History of U.S.
1850
1900
1950
General Revision Act
1st National Park:
Yellowstone
Several presidents,
particularly Theodore
Roosevelt, used this Act to
Yosemite and
establish 43 million acres of
Sequoia National
forest reserves.
Parks
1687- 1726 Newton
“Principia Mathematics”
laws of Motion to describe solar
system
Highly controversial
3 editions of Pincipia Mathematica
1627 Francis Bacon “The New
Atlantis”
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Science will enable us to
dominate nature
Scientific method for
investigating natural
systems
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1637 Renee DesCartes “A
Discourse on Method”
Nature could be
understood by use of
reason
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Nature as a machine but
humans have conscience
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“I think, therefore I am”
18th to 19th Century - Industrial
Revolution
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Increases in population and urbanization
Standards of living increased “triumph of the middle
class”
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Consumption of goods and services increases
Machines replace manual labor – steam power, water
wheel, railways, iron making, textiles, and concrete, fossil
fuels, chemicals
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Technology had profound effect on all aspects of
socioeconomic and cultural aspects of life
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Child labor, spread of disease through proximity,
occupation and water supply (cholera)
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1776 - Adam Smith “Wealth of
Nations”
political economist and
philosopher
Division of Labor - series of
tasks divided up for efficiency
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Competition in markets – the
“invisible hand” of free market
creates the most efficient
distribution of resources
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Late 19th Century – Economic Progress
and Environmentalism Begin
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Concerns for protecting and
preserving natural areas
Evaluating global consequences
of progress
Creation of Environmental
protection groups
Advances in technology
1836 Ralph Waldo Emerson
“Nature”
Natural world as source of guidance and supports
intuition and inspiration of the individual
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1848 John Stuart Mill “Principles of Political
Economy”
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English philosopher concerned about human
domination of nature
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Profits and economic growth would ultimately decline
as limits of productivity of land were reached
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Population growth must be restrained
Environmental History of U.S.
1900
1950
Wilderness Act of
1964, spurred on by
Wallace Stegner
Paul Ehrlich published The
Population Bomb
2000
First Earth Day
1854 Henry David Thereau
“Walden”
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Nature as a teacher
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Connects to divine within us
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Living simple existence in hut in
MA
1864 John Muir “The Mountains of
California”
Walked across North America
and settled in California
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Focused on preserving Sierra’s
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Loss of biological diversity
1865 William Jevons “The Coal
Question”
Apply exponential population
growth (Mathus) to consumption of
non-renewable resources
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Gradual extinction of UK coal
supply
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British coal production did peak
in 1913 and has declined since
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Early 20th Century - Green
Revolution - post WWII growth
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Innovations in technology including plastics, synthetic
chemicals, nuclear energy
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increasing use of fossil fuels
Advances in agriculture on large scale – cereal production
increases
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Chemical farming practices –Pesticides, herbicides and
fertilizers
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Hybridized seeds
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Large irrigation projects
shift of subsistence-oriented cropland to cropland oriented
towards production of grain for export or animal feed
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Rural credit institutions- rural farmers take on debt
Environmental History of U.S.
1900
Franklin Roosevelt
establishes CCC
and SCS
1950
2000
1956 M King Hubert’s peak oil
theory
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geoscientist
theory that the amount of oil
extracted would peak in the US
between 1965 and 1970
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with a global peak expected
Criticized because of new
discoveries of oil reserves
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1962 Rachel Carson “Silent
Spring”
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American marine biologist
Documenting ecological
damage from pesticide use
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Unintended and
unpredicted consequences
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Facilitated ban of DDT in
1972
1968 Garrett Hardin “Tragedy of
the Commons”
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Necessary to control common
good to protect from individuals
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hypothetical pasture shared by
herders
1969, 1970 NEPA – National
Environmental Policy Act setting the
framework for EPA
"foster and promote the general
welfare, to create and maintain
conditions under which man and
nature can exist in productive
harmony and fulfill the social,
economic and other requirements
of present and future
Clean Air Act 1970
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Amendments 1977, 1990
 Oil and Gas changes 2015
 Promulgated to the states – CDPHE
Clean Water Act 1972
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Stormwater
 NPDES
1972 Stockholm, Sweden
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United Nations Conference on the
Human Environment
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United Nations Environmental Program
(UNEP) based in Kenya was formed
with executive director Maurice Strong
Focusing on environmental
consequences of increasing global
development
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Poverty key issues
1978 Love Canal
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Neighborhood in Niagra Falls,
CY
Hooker Chemical (Occidental
Petroleum Corp) buried 21,000
tons of toxic waste
EPA proclaims Superfund Site
1983 World Commission on Environment
and Development (WCED) "Brundtland
Commission"
Independent commission chaired by
Gro Harlem Brundtland, the Prime
Minister of Norway
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Examine critical and environmental
problems and strengthen international
cooperation to address these issues
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Gather information for 3 years get a
broad perspective on the environment and
development issues
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1988 IPCC established
Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change
scientific intergovernmental group
who assess climate change based on
world wide indicators
o Predicted carbon dioxide continues
to rise global average temperature
rise 1.5 to 4.5deg C
o Proposed 60 percent reduction in
current CO2 emissions
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1992 Earth Summit
Second meeting of global leaders focused on
sustainable development
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United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED)
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2 years of meetings culminated in the Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro, June 1992
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"Declaration of Environment and Development" and
an Agenda for the 21st Century (a.k.a. Agenda 21),
which sought to establish a concerted effort to educate
people about the state of both environment and
development, and to assist them to make decisions that
lead to sustainability.
1997 Kyoto Climate
Agreement
International meeting
addressing climate change
and reduction in GHG
emissions
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150 nations adopted a
historic agreement
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2001 World Summit for
Sustainable Development
(WSSD)
60,000 people attended in
Johannesburg, South Africa
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Convened 4 global preparation
sessions for WSSD
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Negotiations addressing Agenda 21
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Plus new issues about globalization
priority areas included water, energy,
health, agriculture and biodiversity
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Environmental History of U.S.
1900
1950
2000
Rachel Carson
published Silent
Spring
Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR)

A system of organization for the general and
permanent rules published in the Federal Register by
the Executive departments and agencies of the
Federal Government
 The CFR is divided into 50 titles which cover broad
areas subject to Federal regulation
Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR)

Examples of what the different titles cover:

Title 3
The President

Title 10
Energy

Title 21
Food and Drugs

Title 29
Labor

Title 40
Protection of Environment
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Title 49
Transportation
Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR)
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Title 29 reserved for Labor
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Title 40 for Environment
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Titles divided into chapters which bear the
name of the issuing agency
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OSHA is designated Title 29-Labor, Chapter
XVII
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Each chapter subdivided into parts covering
specific regulatory areas
Consensus Standards
 Developed
by industry-wide standard
developing organizations:
– American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)
– National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA)
 Discussed
and substantially agreed upon
through member consensus
Proprietary Standards
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Prepared by professional experts within
specific industries, professional societies
and associations

Determined by straight
membership vote, not consensus